인공지능 칩을 뇌에 장착함으로써 인간의 인지능력을 향상시킬 수 있을까? 이런 향상이 실현될 수 있으려면 어떤 조건이 충족되어야 하는가? 이 논문은 인공지능이 인간 인지체계의 일부로 작동할 수 있을 조건을 따짐으로써 인공지능을 활용하여 인지능력을 향상하는 일을 전망하는 데 일조하려 한다. 이 일을 위하여 이 논문은 중앙신경체계에 연결되어 생각대로 움직이는 의수의 경우, 뇌에 알파고 칩을 장착하고 바둑을 두는 사람의 경우, 그리고 외국어 통 · 번역 인공지능을 작동하는 칩을 두개골 안에 이식한 사람의 경우를 차례로 검토한다. 생체공학 의수는 인공지능으로 사람이 더 똑똑해지는 경우는 아니지만 인공지능이 (...) 인지체계의 작동을 보완하는 실질적인 활용의 가능성을 함축하고 있다. 뇌 안에 이식된 알파고 칩에 관한 검토는 모종의 확률이 개입하는 인지능력 향상이 가능하다는 결론에 도달하지만, 그 과정에서 결정과 제어의 주체에 관한 물음을 촉발하고 이로 인해 ‘인간이 인공지능을 활용한다’는 구조를 재고하게 한다. 통 · 번역 인공지능의 경우에 대한 검토는 이 기술을 활용할 수 있게 할 특정 방식을 전망하게 하지만, 그 방식은 그 사람의 인지능력 자체를 향상하는 것이 아니다. 인간의 뇌가 언어의 의미를 어떻게 처리하는지 해명되기 전까지는 통 · 번역 인공지능을 인간 인지체계의 일부로 활용하는 일이 불가능할 것이다. (shrink)

Old Havana: Spirit of the Living City artistically captures the architecture, people, and daily life of La Habana Vieja through the lenses of two visionary photographers and colleagues, one American and the other Cuban. Chip Cooper and Néstor Martí began collaborating in 2008, documenting the picturesque features of the oldest and most historically rich quarter in Cuba's capital city at the behest of Eusebio Leal Spengler, the historian of the city of Havana and the director of the Habana Vieja (...) restoration project. Cooper's and Martí's images highlight the spirit of change and renewal underlying the restoration of this international treasure and its revival as a vibrant business and residential area. Inspired by the work of twentieth century American photographer Walker Evans, Cooper and Martí, through perspectives both unique and deeply entwined, capture the humanity of the city, in a language at once universal and transcendent. (shrink)

We live in a reactionary culture where divisive issues arise, people on either side throw stones, and everyone ends up more entrenched in their opinions than in reaching common ground--or even exhibiting common courtesy! If there ever was a time for Christians to understand and communicate God's truth about controversial and polarizing issues, it is now. Believers must develop convictions based on research, reason, and biblical truth--and be able (and willing) to communicate these convictions with a love and respect that (...) reflects God's own heart. In Culture Shock, bestselling author, pastor, and radio personality Chip Ingram shows readers how they can bring light rather than heat to the most controversial and divisive issues of our day. Covering topics such as right and wrong, sex, homosexuality, abortion, politics, and the environment, Culture Shock is every engaged believer's must-have guidebook to replacing reactionary hate with revolutionary love. (shrink)

Examines the growing popularity of alternative medicine, and discusses the mind-body connection in healing.

Desmond’s ambitious effort to re-conceive the problem of dialectic and otherness is both timely and provocative. Moving beyond the “generous hermeneutic” of Hegel exemplified in Art and the Absolute, Desmond develops more fully a discussion about the alleged “closure” of dialectical philosophies generally and Hegel’s philosophy specifically. Whereas Art and the Absolute tended to defend Hegel’s insights and achievements — at least in aesthetic theory — against a wide variety of critical approaches, the work under review attempts to engage seriously (...) the persistent charge of “closure” made against Hegelian speculative philosophy. Repeated by critics as various as Habermas, Heidegger, Lonergan, and Derrida, the charge is too widespread and too frequently levelled to ignore. At issue seems to be the very possibility of an “absolute” knowing. How is it possible to know absolutely without trimming up the edges of the knowable, dotting all i’s and crossing all t’s, and leaving nothing for future philosophers but the relationships of disciple, exegete, or rebel angel? It is of course arguable that the self-developing categorial criticism in terms of which Hegel develops his doctrine of absolute knowing renders such objections irrelevant, but Desmond does not opt for this strategy. Rather, in the development of his own original metaphysics of origin, Desmond attempts to “sublate” the Hegelian philosophy. (shrink)

While human lives are endlessly variable, our most memorable positive moments are dominated by four elements: elevation, insight, pride, and connection. If we embrace these elements, we can conjure more moments that matter. What if a teacher could design a lesson that he knew his students would remember twenty years later? What if a manager knew how to create an experience that would delight customers? What if you had a better sense of how to create memories that matter for your (...) children? This book delves into some fascinating mysteries of experience: Why we tend to remember the best or worst moment of an experience, as well as the last moment, and forget the rest. Why 'we feel most comfortable when things are certain, but we feel most alive when they're not.' And why our most cherished memories are clustered into a brief period during our youth. Readers discover how brief experiences can change lives, such as the experiment in which two strangers meet in a room, and 45 minutes later, they leave as best friends. (What happens in that time?) Or the tale of the world's youngest female billionaire, who credits her resilience to something her father asked the family at the dinner table. (What was that simple question?) Many of the defining moments in our lives are the result of accident or luck -- but why would we leave our most meaningful, memorable moments to chance when we can create them? The Power of Moments shows us how to be the author of richer experiences."--Dust jacket flap. (shrink)

We investigate 1 factor that influences the success of ideas or cultural representations by proposing that they have a habitat, that is, a set of environmental cues that encourages people to recall and transmit them. We test 2 hypotheses: (a) fluctuation: the success of an idea will vary over time with fluctuations in its habitat, and (b) competition: ideas with more prevalent habitats will be more successful. Four studies use subject ratings and data from newspapers to provide correlational support for (...) our 2 hypotheses, with a negative factoid, positive rumor, catchphrases, and variants of a proverb. Three additional experimental studies manipulate the topic of actual conversations and find empirical support for our theory, with catchphrases, proverbs, and slang. The discussion examines how habitat prevalence applies to a more extensive class of ideas and suggests how habitats may influence the process by which ideas evolve. (shrink)

It is no secret that Hegel, along with Vico, whom he never read, and Rousseau, whom he read with enthusiasm, regarded poetic meaning as historically prior to prosaic meaning - the figurative preceded the literal, the tropological antedated the logical per se. Indeed, Hegel went so far, in his Aesthetic, as to qualify poetry as “Man’s original grasp of truth”. Since, as we know, for Hegel the true is the whole, it would seem that this original grasp of the truth (...) would have to be accounted for in any speculative account of truth. (shrink)

Using research into learning from sequences of examples, we generate predictions about what cultural products become widely distributed in the social marketplace of ideas. We investigate what we term the Repetition‐Break plot structure: the use of repetition among obviously similar items to establish a pattern, and then a final contrasting item that breaks with the pattern to generate surprise. Two corpus studies show that this structure arises in about a third of folktales and story jokes. An experiment shows that jokes (...) with this structure are more interesting than those without the initial repetition. Thus, we document evidence for how a cognitive factor influences the cultural products that are selected in the marketplace of ideas. (shrink)

In the decade since the late George Armstrong Kelly announced in the pages of this journal that Richard Winfield’s project has something significant to contribute to the debate over the contemporary relevance of Hegel’s systematic philosophy, Winfield has produced a number of works in support of that claim. These works have established Winfield as an important neo-Hegelian thinker.

French interpretations of Hegel have been immensely influential in the past fifty years. One has only to think of the names Alexandre Kojève and Jean Hyppolite to begin to recognize the enormous debt which all students of Hegel owe to French scholarship in this period. Beyond the problems posed by the specific interpretations of Hegel advanced by Kojève and Hyppolite, however, there is also the task of beginning to assess the great influence upon subsequent French thought brought about by their (...) students, among whom are grouped a veritable pantheon of modern French thinkers. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Alexandre Koyré, Raymond Aron, Maurice Blanchot, Jacques Lacan, and Georges Bataille, among others, all attended Kojèves’s lectures, while Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida attended seminars with Hyppolite. (shrink)

Hegel has often been held by his critics to have failed in his efforts to achieve his professed goal to make of philosophy a science. Some of the major objections have been that he overlooked problems of finite, embodied existence, that he ignored the constitutive power of language, and that he did not make allowance for a creative unconscious. Wilfried Ver Eecke has written an oddly-titled work which traces the role of negation in the realms of child development, psychoanalysis, linguistics, (...) and Hegelian thought. In the course of his complex, nuanced study, he provides ample material for defending Hegel from these charges, even where he himself seems ambivalent about their validity. (shrink)

Locked and unlocked strategies are at the center of this article, as ways of shedding new light on the cognitive aspects of deep learning machines. The character and the role of these cognitive strategies, which are occurring both in humans and in computational machines, is indeed strictly related to the generation of cognitive outputs, which range from weak to strong level of knowledge creativity. I maintain that these differences lead to important consequences when we analyze computational AI programs, such as (...) AlphaGo, which aim at performing various kinds of abductive hypothetical reasoning. In these cases, the programs are characterized by _locked_ abductive strategies: they deal with weak (even if sometimes amazing) kinds of hypothetical creative reasoning, because they are limited in what I call eco-cognitive openness, which instead qualifies human cognizers who are performing higher kinds of abductive creative reasoning, where cognitive strategies are instead _unlocked_. (shrink)

This article conducts a mixed-method content analysis of Chinese and American news media coverage of Google DeepMind’s Go playing computer program, AlphaGo. Drawing on humanistic approaches to artificial intelligence, combined with an empirically rigorous content analysis, it examines the differences and overlap in coverage by the Chinese and American press in their accounts of AlphaGo, and its historic match with Korea’s Lee Sedol in March, 2016. The event was not only followed intensely in China, but also made the (...) front page of The New York Times. This article finds that the Chinese press was more likely than the American press to frame AlphaGo as non-threatening, which the authors attribute to cultural differences and the two countries' different understandings of Go. In addition to quantitatively identifying similarities and differences in the framing of AlphaGo, this paper also investigates the underlying and evolving contestations over what constitutes the “human” and the “machine.” It concludes by discussing the implications of the study’s findings as well as outlining avenues for further research. (shrink)

Gotthard Deutsch (1859–1921) taught at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati from 1891 until his death, where he produced a card index of 70,000 ‘facts’ of Jewish history. This article explores the biography of this artefact of research and poses the following question: Does Deutsch’s index constitute a great unwritten work of history, as some have claimed, or are the cards ultimately useless ‘chips from his workshop’? It may seem a curious relic of positivistic history, but closer examination allows us to (...) interrogate the materiality of scholarly labor. The catalogue constitutes a total archive and highlights memory’s multiple registers, as both a prosthesis for personal recall and a symbol of a ‘human encyclopedia’. The article argues that this mostly forgotten scholar’s work had surprising repercussions: Deutsch’s student Jacob Rader Marcus (1896–1995) brought his teacher’s emphasis on facticity to the field of American Jewish history that he pioneered, catapulting a 19th-century positivism to the threshold of the 21st century. Deutsch’s index was at an inflection point of knowledge production, created as historians were shifting away from ‘facts’ but just before new technologies (also based on cards) enabled ‘big data’ on a larger scale. The article thus excavates a vision of monumentality but proposes we look past these objects as monuments to ‘heroic’ scholarship. Indeed, Deutsch’s index is massive but middling, especially when placed alongside those of Niklas Luhmann, Paul Otlet, or Gershom Scholem. It thus presents a necessary corrective to anointing such indexes as predecessors to the Internet and big data because we must keep their problematic positivism in perspective. (shrink)

Under the rubric of understanding the problem of explainability of AI in terms of abductive cognition, I propose to review the lessons from AlphaGo and her more powerful successors. As AI players in Baduk have arrived at superhuman level, there seems to be no hope for understanding the secret of their breathtakingly brilliant moves. Without making AI players explainable in some ways, both human and AI players would be less-than omniscient, if not ignorant, epistemic agents. Are we bound to (...) have less explainable AI Baduk players as they make further progress? I shall show that the resolution of this apparent paradox depends on how we understand the crucial distinction between abduction and inference to the best explanation. Some further philosophical issues arising from explainable AI will also be discussed in connection with this distinction. (shrink)

In this position paper, we would like to promote the alternative approach positioned between the two extreme positions consisting in refusing any innovation or in adopting technology without questioning it. This approach proposes a reflexive and responsible innovation based on a compromise between industrial and economic potentialities and a common respect of our human rights and values. We argue that the “silence of the chips right” is timely, relevant and sustainable to face ethical challenges raised by IoT such as protecting (...) privacy, trust, social justice, autonomy or human agency. We believe this technical solution may support establishing an ethics of IoT embedded in the technology itself. Our position is not ‘technocratic’: we do not agree with discourses arguing technology can fix problems. Through the responsible research and innovation approach we promote the idea that only human agency and user empowerment constitute a valid answer to the ethical, legal and social issues raised by IoT. (shrink)

A brief review and classification of technology in general begins the paper, followed by an application of the classification to two specific marathon case studies: the 2018 Boston marathon and the 2017 Nike Breaking2 Project marathon. Then concepts from an array of sport philosophers are discussed to suggest an explanation for why each of the case studies strikes us as problematic. The conclusion provides a reasonable explanation for our misgivings, as well as an indication of how we might evaluate sporting (...) endeavors in the face of increasing technological innovation. (shrink)

Views on aging, such as self-perceptions of aging or age stereotypes are generated in early childhood and continue to develop throughout the entire lifespan. The ideas a person has about their own aging and aging in general influence their behavior toward older persons as well as their own actual aging, which is why VoA are already important in adolescence and young adulthood. The current study investigates VoA of young adults in different domains and how different family aspects are related to (...) VoA. From February to March 2021, N = 305 young adults [aged 18–30 years, Mage = 22.20 ] participated in an online survey, in which, in addition to sociodemographic variables and family aspects, self-perceptions of aging, age stereotypes, and the young adults’ ratings of their parents’ VoA were assessed. The results of stepwise regression analyses predicting the young adults’ VoA, revealed significant associations between the quality of contact with grandparents and the self-perceptions of aging of young adults. However, the frequency of contact was neither related to young adults’ self-perceptions of aging nor age stereotypes. Grandparents’ health status emerged as a significant moderator between the relationship of contact quality and the young adults’ self-perceptions of aging as continued growth and physical decline. Family climate was also found to be significantly related to young adults’ self-perceptions of aging. Similarities regarding VoA within the family were demonstrated, based on proxy report from the respondents. The results underline the importance of family aspects for the development of VoA in young adulthood, and the significance of interventions targeting these factors to combat ageism. (shrink)

It is time to update Deleuze and Guattari's contrast between Chess and Go in the ‘Nomadology’ Plateau with a discussion of AlphaGo, the artificial intelligence that revolutionised Go in 2016. I focus less on the political issues in Go nomadology, central as they are, and more on smooth space and time. I explain and speculate on some details in Go strategy, as well as some processes of machine learning. The relations between human Go, computer Go, and smooth-time nomadology remain (...) unsettled, in my view, but many resources for nomadological analysis open up for readers who learn to play, and program, Go. (shrink)

Definition of the problem: The development of molecular genetics has provided tools not only for the diagnosis of genetic diseases and disease dispositions in affected individuals, but also for the detection of healthy carriers of recessive hereditary traits. The resulting, ethically controversial option of genetic population screening used to be restricted to a small number of rather rare diseases by methodological limitations which are now about to be overcome.

탈냉전 탈이념의 시대상을 피력하고, 21세기 세계사 주도권 참여를 위한한국인의 역사적 소명, 문명론적 근거를 제시한 저술.

The increasing flow of immigrants in many European countries and the growing presence of children from immigrant families in schools makes it relevant to study the development of prejudice in children. Parents play an important role in shaping children’s values and their attitudes toward members of other ethnic groups; an intergenerational transmission of prejudice has been found in a number of studies targeting adolescents. The present study aims to investigate the intergenerational transmission of ethnic prejudice in 3- to 9- year-old (...) children and its relations to parenting styles. Parents’ blatant and subtle ethnic prejudice and parenting style are measured together with children’s explicit and implicit ethnic prejudice in pupils and parents of preschool and primary schools in the region of Rome, Italy ( N = 318). Results show that parents’ subtle prejudice predicts children’s implicit prejudice regardless of the parenting style. Findings indicate that children might acquire prejudice by means of the parents’ implicit cognition and automatic behavior and educational actions. Implications for future studies and insights for possible applied interventions are discussed. (shrink)

The paper considers main features of two groups of logics for biological devices, called Physarum Chips, based on the plasmodium. Let us recall that the plasmodium is a single cell with many diploid nuclei. It propagates networks by growing pseudopodia to connect scattered nutrients. As a result, we deal with a kind of computing. The first group of logics for Physarum Chips formalizes the plasmodium behaviour under conditions of nutrient-poor substrate. This group can be defined as standard storage modification machines. (...) The second group of logics for Physarum Chips covers the plasmodium computing under conditions of nutrient-rich substrate. In this case the plasmodium behaves in a massively parallel manner and propagates in all possible directions. The logics of the second group are unconventional and deal with non-well-founded data such as infinite streams. (shrink)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems identify and track objects, animals and, in principle, people. The ability to gather information obtained by tracking consumer goods, government documents, monetary transactions and human beings raises a number of interesting and important privacy issues. Moreover, RFID systems pose an ensemble of other ethical challenges related to appropriate uses and users of such systems. This paper reviews a number of RFID applications with the intention of identifying the technology’s benefits and possible misuses. We offer an (...) overview and discussion of the most important ethical issues concerning RFID, and describes and examine some methods of protecting privacy. (shrink)