Le texte montre comment les questions d’effondrement viennent à s’imposer dans les trajectoires professionnelles et personnelles, même si le fonctionnement des sciences sociales et de l’université sont plutôt des obstacles à sa prise en compte. Des perspectives se dégagent – au-delà du redéploiement des questions de recherche autour des mouvements souhaitant conjurer l’effondrement, elles oscillent entre un pessimisme non résigné, attentif à des questions de relocalisation, et l’implication directe dans de nouveaux mouvements écologistes.

There are some verses in the Qur'an that can be understood at first glance to mean that Allah Almighty knew certain things afterwards. Based on such verses, it has been claimed that Allah Almighty knew the voluntary acts of the slaves afterwards. This view, whose historical origin goes back to Cehmiyya, is defended by Abdülaziz Bayındır today. Adopting an approach that understands and explains the verses he refers to as the main reference on the subject, Abdülaziz Bayındır argues that the (...) thirty-first verse of the chapter of Muhammad and other verses with a similar notion indicate that Allah does not know beforehand the optional actions of His servants. In this study, the rational and narrative evidences that Bayındır presented as a justification for his views were examined within the framework of the basic procedural principles of the science of tafsir. In our study, the method of analysis and criticism has been adopted. While interpreting the verses that Bayındır examined as a basis for his thesis, the method he put forward was verified through different verses, and it was seen that this method did not offer an accurate and authentic methodology of understanding and interpretation. It has been seen that the verses that Bayındır put forward as a basis for his thesis do not indicate that Allah knows the voluntary actions of the servants afterwards, but that he reveals what he knows in his pre-eternal knowledge. (shrink)

In this paper, we explore the conception of nature as a book in Francis Bacon. On the one hand, using this image and confronting the reading of the book of nature and the reading of the books of established authors, Bacon contrasts two completely different ways of the natural philosophy: the Interpretation of Nature in contrast to the Anticipation of the Mind. On the other hand, by considering the revealed book and the book of creatures, Bacon contends for the specificity (...) of the scientific investigation of nature and its relative autonomy in relation to the sphere of religion, although he indicates the character of continuity and complementation of the two books of the same authorship. (shrink)

O presente texto não pretende ser um artigo analítico sobre Bourdieu mas um ensaio escrito da perspectiva de uma cientista política sobre as possibilidades abertas pela teoria desenvolvida pelo sociólogo francês para o estudo dos fenômenos da política. Com este propósito trabalharei com as noções de campo e capitais.

Husserl began by refusing the possibility to consider the ego as an essential center of reference for intentional acts. But later included it in phenomenological description as the center of reference for intentional experiences. The article analyzes those two moments and their possible correlation with the Kantian theory of the self, in order to highlight the significant difference between the two philosophers.

The veins are cuticular structures that differentiate in precise patterns in insect wings. The genetic and molecular basis of vein pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster is beginning to be unravelled with the identification and characterisation of the gene products that position the veins and direct their differentiation. Genes affecting the veins fall into two groups: transcriptional regulators that specify individual veins, and members of signalling pathways involved in patterning and differentiation of the veins. The elaboration of the vein pattern is (...) progressive in time and requires the coordinated activities of these signalling pathways and the transcription factors regulated by them. Although the network of genetic interactions that determine vein cell fate is well understood, very little is known about the cellular biology underlying the acquisition of vein histotype. BioEssays 25:443–451, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

In this article, the meaning of concept of sharʿī science gained in the conception of education, which was established in Islamic civilization, was studied. The main problem of the research is to evaluate the idea of education in Islamic Civilization, which is closely related to the concept of sharʿī science, with a false perception that it consists entirely of religious education. The beginning of Islamic Civilization is traced back to descent of the Qur'an. The conception of education that started to (...) emerge after this period is based on the understanding of the Qur'an and hadiths at first. In later times, a wide variety of fields, such as language, literature, logic, wisdom, riyāzat, nature, and astronomy, have been included in the concept of education to encompass the whole existence of the entity. In the following centuries, these fields, which were included in the course curriculum of the madrasahs, were examined in detail in the works of classification of sciences. Therefore, the false perception needs to be reconsidered. For this reason, the article focuses on how the concept of sharʿī science is defined. Historical data analysis method was used to solve the problem. The claim of the article is that the concept of shar′i science has wide perspective to cover the world of meaning, mind and essence of man. As a result, this article, it was determined that the concept of sharʿī science has a meaning to cover the majority of information fields that are subject to instruction in our educational conception.Summary: The formation of the conception of education in Islamic civilization has emerged in the long term through a scientific process. During this time, a rich curriculum on the concept of education was shaped. The sciences that form the curriculum have been diversified in later periods compared to the early periods of Islam. With the advent of the different sciences, which provided this diversification and which were not at first, all the existing sciences were classified according to different perspectives by the ulama (muslim scholars). In the classifications, which have important contributions to the conception of education, the sciences were tried to be introduced and their position in the education life was tried to be explained. The sciences classified have not been dealt with against each other but rather to complement each other in different ways. The distinction of sciences in classification; different approaches such as linguistically, religious, secular, mental, transportation, philosophical and sharʿī have been developed.The concept of sharʿī science, which can be expressed as a general definition of the sciences, is given in almost all of the works related to the classification of sciences, even under the name or different titles. When we look at the classification, it is seen that sharʿī sciences are handled in four different approaches. As the first approach, the sharʿī sciences are among the main elements of main division in the classification. Here, the sharʿī sciences, in general, with the linguistic sciences and mental sciences were included in the top title. In the second approach, there are works in their classification that do not include the sharʿī sciences and the distinction between it. In addition, these works collect the sciences within this scope under other scientific compositions or other names. In the third approach, among the works that give information about the general of the sciences, there are those who mentioned all together without classifying these sciences and others. In the last approach, the sharʿī sciences are seen as the upper description of the knowledge fields that are included in the teaching, which covers the majority of the other sciences except for the linguistic sciences.The approaches presented in the classification of sciences indicate the diversity of the issue. In order to have better understanding of the issue, it is useful to look closely at the meaning of the concept of sharʿī sciences. At this point, three definitions of 2nd, 4th and 12th centuries are given respectively. Firstly, for Jābir b. Hayyān sharʿī science is the most useful politics in terms of religion and the world, because it contains the benefits of the world's interests after death.Secondly, al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111) describes the sharʿī science as the knowledge learned from Şārī ʿ and prophets, but not by the experience and hearing. According to this, the sharʿī science is defined as the knowledge of the sunnah that only gives information about revelation. The information fields outside this definition are also considered as the sciences, which are instrumental in reaching to sharʿī science.The perspective of the third definition of sharʿī science is given by Saçaklızāde (d. 1145/1732). He lists the three definitions made before the time of his life from the specific (hās) to the general (ām). Saçaklızāde gave the aforementioned definition of al-Ghazali in the first sense of the concept of sharʿī science. He points out that the meaning given here is allocated. The second definition belongs to Molla Husraw (d. 885/1480). According to him, the sharʿī science is the sciences that can be reached through the sciences of the Şārīʿ. In other words, it is the sciences that are not used except for obtaining the sciences obtained from Şārīʿ itself. This meaning is a bit more extensive since there are no records as described in al-Ghazali. This definition is also included in the sciences benefited from it. Although it is not the first, there is usūl-i fiqh (Islamic legal theory) within this meaning.In the third definition, sharʿī science is the sciences that form the basis for things arising from Şārīʿ or originating from Şārīʿ. This definition belongs to Ibn Hajar el-Haytamī. He did not consider the partial allocation of the second meaning as given above, and included all the instrument sciences in the definition of sharʿī science. Based on the definitions he gave, three sharʿī science approaches made before the time he lived were listed from specific to general. Thus, in a sense, he depicts the general shape of the sharʿī science perspective. With the approach to generalization, we can say that a sharʿī science perspective that encompasses the majority of the fields involved in education is developing. In the third meaning of sharʿī science, it is seen that the majority of the fields of knowledge in education and training are gathered under one roof. The most important factor gathering the sciences together is the effort to understand the purpose of Şārīʿ, who owns the whole area of existence. The fields of knowledge and sciences needed to achieve this aim can be included in the definition of sharʿī science. The effort to understand the purpose of Şārīʿ is also at the center of the idea of Islamic education. Since there are various dimensions of being, each step taken to understand and learn them is directed in a way to Şārīʿ itself. Whether it is language and literary sciences or other sciences, such as mathematics, physics and philosophies, the aim is to recognize and understand Şārīʿ for the collection of things that fall within the scope of all educational activities. With sharʿī science approach, teaching the whole of the area of existence owned by Allah is possible within the concept of education. In the works written for the education curriculum, it is seen that the perspective covering the majority of the sciences in the definition of third sharʿī science is preserved. First of all, the meaning integrity of the sharʿī science concept has been determined. In the definitions of three different periods given here, it is seen that the approach to the sciences, which are the subject of instruction in education is not exclusive but inclusive. Especially because of the width in the third sense, the majority of the instrument sciences and mental science fields in the curriculum are included in the definition of sharʿī science. (shrink)

Nombreux sont les artistes qui, au cours des années soixante, ont écrit pour la revue Artforum, qui demeure, encore aujourd’hui, l’une des plus importantes publications artistiques. Certains de ces écrits s’inscrivent dans des formats journalistiques, quelques-uns sont des compositions faisant appel à des catégories littéraires, d’autres suivent les formes académiques de l’essai et de la dissertation et, enfin, s’ajoutent à ceux-ci des travaux conceptuels ayant le statut d’œuvres d’art. Cet article étudie la manière dont cette revue a contribué à rendre (...) visible la parole des artistes entre 1962 et 1967, du moment de son émergence jusqu’au numéro d’été où figurent des textes incontournables pour le monde de l’art, tels que « Notes on Sculpture » de Robert Morris, « Towards the Development of an Air Terminal Site » de Robert Smithson, ou encore « Paragraphs on Conceptual Art » de Sol LeWitt. D’après une analyse effectuée sur les cinq volumes parus au cours de cette période, un total de 36 % des articles a été rédigé par des artistes. (shrink)

Hobbes concede uma importância inédita à ação voluntária, na medida em que defende que a origem de toda obrigação é um ato voluntário daquele que se obriga, uma vez que todos são naturalmente livres e iguais e não há obrigações naturais. Por um lado, Hobbes desloca a discussão sobre a voluntariedade das ações e alarga a concepção do que pode ser considerado uma ação voluntária em relação à tradição que remonta a Aristóteles, sendo que, para ele, uma ação praticada por (...) medo é tão voluntária quanto uma outra realizada por algum desejo. Por outro, o autor limita as ações voluntárias àquelas ações que visam ao bem do agente. Trata-se de uma impossibilidade: ninguém age senão em vista de seu próprio bem. Neste artigo pretendo explorar esses aspectos da teoria da ação voluntária em Hobbes e indicar como esses posicionamentos se acentuam no Leviatã. (shrink)

Leibniz afirma que toda mônada expressa o universo inteiro de uma determinada perspectiva. A partir daí, todas os seres criados harmonizam-se entre si, já que todos representam o mesmo mundo, ao mesmo tempo em que cada um se individualiza por meio de seu ponto de vista próprio que • afirma o autor em alguns textos-chave • é determinado pelo lugar que o seu corpo correspondente ocupa. Entretanto, se a limitaçáo dos graus de distinçáo das representações se dá meramente por uma (...) analogia com o espaço e o tempo, como explicar a capacidade dos espíritos de atingir as verdades necessárias e eternas e de constituir uma ciência? A fim de elucidar esta sobrelevaçáo e destacamento dos espíritos em relaçáo aos demais seres criados, introduziremos a atividade da apercepçáo e sua diferença em relaçáo à percepçáo, atividade comum a todas as mônadas. (shrink)

Descartes thinks that the true scientific order is that of reasons, in which one starts from the easiest and most evident truths and moves towards those that are more difficult and complex. Thus a unique, progressive, and irreversible order is established, where each member of the chain depends on those that precede it, and each thesis has a non-interchangeable place inside the doctrine. Leibniz, on the contrary, defends the idea that "une même vérité peut avoir beaucoup des places selon les (...) differents rapports qu'elle peut avoir" . In order to avoid repetition, assembling the greatest quantity of truths in a minimum of volumes, Leibniz argues that the best scientific order is a systematic disposition in which each place refers to all the others, so that the connections among knowledge becomes clear. In opposition to the Cartesian model of system, in the Leibnizian model theses are based upon one another, and the order of truths is reversible. It is due to these differences concerning the conception of system that Leibniz, unlike Descartes, can pretend to take the best of each philosophical system in order to constitute his own, given that for him there is a certain malleability in the construction of a philosophical system.Descartes concebe que a verdadeira ordem científica é a ordem das razões, na qual se parte das verdades mais fáceis e evidentes em direção às mais difíceis e complexas. Assim, estabelece-se uma ordem única, progressiva e irreversível, onde cada membro da cadeia depende daqueles que o antecederam, de modo que cada tese possui um lugar não-intercambiável dentro da doutrina. Leibniz, ao contrário, defende que "[...] uma mesma verdade pode ter vários lugares, conforme as diferentes relações que pode possuir" . A fim de evitar as repetições, reunindo-se o máximo de verdades no mínimo de volumes, o autor propõe que a melhor ordem científica é a disposição sistemática das matérias, que consiste em uma organização do saber na qual cada lugar reenvia a outros, tornando clara a conexão entre os conhecimentos. Em contraposição ao modelo de sistema cartesiano, no modelo leibniziano, as teses se fundamentam mutuamente e a ordem das verdades estabelecidas é reversível. Ora, é devido a essas diferenças na concepção de sistema que Leibniz, ao contrário de Descartes, pode pretender tomar o que há de melhor nos sistemas legados pela tradição para constituir o seu próprio sistema, já que para ele há uma certa maleabilidade na constituição do sistema filosófico. (shrink)

La teoría “coaseana” del derecho, y el Análisis Económico del Derecho en general, asumen implícitamente la veracidad de dos premisas comportamentales: la “exogeneidad de la preferencia” y la “independencia de la referencia”. Este artículo señala algunas objeciones a estas premisas, luego evidencia algunas implicaciones acerca de: cómo el AED –desde un punto de vista positivo– pronostica los comportamientos de las personas y los efectos de las normas jurídicas entendidas como incentivos, y cómo, –desde un punto de vista normativo– la teoría (...) económica sugiere las decisiones del juez o del legislador. El artículo además presenta los desafíos a los que se enfrenta el AED al aceptarse la premisa comportamental de que las personas valoran los derechos individuales, no en términos absolutos, sino en términos relativos, comparados con un punto de referencia. (shrink)

En los orígenes de la psicología humanista, diversos autores claves -entre ellos, Rogers- destacaron la importancia que la congruencia o autenticidad tiene para la salud integral de las personas. Tomando esta referencia como punto de partida, el autor examina lo que considera un momento crítico en la historia, teñido de escepticismo y cinismo, y sus manifestaciones en la vida actual. Finalmente, propone un modelo de autodesarrollo que considera tres niveles en cada ser humano: el nivel animal, el propiamente humano y (...) el divino. (shrink)

In modernity, the distinction between nature and artifice disappears, so that machines made by men become privileged models for the explanation of natural bodies, as can be observed in Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, among others. This new relationship between nature and artifice is correlated with the mechanization and refutation of finality in nature, insofar as the adoption of mechanics as a model of nature’s explanation is associated to the rejection of the use of final causes in physics and to the conception (...) that bodies are devoid of immanent principles of movement or of any incorporeal principle that predisposes them to a process of change teleologically structured and oriented. Leibniz also conceives nature as artifice and organic bodies as automata, but his conception of natural bodies as artificial machines goes even further, to the point of characterizing the natural beings as those which carry the character of artificial rather than the artificial things themselves. However, unlike Bacon, Descartes, and Hobbes, Leibniz uses the analogy of nature as a machine and deepens it precisely to argue that nature is teleologically structured and that the difference between the machines made by men and the natural (divine) ones lies in the fact that while those have a purely extrinsic finality, these have an immanent finality inscribed in each of their parts to infinity. (shrink)

Se examina la relación entre razones y causas de la acción en el psicoanálisis freudiano. Hay acuerdo en que Freud confundía, o por lo menos no hizo una distinción rigurosa a lo largo de su trabajo, entre razones y causas. Se analizarán dos interpretaciones al respecto. De un lado, la que sostiene que había en él una tendencia naturalista y que, en ese sentido, nunca abandonó su pretensión de encontrar las causas de la acción humana; de otro lado, la que (...) defiende que en Freud imperó siempre una orientación más psicologizante, con base en la cual defendió la búsqueda del sentido de actos fallidos, sueños, etc.; lo cual lo llevó a abandonar su orientación cientificista y a concentrarse en la comprensión o interpretación de la acción. Como alternativa se propone considerar que el conflicto en Freud se soluciona si dejamos de lado los dualismos razones / causas y comprensión /explicación. This paper examines the relationship between reasons and causes of action in Freudian psychoanalysis. There is an agreement on the issue that, throughout his work, Freud confused or at least did not make a rigorous distinction between reasons and causes. Two interpretations will be analyzed on this matter. On one hand, a position that holds that there was a naturalistic tendency in Freud and, in that sense, that he never abandoned his aspiration to find the causes of human action. On the other hand, a position that argues that a psychologizing orientation always prevailed in Freud, based on which he defended the search for the meaning of Freudian slips, dreams, etc; which led him to abandon his scientific orientation and to focus on understanding or interpreting the action. As an alternative it is suggested that the conflict in Freud is solved if we discard the dualisms reasons/causes and understanding/explanation. (shrink)

O escopo do artigo é examinar a tese hobbesiana de que todo efeito possui uma causa necessária, indicando como o filósofo a demonstra de modos diferentes, mas complementares: em primeiro lugar, tanto por meio da identificação entre causa integral, causa suficiente e causa necessária, como pela redefinição dos conceitos de potência e ato; em segundo, através da subordinação do princípio de bivalência à determinação necessária dos eventos; e, por fim, pela defesa de que só por meio de uma causa necessária, (...) causa que opera mecanicamente por meio de contato, é possível dar a razão pela qual os eventos possuem tais determinações espaciotemporais ao invés de outras, de modo que a causalidade mecânica necessária se estabelece como o único tipo legítimo de explicação dos fenômenos em Hobbes, transformando-se, então, na forma geral da inteligibilidade. (shrink)

This article explores the political dimension of algorithmic face recognition through the prism of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s notion of faciality. It argues that algorithmic face recognition is a technology that expresses a key aspect of contemporary capitalism: the problematic position of the individual in light of new forms of algorithmic and statistical regimes of power. While there is a clear relation between modern disciplinary mechanisms of individualization and the face as a sign of individuality, in control societies this (...) relation appears more as a contradiction. The article contends that Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of machinic enslavement and social subjection offer a fruitful perspective from where to identify the power mechanisms behind the problematic position of the individual in the specific case of algorithmic face recognition. (shrink)

Apresenta-se a tradução para o português do texto Méditation sur la notion commune de justice, de G. W. Leibniz, acompanhada de notas explicativas e de uma curta introdução.

There is increasing interest in determining what impact having women in management positions may have on corporate social responsibility initiatives. Various authors suggest that gender equality practices should be factored into the broader framework of CSR. This paper examines how the presence of women on corporate boards, in top and middle management and as heads of CSR departments, influences gender equality practices in the field of CSR. Using information collected from companies that have signed up to Women's Empowerment Principles in (...) Spain, we show that the presence of women in the aforesaid posts has a positive impact on CSR activities with gender equality objectives. We thus supplement the justice, business and moral arguments with further arguments in support of the incorporation of women into not only corporate boards but all management positions. Finally, we provide a view of how gender equality can be included in the broader framework of CSR. (shrink)

O conceito de potentia possui uma pluralidade de sentidos na obra de Hobbes, sendo empregado na física, na antropologia, nas reflexões sobre o direito e sobre a política, bem como no discurso sobre Deus e seus atributos. Neste artigo, o exame será circunscrito ao conceito hobbesiano de potência (power) no Short Tract em seu diálogo com a tradição aristotélica da potência e do ato, isto é, ao conceito físico de potência por meio do qual os movimentos são explicados. O que (...) pretendo indicar é que já nessa obra esse conceito se forjou em oposição ao conceito aristotélico e à tradição escolástica, por mais que essa primeira formulação da noção de potência seja problemática. Hobbes fundamenta uma dupla fonte do determinismo no Short Tract, fonte que se tornará una com a reformulação do conceito de potência nos textos posteriores, como exporei na segunda parte do artigo. (shrink)

Le langage de la poésie appelle une attention particulière, car son étrangeté même témoigne d’un rapport au réel fort différent des pratiques de la langue, dans la vie quotidienne ou dans le travail scientifique. En s’aidant de la référence au Vide et aux perspectives puisées dans la tradition chinoise, Maldiney développe cette philosophie propre à la poésie à partir des oeuvres d’André du Bouchet et de Francis Ponge. Son analyse donne ainsi à l’art poétique une responsabilité rarement mise en valeur (...) par rapport au réel : un rapport à la fois d’intimité et de proximité. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretende-se indicar como o jovem Leibniz, em textos do início da década de 1670, como no Theoria Motusi e nas correspondências a Johann Friedrich e a Hobbes, apropria-se do conceito de conatus e da teoria da sensação de Hobbes para defender a existência de mentes incorpóreas, seres verdadeiramente indivisíveis, em oposição à redução hobbesiana da realidade a corpos e seus movimentos. Ademais, uma vez que a essência do corpo reside no movimento e não na extensão — como o (...) filósofo afirma influenciado pelas teorias de Hobbes — e que o corpo, de acordo com os princípios do mecanicismo, não é fonte de seu próprio movimento, Leibniz argumentará que a sua substância deve residir em algo incorpóreo. Essa apropriação por parte de Leibniz do conceito de conatus e da teoria do movimento hobbesianos desempenhará, assim, um papel importante não apenas na rejeição da substância extensa cartesiana, como também na posterior reabilitação das formas substanciais, rejeitadas pelo autor na sua primeira juventude. (shrink)

This paper seeks to examine two moments of the subject’s identification with substance in modernity, namely, the body in Hobbesian philosophy and the individual substance in Leibnizian thought. In Hobbes, to be a subject signifies to be subjected, so that the body-substance is characterized by not having in itself its principle of movement. In Leibniz, for his turn, a subject is that which contains in its own nature everything that can be truly predicated about it, implying that it is the (...) foundation and principle of its own activity, or, in a word, it is self-sufficient. Nonetheless, although Hobbesian body is characterized by its inertia and Leibnizian substance by its self-sufficiency, it is my purpose to indicate that the former is more crucial than the latter to the constitution of the modern conception of subjectivity, i.e., of the subject as the center of action and as a founding power, capable of establishing a new order by its decision. This is not possible in Leibnizian philosophy, for, according to it, human activity, like that of any other substance, consists solely in the actualization of the divine plan of the best of all possible worlds. (shrink)