The present study investigates (1) the relationship of different leadership styles (transactional, transformational, authoritarian, paternalistic) with mobbing behaviors of superiors (i.e., downward mobbing) and (2) organizational attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention) of mobbing victims. Data were collected from 251 white-collar employees. Path analysis findings showed that transformational and transactional leadership decreased the likelihood of mobbing, whereas authoritarian leadership increased it. Paternalistic leadership was mildly and negatively associated with mobbing. Regarding the consequences of mobbing for employees’ organizational attitudes, the (...) same analyses suggested that higher perceptions of downward mobbing was significantly associated with lower job satisfaction, lower affective commitment, higher continuous commitment, and higher turnover intention. (shrink)

Disgust is a basic emotion that promotes pathogen avoidance and can contaminate nearby neutral stimuli. This study investigates how neutral stimuli, which have acquired disgust value through classical conditioning, are processed in episodic memory. The Category Conditioning paradigm was utilised to assign emotional significance to neutral stimuli, followed by a recognition test conducted immediately or 24 h after conditioning (Experiment 1). The results revealed that neutral stimuli that acquired disgust value were recognised with greater accuracy and higher liberal bias compared (...) to other neutral stimuli in the recognition test conducted after 24 h, but not immediately. Present study also indicates that the memory enhancement observed with disgust did not manifest in the context of fear (Experiment 2). Additionally, the results varied when neutral stimuli associated with disgust were presented with disgusting stimuli in recognition test (Experiment 3). Thus, the present study demonstrates that the memory advantage of disgust extends to associated stimuli when they are presented in a list without disgusting stimuli. (shrink)

A salient tradition in contemporary affect theory heavily relies on distinguishing between emotions and affects. The former refers to structured categories of socially coded affective states, while the latter denotes the pre-social libidinal flow underlying emotions. This distinction is commonly attributed to Spinoza and is thought to have been further developed by Deleuze. In this article, I argue that this overall historical picture is misleading and inaccurate. Deleuze radically transforms Spinoza’s theory of affect for the ends of his own ethical-political (...) philosophy. Moreover, I argue that Deleuzian and similar conceptualizations of affect fail to fulfill their political and ethical promises due to two critical problems. In the last section, I show that a unified notion of emotion inspired by Spinoza, which does not create a sharp rift between emotions and affect, can perform the same explanatory function intended by the emotion-affect distinction while allowing us to circumvent these problems. (shrink)

The epistemic basic structure of a society consists of those institutions that have the greatest impact on individuals’ opportunity to obtain knowledge on questions they have an interest in as citizens, individuals, and public officials. It plays a central role in the production and dissemination of knowledge and in ensuring that people have the capability to assimilate this knowledge. It includes institutions of science and education, the media, search engines, libraries, museums, think tanks, and various government agencies. This article identifies (...) two demands of justice that apply specifically to the institutions that belong to it. First, the epistemic basic structure should serve all citizens fairly and reliably. It should provide them with the opportunity to acquire knowledge they need for their deliberations about the common good, their individual good, and how to pursue them. Second, the epistemic basic structure should produce and disseminate the knowledge that various experts and public officials need to successfully pursue justice and citizens need to effectively exercise their rights. After arguing for these duties, I discuss what policies follow from them and respond to the worry that these duties have illiberal implications. (shrink)

Ethics and morality, fundamental concepts in human society, are expected to be upheld by individuals and effectively taught by teachers to new generations. This study delves into the perceptions of preservice teachers regarding ethics and good within the framework of an ethics and morality course in education. It also explores the ethical and unethical behaviors these teachers most commonly encounter in their school experiences. Utilizing a qualitative case study methodology, the research provides an in-depth analysis of ethics, the concept of (...) good, ethical and unethical behaviors within the Turkish context. Through thematic analysis of data collected over various weeks, the findings reveal that participants perceive ethics as actions, individuals, and ideas that embody values such as justice, respect, and honesty. Their decision-making is influenced by diverse ethical filters aligned with normative ethical theories. For instance, an act is deemed ethical if it does not limit freedom and harm others, conforms to societal norms, benefits others, adheres to laws and rules, instills a sense of righteousness, and stems from good intentions. Furthermore, the study identifies six key qualities defining the concept of good: evoking happiness, being beneficial, proper, pure, preferred, and encompassing both moral and ethical dimensions. The experiences of ethical and unethical acts among participants predominantly relate to themes of inequality versus justice, harshness versus love, ineffective versus effective teaching, inconsistency versus role model behaviors, undesired versus desired relationships with school stakeholders, and the breach versus balance between professional and private life. Overall, this research highlights significant aspects of how preservice teachers perceive the concepts of ethics and good along with unethical behaviors, offering valuable insights for teacher education. (shrink)

How can we understand the phenomena of loss and mourning in the Heideggerian framework? There is no established interpretation of Heidegger that gives an elaborate account of the phenomena of loss and mourning, let alone gauges its importance for our understanding and assessment of authentic existence in Heidegger. This paper attempts to do both. First, I give a detailed exposition of Heidegger’s analysis of the phenomena of mourning and loss and show that Heidegger’s analysis of mourning in his early and (...) late work is strikingly in line with his collectivist understanding of Being-with. This demonstrates, contrary to what some of his proponents argue, that Heidegger does not follow the kind of dynamic understanding of Being-with that places the other within fine-grained spaces of possibility. Second, with reference to Heidegger’s existential philosophy, I construct a phenomenology of mourning and grief. Though Heidegger himself fails to explain the relationships in which one mourns after a close other, we can develop a unique phenomenology of mourning with reference to Heidegger, which shows that each loss is singular and can be equiprimordial with one’s own death in opening one to the possibility of an authentic existence. In this new understanding of authenticity, loss is regarded as a powerful force, akin to death, in leading one toward their self-owned existence. (shrink)

Concepts, such as death, life and spirit cannot be known in their quintessential nature, but can be defined in accordance with their effects. In fact, those who think within the mode of pragmatism and Cartesian logic have ignored the metaphysical aspects of these terms. According to Islam, the entity that moves the body is named the soul. And the aliment of the soul is air. Cessation of breathing means leaving of the soul from the body. Those who agree on the (...) diagnosis of brain death may not able to agree unanimously on the rules that lay down such diagnosis. That is to say, there are a heap of suspicions regarding the diagnosis of brain death, and these suspicions are on the increase. In fact, Islamic jurisprudence does not put provisions, decisions on suspicious grounds. By virtue of these facts, it can be asserted that brain death is not absolute death according to Islamic sources; for in the patients diagnosed with brain death the soul still has not abandoned the body. Therefore, these patients suffer in every operation performed on them. (shrink)

We can find the origins of the notion of void in the Kalām tradition’s recognition of atomism. However, the main debates on the subject appeared after the Greek philosophical heritage transitioned to the Islamic world in the 3 rd century of Hijra. The literature of Kalām, just as in the metaphysical tradition, has two main types for this void being discussed. The first one is the external void (extracosmic) in which the cosmos floats. In the sources of Kalām, the question (...) of whether such a type of void exists is debated around the questions of whether anyone who might look beyond the cosmos can see anything or whether someone who stretches their hand outside the cosmos can move it. The second type of void, which occupies more of the mutakallimūn (Muslim theologians) agenda, is the internal void (intercosmic), assumed to be within the cosmos and between the body-forming atoms. This kind of void is discussed around the question of “Whether separating the two atoms is possible so that a third one can be inserted between them?” An ongoing discussion on the intercosmic void is found between the Baṣran and Baghdād Schools of Mu’tazila. Ibn Mattawayh and al-Nīsābūrī narrated the evidence presented in these discussions in their original form. The current essay discusses the debates between the two Schools and assesses the theoretical and experimental arguments both Schools present to justify their viewpoints, considering their philosophical origins. (shrink)

Turkey and many countries, the school has closed, or partially or completely due to covid 19 pandemic. Schools remained closed until a certain time in Turkey. Afterwards, its opening has been postponed until certain dates. In the second half of 2019-2020 and in the first and second half of 2020-2021, students were mostly deprived of face-to-face education. This study, which aims to describe the problems experienced by RE teachers in the learning-teaching process during the epidemic period, was designed according to (...) a case study, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group consists of 8 RE teachers, four of them male and four female. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview form. The data were subjected to content analysis, and NVIVO 12 program was used. RE teachers experienced problems regarding technique, absenteeism, pre-lesson preparation, learning environment, teaching methods, motivation, communication, time and measurement-evaluation. Although these negative situations have occurred, it can be said that teachers are willing to use the gains in distance education with normalization and aim to take learning out of the classroom in this way. It can be suggested to researchers to study the concepts of classroom privacy and digital world ethics within the framework of education. Improving the technology use competencies of RE teachers can also be suggested to the relevant institutions. (shrink)

The political scientist and former Bavarian Minister of Culture Hans Maier has created a historically profound, theologically educated, literarily and musically highly sensitive, politically mature body of work, with which he has inscribed himself in the (intellectual) history of the Federal Republic. This book is the first to contain contributions by renowned scholars and politicians on the rich work and impact of the Catholic scholar and politician Hans Maier. It thematises and appreciates in detail his view of German history and (...) the traditions of political thought, his critique of political language, political theology, totalitarianism and political religions, but also his contributions on Catholicism and modernity, his writings on literature and music, and finally his influence as an academic teacher, public intellectual and politician. With contributions by Udo Bermbach, Thomas Brose, Ahmet Cavuldak, Horst Dreier, Hermann-Josef Große Kracht, Jens Hacke, Oliver Hidalgo, Hans Günter Hockerts, Patrick Horst, Horst Möller, Heinrich Oberreuter, Henning Ottmann, Mark Edward Ruff, Hans Otto Seitschek, Michael Stolleis, Bernhard Vogel, Peter Graf von Kielmansegg, Theo Waigel and Markus Zimmermann. (shrink)

In today’s Türkiye, many people use Qur’ānic translations to under-stand the Qur’ān. However, in addition to the problem of translating one language into another, there is also the problem that most translations are not based on any methodology. To translate a word which has a difference in qirāʾāt according to a different imam of qirāʾāt and not according to the preferred imam of qirāʾāt in our country, is one of the consequences of this methodlessness. Such translations cause a word that (...) is not found in the Qur’ānic text to be included in the translations. The study deals with the various qirāʾāt versions of the word “قرْنَ” in the verse 33/33 of Sūrah al-Ahzāb and their reflection in the Turkish Qur’ānic translations. Likewise, the study traces the views on the morphological structure of the word on the axis of qirāʾāt differences and touches upon their impact on the meaning and interpretation of the relevant verse. Then, the translations of this word in the Turkish Qur’ānic translations are analyzed and the qirāʾāt on which these translations are based are pointed out. The information obtained is analyzed through textual analysis and comparison. The study aims to reveal that there is a methodological problem in the translations of the Qur’ān, that the translations have not been done in accordance with the qirāʾāt of ʿĀṣim, and that reflecting the qirāʾāt differences in the translations will enrich the translations. The claims that the word in question, which is read according to the Hafs narration of qirāʾāt of ʿĀṣim preferred in our country, has no basis in terms of Arabic language rules make this study valuable. (shrink)

The teaching of ethics in teacher education programs is crucial for fostering the moral and ethical development of prospective teachers and shaping them into ethical role models for future students. This study, employing qualitative case study research, gathered data from undergraduates in teacher education programs to explore the best approaches for ethics education. It found that combining digital and case-based pedagogical methods, fostering an open-minded attitude among lecturers, and implementing a blend of Socratic and active learning techniques leads to the (...) most favorable outcomes. Additionally, continuous formative assessment throughout the academic year is essential. To cultivate a teaching workforce with strong ethical and moral values, undergraduate courses in ethics and morality should be thought-provoking, integrating real-life cases with a mix of digital and tangible resources. The ethics course lecturer should not only serve as a role model and exhibit a caring disposition but also use effective teaching methodologies. The paper details key themes and categories for successful ethics instruction and offers specific recommendations. (shrink)

Erken dönemlerden itibaren fıkhî meseleler üzerindeki tartışmalar, bir yönteme bağlı kalınarak icra edilmiştir. Tartışmalarda belirli soru ve cevap türlerine başvurulmuş, soruların tertibine özen gösterilmiştir. Bu sayede taraflar kendi görüşlerinin doğruluğunu, karşıt görüşün yanlışlığını çelişkiye düşmeden ortaya koymaya çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak cedelden ve cedelin fıkha tatbikinden bahsedilmiş, sonrasında münâzaracı kimlikleriyle meşhur olan Hanefî fakihi Kudûrî ile Şâfiî fakihi Ebu’t-Tayyib et-Taberî arasında geçtiği rivayet edilen talâka dair bir münâzara inceleme konusu edilmiştir. Bu münâzarada, muhâlea ile boşanılan kadına, kadının iddeti esnasında (...) tekrardan ricî talâk yapılabileceğini savunan Kudûrî ile bu durumda talâkın geçersiz olacağını söyleyen Taberî’nin karşılıklı istidlal ve itirazları yer almaktadır. Bu tartışmanın temelini Kudûrî’nin muhâlea yapılan kadını ricî talâkla boşanan kadına kıyas etmesi oluşturmaktadır. Taberî bu kıyasın illetine yönelik mutâlebe, itirâz ve muâraza türü sorulara başvurmuş, Kudûrî ise kendi illetinin sıhhatini savunmaya çalışmıştır. Yer yer tartışma kurallarına atıfların yapılması yönüyle de önemli olan bu münâzara incelenirken, cedelin fıkha tatbikine dair kısımda zikredilen bilgilerin pratikte nasıl uygulandığına işaret edilmiştir. (shrink)

Affects are intentional structures of beliefs and desires. Many philosophers have plausibly argued that Spinoza’s theory of ideas is a kind of theory of belief. Yet this claim has rarely been taken into account when it comes to Spinoza’s theory of affects, which is actually a part of his theory of ideas. This paper shows that if this point is taken seriously when regarding Spinoza’s theory of affects we reach significant results about the fifth part of Ethics. To show this, (...) I shall strive to show that all affects depend on some sort of beliefs by analyzing Spinoza’s theory of affects in terms of his theory of ideas, and in particular an affirmation which an idea naturally involves. From this revelation, we will be able to see that Spinoza’s theory of affects presented in the third and fourth parts of Ethics is inconsistent with the fifth part of Ethics in so far as the three therapy methods he describes at the beginning of the fifth part of Ethics are considered. I will also show that arguments by which the soundness of these therapy methods is guaranteed seem actually logically invalid. Finally, I will try to revise Spinoza’s therapy methods by taking all errors and core ideas in Spinoza’s theory of affects into consideration. (shrink)

Using a sample of 593 undergraduate students, the study examined the relationship between spirituality, wisdom, and eudaimonic well-being with the purpose of testing if wisdom serves a mediating role in a directional model wherein spirituality is theorized as influencing well-being. Correlational analyses revealed that all three constructs are significantly associated. Structural equation modeling was employed and showed that wisdom acted as a partial mediator of the impact of spirituality on well-being. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings and (...) suggestions for future research, with emphasis given to the replication of results with samples drawn from different cultures and to using longitudinal designs to better assess directional changes over time. (shrink)

The science of wakf-ibtidâ, whose practical reflections we observe from the Prophet himself, draws attention as an important subject that the companions also referred to, within the framework of the interpretation of the word "tertîl" in the verses where Allah orders the Qur'an to be read with tertîl. In the following period, this science, which was considered among the sub-disciplines of the science of recitation, both in the Qur'anic recitation-themed works and in the interpretations of commentators, was included in chapter, (...) section or special parts. Because wakf and ibtidâ are extremely important for the interpretation of the Quran as well as for the science of recitation. Namely, "wakf", which means stopping reading and breathing at a place where the meaning is complete, and "ibtidâ", which means continuing to read from a place that is suitable for the integrity of the meaning, is an indispensable discipline due to its direct relevance in the correct manifestation of the meaning of the Quran. In addition, wakf-ibtidâ, which performs an undeniable function in regulating the recitation of the reader, stands out as a science that scholars cannot remain independent of in this respect. One of the scholars in question is Mekkî b. Ebî Talib (d. 437/1045). He is a scholar of recitation who has guided the literature with his writings throughout the historical process of the science of recitation and is among the most distinguished names in the field, and has also influenced the subsequent literature with his attitude towards the basic issues of this science. Based on this reality, in this study, Mekki's approach to the science of vakf-ibtidâ will be examined specifically in his commentary named al-Hidaye ila bülüği'n-nihâye. In this context, first of all, a brief definition of the concept will be made, and the method of scholars' compilation of the mentioned science and the resulting classifications will be touched upon. Then, Mekki's classification logic in this discipline, the original concepts he used in this regard, and the words he subjected to special criticism will be discussed. In addition, the names he used will be contacted and the tradition he followed within the framework of the subject will be tried to be determined. (shrink)

Literature, especially poetry, has undoubtedly had a great place in the cultural history of the Arabs. Arab poet in the period of ignorance; It had many critical functions, such as making the heroism of the tribesmen epic, immortalizing the names of the deceased, and providing a kind of psychological superiority by satirizing the opposing tribes and people. Poetry continued to exist in all areas of life after Islam, as poetry spread to the cultural codes of the Arabs. As a manifestation (...) of this, poems were utilized to the maximum in Islamic disciplines that were formed in the following years. Arabic poetry has been one of the reference sources of Islamic sciences such as tafsir, hadith and qiraat, not just linguistic studies such as nahiv. The application of the process of bringing evidence from this poem, which is termed as istishhad in istilah, is also seen in the hadith annotations. While the commentators were looking for the meaning of some strange words in the hadiths in poetry, they sometimes included one or a few couplets that fully agreed with the meaning of the hadith. In this study, it has been examined how the poems of the Abbasid poet al-Mutanabbī, whose poems are frequently referred to in the hadith commentaries, are handled in these sources. It is foreseen that the results of the research will provide data to the researchers of Arabic language and rhetoric and hadith. (shrink)

İslâm tarihi boyunca Müslümanların üzerinde özenle durdukları temel meselelerden biri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i öğrenme ve başkalarına öğretme konusudur. Zira İslâm’ın emirlerinin doğru bir şekilde anlaşılması ve yaşanması için Kur’ân’ın orijinal haliyle öğrenilip öğretilmesi zaruri kılınmıştır. Konuyla ilgili öncelikli sorumluluk, Kur’ân’ın ilk muhatabı ve uygulayıcısı olan Hz. Peygamber (s.a.v.) tarafından alınmıştır. O, ashâbına âyetlerin hem mesajlarını hem de okunuş şekillerini (lafızlarını ve kelime telaffuzlarını) öğretmiş ve bunların uygulamalarını bizzat göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın konusu, Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) ilk muhataplarına Kur’ân’ı öğretirken dikkate aldığı (...) bazı pedagojik esasları ortaya koyup değerlendirmektir. Buradan hareketle araştırmada, kaynaklarda zikredilen bilgiler ışığında Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Kur’ân’ı okuma tavrı, talim etme usûlleri ve öğrencilerine yaklaşımlarına dair tespitlerde bulunmak; bu sayede günümüz Kur’ân öğreticilerine yol gösterecek bir yöntemin ve iletişim dilinin oluşmasına katkı sağlamak hedeflenmiştir. Bu yaklaşım ve anlayış aynı zamanda makalemizin de hareket noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca araştırmada Hz. Peygamber’in (s.av.) Kur’ân öğretimi esnasında hayata geçirdiği pedagojik esasları, bir ilke veya metodu doğrudan konu edinmeksizin, süreç odaklı yaklaşımla tahlil etmek amaçlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla İslâm tarihinde Kur’ân öğretimi yapılan başka bir zaman diliminde bu işle meşgul olan şahısların uyguladıkları pedagojik ilke ve metotlar araştırmanın kapsamı dışındadır. Ancak çalışmada yer yer Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Kur’ân öğretim metotlarının kendisinden sonraki döneme etkisine dair örneklerin verildiği de olmuştur. Konuya ilişkin literatüre göz atıldığında dikkat çeken ilk husus, Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) eğitimciliğini genel anlamda ana hatlarıyla ele alıp değerlendiren birçok çalışmanın varlığıdır. Bununla birlikte onun, Kur’ân eğitimi-öğretimini özel olarak ele alıp irdeleyen araştırmalar çok fazla değildir. Bu çalışma böyle bir düşüncenin ürünü olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırmanın konuyla ilgili diğer çalışmalardan farkı, eğitici-öğretici ilişkileri bağlamında ve pedagojik ilkeler çerçevesinde Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Kur’ân öğretimini ele almasıdır. Bu çerçevede çalışma kapsamında ilk aşamada verilerin elde edilmesi için kapsamlı literatür taraması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda elde edilen verilerin analiz ve değerlendirmesinde nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışma neticesinde Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Kur’ân öğretiminde uyguladığı pedagojik esaslar “kabiliyetli olanları özel olarak seçip yetiştirmesi, Kur’ân öğretiminde fırsat eşitliği sunması, aceleci davranmaması, öğrenmede güçlük yaşayanları gözetmesi, hayata aktararak öğretmesi, alfabeden ziyade ezber yoluyla öğretimi benimsemesi, öğrencilerinden dönüt alması, bireysel ve toplu öğrenime imkân sunması, örgün ve yaygın Kur’ân öğretimini aynı anda uygulaması, Kur’ân’ın lafızlarını bizzat tatbik ederek öğretmesi, yazı ve ezberi birlikte kullanması, Kur’ân öğreniminde başarılı olanları teşvik ve takdir etmesi” şeklinde tespit edilmiştir. (shrink)

The challenges facing the life-worlds of political societies in the Islamic world require a radical shift of perspective that can improve our understanding of the contemporary situation of human rights politics. Not only the classical formulation of secularism, which aims at liberating the public sphere from domination of ‘the sacred’, but also the political-theological approach, which addresses the problems of modernity within the context of a disguised and refurbished dominance of ‘the transcendence’, suffer from and share a basic insufficiency in (...) handling human rights issues. According to these approaches, the basic issue stems from a realignment in relations between logics of the sovereign and the sacred or a redefinition of the position of state against religion. In this article, my object is shifting the scope of discussion concerning the rights beyond this logic of sovereignty by adopting an approach which provides a political ground for discussing the intermingling of religion in the life-world. From my point of view, the first step that should be taken to deepen our understanding of the argument of freedom is to unveil the nature of the sacred within the framework of a power network that longs for control over the whole lives of individuals constituting the society. In this regard, by going beyond the concepts such as fanaticism, fundamentalism or terrorism provided by ‘state mentality’, the significance of lifestyle politics for ‘rights talk’ will become more evident. From this point of view, the detection and critique of a zone of ‘weak citizenship’ constructed through restrictions stemming from the values and norms arising from the perceptions of particular communities organized through family, tradition and justice are essential. Such a critique will pave the way for a radical politicization of lifestyles by way of criteria of the demands for equal respect and dignity. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, Bataille’ın temel materyalizm kavramı aracılığıyla göç olgusu ve klasik materyalizmin indirgemeci yaklaşımları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Bataille’ın _formsuz _madde anlayışı, klasik materyalizmin kavramsal idealizmine karşı çıkarak, madde teriminin bayağılık ve aşağılık anlamlarını ön plana çıkarır. Bu yaklaşım, göçün toplumsal bir tehdit olarak değil, homojen kültürün ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak yeniden değerlendirilmesine olanak tanır. Bu çalışma, Bataille’ın homojen ve heterojen kavram çiftleri üzerine inşa edilerek, ulus-devlet ve göç arasındaki ilişkiyi politik açıdan yeniden düşünmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı maddeyi pasif ve indirgemeci (...) bir biçimde ele alan klasik materyalist görüşler ile göç olgusunun ele alınışı arasındaki paralelliği inceleyerek, göçün sadece bir problem olarak değil, toplumların yapı taşlarından biri olarak anlaşılması gerektiğini vurgulamaktır. Bataille’ın materyalizm eleştirisi, maddenin formsuz ve bayağı özellikleriyle ele alındığında, göç hakkında yeni bir bakış açısı sunar. Bu bakış açısı, göçü dışsal bir tehdit olarak değil, homojen kültürler içinde temel bir tepki olarak tanıma imkânı sağlar. Çalışma, bu yaklaşımın, göç hareketlerinin daha derinlemesine anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunacağını ve onların toplumları şekillendirmedeki temel rolünü vurgulayacağını iddia etmektedir. Bataille’ın düşünceleri aracılığıyla, bu araştırma, klasik materyalizmin indirgemeci görüşlerini sorgulamakta ve göçü daha incelikli bir perspektiften ele almayı önermektedir. Göçün temel materyalizm merceğinden analiz edilmesinin, toplumsal yapılar üzerindeki karmaşık etkilerini anlamada hayati olduğunu savunmaktadır. (shrink)

Ontolojinin tam ortasında bağlantı, aşkınlaşma ve geçişlilik sorunu tarafından kat edilen bir parça-bütün bilmecesi durmaktadır. Materyalizm, onun geleneksel formu olan determinizm ve ortaya çıkış (emergence) şeylerin aynı anda içsel ve dışsal varoluşlarını ve birbirleriyle etkileşimlerini, yani varoluşun sürekliliğini ifade etmeyi başaramayarak ontolojiyi metafizik bir boşlukla baş başa bırakmışlardır. Halbuki mevcudat, güzellik temelinde anlaşıldığı an, varoluşun kaleydoskopik sürekliliği birden kendini görünür kılar. Güzellik, aşkınlaşmayı ve zihinselliği mevcudatın zati niteliği kılarak tüm eşyayı güzellik temelinde ve yönelimiyle inşa olan kesintisiz bir estetik akışı (...) olarak yeniden kurgularken ontoloji ve estetik birbirlerinin ayna görüntüsü oluverir: “Güzellik onları komşu parçalarla olan ilişkilerinden çekip almaksızın parçaların diğer bütünler için görülebilir ve erişilebilir olmalarına izin verir.” İşte Lars Spuybroek, başta Platon, Kant ve Burke olmak üzere Alfred North Whitehead, Charles Hartshorne ve William Hogarth gibi isimleri birlikte okuyarak Heidegger’in dört katmanlı statik Varlığına alternatif, mevcudat arenasının estetik sürekliliğini gözler önüne seren kendi diyagramını ortaya koyuyor. (shrink)

Ijtihad is the mujtahid's putting forward all his efforts on a fiqh issue within the framework of methodological principles. Fatwa, on the other hand, are the explanations made regarding the questions asked in fiqh issues. Therefore, although there are similarities between fatwa and ijtihad in terms of declaring a fiqh knowledge, there are also some differences that distinguish both scientific activities from each other. Because of this difference, not every ijtihad qualifies as a fatwa that a Muslim can apply in (...) his life. A jurist who does not have the qualifications for ijtihad has to pay attention to when giving a fatwa by making use of the classical period ijtihad. The most important thing to consider when benefiting from the ijtihads that have been put forward is to correctly distinguish between the ijtihads that are historical and those that will always be used. In the fiqh books, there are many issues that can be described as historical ijtihad, in the context of their own time and conditions. Since it is not possible to present all such ijtihads within the framework of an article, in this study, the subject is discussed within the framework of ijtihads selected from fiqh books. From international relations to family law, there are many historically qualified ijtihads in the fields of fiqh, especially in the field of transactions. Today, international relations are quite different. It is of great importance to redefine the world and present fiqh rules accordingly. In the changing social structure, a new perspective is needed in the determination of the muruet. In the process of women's social position and participation in social life, great changes have been experienced all over the world and women have started to take part in many areas of life. In terms of the minimum age limit for marriage, it has become natural to marry at an older age than in the past. It has become almost impossible to act with the approach that those who have the same belief will obtain citizenship without other terms and conditions. It has become necessary to consider the views of jurists regarding the rights of non-Muslim citizens from a new perspective in the globalizing world structure. The implementation of views that give authority to private property owners regarding mineral ownership may be harmful to the security of the state and the public interest. There has been a need to look again at the legal provisions regarding the treasures under the ground in terms of public interest. In the article, it is stated why the ijtihads on the aforementioned issues have a historical character and in which framework the issue should be handled today. (shrink)

In this article, I develop a novel version of the multiverse theory of sets called hierarchical pluralism by introducing the notion of “degrees of intentionality” of theories. The presented view is articulated for the purpose of reconciling epistemological realism and the multiverse theory of sets so as to preserve a considerable amount of epistemic objectivity when working with the multiverse theory. I give some arguments in favor of a hierarchical picture of the multiverse in which theories or models are thought (...) to be ordered with respect to their plausibility as a manifestation of endorsing the idea that some set theories are more plausible than others. The proposed multiverse account settles the pluralist’s dilemma, the dichotomy that there is a trade-off between the richness of mathematical ontology and the objectivity of mathematical truth. The view also extends and serves as an alternative position to Balaguer’s intention-based Platonism, from which he claims that a certain version of mathematical pluralism follows. (shrink)

The terms “shādh” and “munkar”, well-known in hadith terminology, have existed across all scholarly fields since the earliest periods of Islam. However, the concepts expressing these narrations could vary depending on time, individuals, and academic disciplines. The primary reasons for pe-ople's interest in these narrations are the use of an exaggerated style in the stories they convey and the inclusion of details not found in mainstream narrations. Many ideas and thoughts opposing the fundamental principles and teachings of the Qur'an and (...) Sunnah have found a place in religious literature through munkar and shâdh narrations. It is crucial to scrutinize these narrations, which have the potential to influence Muslims’ thoughts and ideas in every era through Israiliyyat, certain narrative works, and schools with wide influence, to identify the damage they cause, understand their historical background, sources, and the reasons for their use, and de-termine the correct attitude towards them. In some modern studies, topics such as munkar hadiths, shādh readings, shādh legal opinions, and the con-cept of enjoining good and forbidding evil (amr bi’l-ma‘rūf and nahy ‘an al-munkar) have been examined within the context of the meanings of these terms in the scholarly disciplines where they are used. In the study titled “The Role of Shādh and Munkar Narrations in Religious Thought”, the con-ceptual framework and historical background of shādh and munkar narra-tions, the general sources in which these narrations found a place, the rea-sons why people resort to these narrations, the positive and negative im-pacts of shādh and munkar narrations on religious thought, and the correct attitude towards these narrations will be discussed. Classical hadith works and modern academic studies were consulted in the research of this topic, and evaluations regarding the conceptual framework and historical backg-round of the terms shādh and munkar were analyzed. The accuracy, consis-tency, and conformity of these texts with the religion of Islam, as well as their positive and negative impacts on religious thought, are discussed from a critical perspective. A comparative method based on the approaches of different schools and scholars towards shādh and munkar hadiths was also utilized. (shrink)

M. Hayri Kırbasoglu is researcher who studies in the field of ḥadīth. Kırbasoglu’s latest work was on the famous orientalist Ignaz Goldziher, and in his book Understanding Goldziher, he claimed that Goldziher, who was criticized by Muslim researchers, was not understood correctly, a hate and smear campaign was carried out against him, and he suffered a great injustice. The reason for writing this article is to analyze the defense of Goldziher put forward by Kırbasoglu in the aforementioned study and to (...) evaluate whether he is right in his opinions and determinations. As a result of our research, it was seen that there was no other study that was critical of Kırbasoglu’s defense of Goldziher, and it was decided to write this article. The article is limited to Kırbasoglu’s aforementioned work, and it is aimed to introduce both him and Goldziher correctly, based on Kırbasoglu’s views here. At the end of the article, it was concluded that Kırbasoglu’s evaluations about the Jewish orientalist Goldziher were subjective, one-sided, biased, reactive, far from objectivity and superficial, in addition, it was concluded that most of his analyzes related to Goldziher do not correspond to the facts. (shrink)

Küresel güç mücadelesinde ağırlık merkezinin son yıllarda Asya-Pasifik’e kaymasıyla birlikte, 21. yüzyılın yükselen iki gücü olan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) ile Hindistan arasındaki rekabet de önemli ölçüde arttı. Hindistan’ın 1947’de İngiltere’den bağımsızlığını kazanması ile Çin’in Komünist bir Halk Cumhuriyeti olarak 1949’da kurulmasından günümüze dek aralarında süregelen sınır anlaşmazlıkları, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkiyi belirleyen en önemli konuların başında gelmektedir. İki ülkenin de geçmişinde Batı’nın aşağılayıcı müdahalelerine maruz kalmış olmasının yanında bu dönemde uluslararası siyasete hâkim olan iki kutupluluğun dünya barışına hizmet etmeyeceğine (...) olan ortak inançları dünya barışı için alternatif bir oluşum olan Bağlantısızlık Hareketine katılmalarını sağladı. Dolayısıyla bu iki neden ve her iki ülkenin de ulus-devlet oluşumunun erken aşamalarında olması, kuruluşlarının ilk on yılında birbirlerine karşı idealist yaklaşımlar benimsemelerini sağladı. Ancak çok geçmeden her iki ülkenin de materyal kapasitelerini arttırmasıyla birlikte çatışmaya başlayan ulusal çıkarları, Asya idealizminin altını oymaya başladı. Netice itibariyle 1962 gibi erken bir dönemde sıcak çatışmaya girerek Asya idealizmini bir kenara bırakıp ulus devlet realizmini benimsemiş oldular. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma 21. yüzyılın yükselen iki gücü arasındaki en sorunlu alanlardan biri olan sınır anlaşmazlıklarının süreç içerisindeki evrimini ve bunun iki ülkenin dış politika vizyonlarının değişimleri üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Bu analizde neoklasik realizm teorik bir çerçeve olarak rehberlik ederken ÇHC ve Hindistan arasındaki sınır sorunlarının yerel, bölgesel ve küresel yönlerini ve bunların iki ülkenin dış politikası üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak için süreç izleme yöntemi kullanılacaktır. (shrink)

One of the most important issues that distinguishes the Baghdādī branch of the Muʿtazila from the Baṣran branch is their view on ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 40/661). Basra branch accepts the order of virtue of the first four caliphs as their order of coming to office, while the Baghdad branch considers the first three caliphs legitimate, but considers Ali more virtuous than them. The Baghdādī Muʿtazilīs who outspokenly defended this idea were Abū Jaʿfar al-Iskāfī (d. 240/854), Abū al-Qāsim al-Kaʿbī (...) (d. 319/931) and Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd (d. 656/1258). Among them, Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd was renowned as “the greatest scholar of the Muʿtazila” and was considered one of the last representatives of this school. He ardently defended ʿAlī's superiority in his commentary on Nahj al-Balāgha, the famous collection of Ali’s sermons, letters and wisdom sayings. In his defense, he rebutted some criticisms about ʿAlī’s political decisions from his school’s point of view. Many items of Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd’s rebuttal are worthy of analysis in terms of their content, style and approach. This article aims to present a detailed account of Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd’s aforementioned refutations. In addition to the descriptive method, the interpretative method was also employed in the article. Although Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd did not consider Ali's infallibility necessary (wājib), unlike Imamiyya, he accepted it. Therefore, he responded to the criticisms directed at Ali, starting from the point of Ali's innocence. According to Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd: (a) After the death of the Prophet, ʿAlī insisted on becoming the new leader of the Muslim community. He did not act hastily to assume the caliphate because he was not expecting any opposition to that. However, when the events took a different turn, he did not escalate the situation, rather accepted the status quo. (b) ʿAlī also did the right thing by participating in ʿUmar b. Al-Khaṭṭāb’s (d. 23/644) electoral shūrā. This was an opportunity for him to become the next caliph, and reinstitute a system in accordance with the Qurʿānic principles and sunna of the Prophet. (c) It was also not an error when ʿAlī decided to stay in Medina during the events of ʿUthmān’s murder (d. 35/656). He played an active role in dissuading the rebels from their attempt to kill ʿUthmān, but he was in no position to know that his activity would be used against him later by the Umayyads who accused ʿAlī of being complicit in ʿUthmāns’s murder. (d) ʿAlī took the caliphate after ʿUthmān because of his popularity among the people. In this way, he managed to prevent an unqualified person to occupy the seat of the caliphate. (e) When the Battle of Camel broke out, those who demanded justice and opposed ʿAlī were in error. (f) When ʿAlī became the new caliph, his decision to remove Muʿāwīya (d. 60/680) from the governorship of Syria was correct. This is because Muʿāwīya would have refused to accept ʿAlī’s leadership even had he stayed in office as a governor. ʿAlī understood that the conflict would end only through fighting, so he did not lose time in marching against Muʿāwīya. (g) During the battle he abided by the sharīʿa and allowed the Syrian army to access water. (h) It was not ʿAlī, but those defectors in his army who obliged him to end the fighting through arbitration. (i) When ʿAlī agreed to sign the Ṣiffīn ceasefire agreement and did not use his title amīr al-muʾminīn, he followed the Prophet's example since the latter also refrained from using his title during the Ḥudaybiyya agreement. (j) ʿAlī also cannot be blamed for those among his supporters, such as the poet al-Najāshī, who defected and joined the ranks of Muʿāwīya. The motivations for the defectors were either to attain worldly gains or to escape from punishment for the crimes which they had committed. (k) When Muʿāwīya managed to conquer Egypt, ʿAlī’s governors of the province, Qays b. Saʿd (d. 60/680) or Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr (d. 38/658), did nothing for which they could be blamed. (l) And finally, ʿAlī never had guards to protect him because he was never afraid of being assassinated. Although Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd took Ali's innocence as a basis while presenting these views, he did not make inconsistent comments in general and did not say things contrary to historical facts. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge historical value of his views in question. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, Afrika Boynuzu’nda yer alan Eritre devletinin bağımsızlığı konusunun uluslararası alanda gündeme geldiği iki tarih olan 1950 ve 1990’ların başlarını odağa alarak, 1950’lerde onaylanmayan bağımsızlığın 1990’larda onaylanmış olmasını sorun edinmektedir. Bu açıdan, çalışmanın ilgi alanını bağımsızlık gündemine taraf devlet ve örgütlerin faaliyetleri oluşturur. Eritre’nin bağımsızlığı meselesinin kırk yıl ara ile farklı kararlarla sonuçlanmasının, bölgede çıkarları bulunan uluslararası aktörlerin tutumları, Birleşmiş Milletler’in rolü ve kararları ve bölge ülkelerinin iç dinamikleriyle doğrudan ilintili olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Etiyopya ve Eritre’nin tarihsel (...) birlikteliği ve ayrımına odaklanarak, bu iki coğrafyanın ilişkisinin Eritre’nin bağımsızlığı özelinde üstünde durulan bir unsur olduğu gözler önüne serilmektedir. Bu iki ülkenin bir aradalığını ön gören ve görmeyen argüman ve tarihsel gelişmeler ele alınarak, Eritre’nin ikinci bağımsızlık gündeminde, ilkinde olmayan karşılıklı uzlaşı ve Eritre’nin ulusal niteliğinin üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci olarak, self-determinasyon ve ayrılma konusunda dünyada yaşanan gelişmelerin Eritre’nin bağımsızlığına nasıl etki ettiği analiz edilmektedir. Bu noktada uluslararası örgütler tarafından alınan kararlar ve değişen normlar incelenmektedir. Son olarak Soğuk Savaş’ın tırmanma ve sönümlenme evrelerini merkeze alarak, ülkenin geleceğinde dış aktörlerin bölgesel ve küresel politikalarının nasıl belirleyici olduğu sorgulanmıştır. Özellikle ilk bağımsızlık gündeminin Soğuk Savaş politikaları gereği desteklenemeyecek ve Etiyopya’nın toprak bütünlüğünü savunacak bir konjonktürde, ikincisinin ise blok politikalarının çözüldüğü ve küresel dönüşümün başladığı yeni bir geçiş evresine denk geldiği için dış aktörlerce olumlu karşılandığı ve mümkün hale geldiği ileri sürülmüştür. (shrink)

The main problem of this text is as follows: While identifying the status of education systems related to moral education with the title of industrial education, the situation is identified through the problems of the morality of education or moral education. Then, a proposal on the education of morality is made through the system evaluation. This point is for the text. These problems are dealt with by using an in-depth and holistic evaluation method together with description and identification. The text (...) primarily focuses on the founding meaning through which time manifests. Because education is both built by this meaning and fulfills a task that perpetuates it. As a part of an entirety/ground reflecting the spirit of the time, education carries/overflows its nuclei and aims. The expression “industrial education” is crucial in that it expresses both its roots, the entirety to which it belongs, and the network of values it has. Here, the term industrial refers to the ground in question, and industrial education refers to the educational understanding of that ground. It is unthinkable that the network of values it possesses is contrary to the whole in question. In the text, the identification of this situation is described through the “ethics of education”. This process that humanity has experienced is new. Therefore, industrial education should be interpreted with its conceptual network. Thus, concepts such as "environment", "context", "transformation", "change" have been redefined. This is essential to make sense of the situation. It identifies that the final solutions sought can be possible not with the “morals of education” but with the "education of morals". This means proposing a reinstallation of the system/environment. (shrink)

Kant metafiziğin temel meseleleri olan Tanrı, ruh ve özgürlük gibi ideaların bilgisi ya da varlığı tartışmalarının bir çözüme kavuşması gerektiğini düşünür. Ona gelene kadar sorunun çözülmemesinin sebebi olarak da metafiziksel bilgiye kaynaklık eden felsefi bilginin matematikten temelde farklı olduğunun ortaya konulamamasını göstermektedir. Kant daha önceki filozoflardan farklı olarak matematiğin temellendiği önerme türünü sentetik apriori olduğunu iddia eder. Bu nedenle de, matematiksel önermelerin felsefi bilginin temellendiği analitik önermelerden yapı itibariyle farklı olduğunu düşünür. Kant ideaların teorik olarak ortaya konulamayacağını gösterdikten sonra bunların (...) pratik alanda en yüksek iyinin gerçekleşmesinin nedenleri olarak varsayılması gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur. O, bu ideaların geçerli olduğu alanın pratik alan olduğunu göstermekle metafiziği bir yönteme kavuşturduğunu ve böylece aklın önüne geçilemez yönelimin sonucunda içine düştüğü yanılsamalardan kurtulduğunu düşünür. Bu çalışmamızda Kant’ın ideaların varlığına dair ortaya koyduğu metafiziksel yöntemin ne olduğu ve Kant’ın daha önceki filozofların yanılsamaya düşmesine sebep olarak gördüğü felsefi bilgi ile matematiksel bilgi arasındaki farklılıkların ne olduğu gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Divine providence is one of the most intriguing topics of today. Despite the scientific progress, individuals are aware that they cannot lead a life isolated from destiny. It is explained by social scientists from different perspectives. This study focuses on the knowledge of destiny and fatalism tendencies of people who are convicted of different crimes. The research has been conducted on 114 people who are convicted of different crimes at the General Directorate Probation in Bursa. Knowledge of destiny and fatalism (...) tendencies of convicted people have been investigated with socio-demographic variables and survey method. A direct relationship has been determined between education and economic level of convicted people as well as being happy to come to the world and being hopeful about future. An inverse relationship has been found between age and the knowledge of destiny of those people. A significant difference has been detected between the belief in fatalism and the state of violence in our study. There is destiny but not fatalism in Islam religion. The destiny belief does not eliminate responsibility of humans; rather it offers psychological wellness to people who struggle to survive in the world of difficulties. Our research aims to further demonstrate the relationship between belief in destiny and crime by means of quantitative evaluation and qualitative analysis. (shrink)

Novel, as a literary genre, is described as the expression of events and emotions by using unconventional methods and techniques; beyond this, novek is also a subject of sociology. For this reason, writers have used the art of the novel as a way of expressing the pain experienced by the individual and its social dimensions. One of these writers is Mourid Barghouti (d. 2021), who was born in Palestine in 1944 and studied English Language and Literature at Cairo University. Banned (...) from entering Palestine in 1967 when he graduated from the university, and exiled from Egypt for criticizing Anwar al-Sādāt's (d. 1981) visit to Israel, Barghouti lived in exile for 17 years in various Arab and European countries away from his wife and child. Barghouti, who returned to Palestine 30 years after his departure, wrote a novel called I Saw Ramallah. This novel was first published in 1997, and he expressed his homesickness and the experiences of the Palestinian people after the occupation. Divided into nine chapters, consisting of 220 pages and translated into many languages, the novel shows the drama of many Palestinians who entered the British mandate after World War I, whose lands were occupied with the establishment of Israel in 1948, and who was forced to leave their homeland. In this sense, the novel I Saw Ramallah reflects both the expatriation of Palestine and the author. In this study, the work named I Saw Ramallah was elaborated in terms of technique in order to determine to what extent the author used the rules of the art of the novel, and thematically which subjects were handled in the novel. It is understood that the name of the novel was chosen to reflect the content by making use of the symbolic value of the place. This novel is seen as an autobiographical novel type, due to the author’s narrator technique used and the author tells his own life. The author's entry into Palestine is used as the objective tense of the novel; the author, with recollections and connotations in objective time, conveyed his experiences by using the flashback method. Events that contain enough sadness have been tried to be conveyed as they happened by mentioning time, place and individuals in order to awake the reader's feelings. Although the events in the novel are listed non-chronologically, when the whole novel is examined, it is seen that the author writes his experiences within the framework of the days he spent in Ramallah and the memories that they remind him of, and in the order in which they come to mind. In almost all of the novel, classical Arabic is preferred. The novel has avoided as much forced expressions and literary expressions that enlarge or reduce events as possible. Although it is impossible to claim that he is completely impartial as a Palestinian, it is seen that the author describes the events with the simplicity of a Palestinian citizen, away from political conflicts as much as possible and in a natural language. It is possible to say that the dominant use of critical style in the novel as the experiences of a writer suffered living abroad throughout his life, shaped his perspective on life and its reflection on the novel. The main topic of the novel is the absence from home. In addition, those killed far away from their homeland, Jewish settlement, the effect of Jewish occupation on the social life, the Oslo Agreement and the role of the phone in the life of the expat are handled as sub-themes. Although the novel named I Saw Ramallah is mostly close to daily or commemorative works and does not fully fit in the definitions of novel art as it emerged in the West, it includes the style of novel art at a certain level. It is seen that the novel has an important place in terms of raising awareness on the Palestinian issue in the Arab and Islamic world. The novel I Saw Ramallah, which was awarded The Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature by the American University in Cairo in 1997, is likely to have received this award because of its thematic aspect rather than its stylistic aspect. Considering this award that the novel won against its peers and the considerations we mentioned during the technical and stylistic analysis we made about the novel, it is seen that the art of the novel in Arabic literature is still in the development stage. (shrink)

Kişinin bazı yükümlülükleri uhdesinde barındırması için akıllı olması şarttır. Bu durum hem dinî hem de beşerî sistemlerde aynı şekildedir. Bu bağlamda Kur’an’da aklı kullanmaya vurgu yapan birçok ayet vardır. Her bir ayetin anlatmak istediği aklın nasıl kullanılacağına dair bir hakikat mevcuttur. Bu hakikatin ortaya çıkarılması ise ehil olan kişilerin izahlarıyla mümkün olacaktır. Öte yandan bu ayetlerin bağlamıyla birlikte değerlendirilmesi doğru bir anlamın ortaya çıkmasında önemli bir etkendir. Nitekim aynı ifadeler birçok ayette tekrar edilmesine rağmen her birinde farklı bir konuya temas (...) edilmektedir. Mesele aklî çerçevede Kur’an’ın ele alınmasıyla ilgili olduğu için konuyu dirayet tefsiri ekseninde değerlendirmek daha doğru olacaktır. O nedenle bu çalışmamızda aklî çıkarımlara çok fazla başvurulan Te’vîlâtü’l-Kur’ân ve Tefsîru’l-Menâr isimli iki tefsir bağlamında konunun değerlendirilmesi yapılacaktır. Yaşadıkları zaman dilimi birbirinden çok uzak olmasına rağmen her ki tefsirdeki müelliflerin meseleye bakışları arasında benzerliklerin çok olduğu görülmüştür. O nedenle ayetlerin verdiği mesajların farklı zamanlarda nasıl anlaşıldığı, ne gibi anlayış farklılıklarının oluştuğu, ortak noktaların neler olduğu bu çalışmada ortaya konmaya çalışılacaktır. (shrink)

Teist ve ateist düşünürler arasındaki önemli tartışma konularından biri kötülük problemidir. Bu süreçte teist-ateist felsefecilerin sorunu ortaya koyma veya soruna çözüm üretme yönündeki yoğun çabalarını yok saymak haksızlık olacaktır. Bununla birlikte bir sorun üzerinde önemli tartışmaların gerçekleşmesi sorunun gerçekliğini veya tartışıldığı bağlamın doğruluğunu garanti etmemektedir. Bu çalışma son dönemlerde anlaşıldığı şekliyle kötülük probleminin temellerine yönelik bir sorgulamadır. Bununla birlikte bu yöndeki sorgulamalar genellikle Tanrı’nın irade ve kudret sıfatlarını veya aşkınlığını gereğinden fazla öne çıkarttığı gerekçesiyle tenkit edilmekte; Tanrı’nın adâlet gibi oldukça (...) önemli diğer sıfatlarını gölgelediği veya Tanrı ile insan arasında yakın bir irtibat kurmayı imkânsızlaştırdığı gibi eleştirilere muhatap kalmaktadır. Bu sebeple elinizdeki çalışmada bu sorgulama Tanrı’nın aşkınlığını dile getirmekten mümkün olduğunca kaçınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda hem kötülük problemine çözüm arayışları hem de problemin kendisi mantıksal tutarlılık ve zorunluk ilişkisi takip edilerek incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda kötülük probleminin temellendirilmesinde ciddi sorunlar olduğu tespit edilerek kötülük probleminin bir psuedo problem olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. (shrink)