Gleich zu Beginn sei unterstrichen, daß die Bedeutung dieser detaillierten Darstellung weit hinausweist über ihren geographischen Bereich, der gerade nur einen kleinen Teil des heutigen Albaniens umfaßt und dazu einen Zipfel von Montenegro. Gewicht erhält sie selbstverständlich zum einen als Hinführung zur Geschichte eines eher am Rande liegenden kleinen Landes, zum anderen aber vor allem als Blick in die Vergangenheit der Republik Venedig, denn sie gewinnt ihre Tiefenschärfe durch das dort überlieferte Archivmaterial, dessen Reichtum für das spätere Mittelalter ja kaum (...) seinesgleichen findet. Nun sind diese Schätze für den größten Teil der albanischen Geschichte vor der Osmanenzeit, nämlich bis zum Jahre 1463, seit geraumer Zeit allgemein zugänglich, vor allem in den „Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV“ (1967-1979), die Giuseppe Valentini bis zum 25. Band hat bringen können und in denen annähernd 8000 Aktenstücke veröffentlicht sind — wenngleich ohne Rücksicht auf moderne editionstechnische Standards, das heißt: mit eigenwilliger Wiedergabe des graphischen Befundes der handschriftlichen Vorlagen und irritierender Interpunktion, von Lesefehlern einmal abgesehen. Dieses umfangreiche Material verlangte geradezu nach der gestaltenden Hand eines Bearbeiters, nach Modellierung zu historischer Darstellung. Schmitt selbst hat übrigens die Veröffentlichung von Zeugnissen durch eine Sammlung von „Actes inédites“ aus den Jahren 1464-1468 nicht unbedeutend vorangetrieben (in: Turcica 31 [1999] S. 247-312). (shrink)

Sextus Empiricus présente le scepticisme néo-pyrrhonien comme une philosophie qui cherche la vérité (PH I, 1-3). Il est difficile de le croire, pourtant, lorsque l ’ on étudie les longues séries d ’ arguments qu ’ il met en opposition afin de produire l ’ isosthénie, la force égale des arguments, qui amène à la suspension du jugement. Comment faut-il interpréter ce qui pourrait apparaître comme un décalage entre la théorie et la pratique du scepticisme? Plutôt que de conclure à (...) l ’ inconséquence du scepticisme, (i) l ’ article se propose de reprendre à nouveaux frais les passages où Sextus présente le scepticisme comme une recherche de la vérité. Pour ce faire, il faut d ’ une part (ii) lier cette présentation à l ’ opération de différenciation entre le scepticisme de la Nouvelle Académie et celui des néo-pyrrhoniens ; d ’ autre part (iii) revenir sur la pratique du scepticisme par les néo-pyrrhoniens. Loin d ’ être une recherche de la vérité, le pyrrhonisme présenté par Sextus Empiricus recherche l ’ incertitude à l ’ origine du bonheur sceptique. (shrink)

The problem of statistical inference based on a partial measurement (“coarse-graining”) requires the specification of an a priori distribution. We reformulate the ordinary theory such as to encompass systematically a wide range of a priori distributions (“relative coarse-graining”). This is done in a mathematical setting which admits an interpretation in both classical probability and quantum mechanics. The formalism is illustrated in a few simple examples, such as the die whose geometrical shape is known, the spin in thermal equilibrium with an (...) unknown reservoir, and the position measurement of a one-dimensional particle. It is shown that some of the limitations of the usual theory are a consequence of the fact that it is restricted to “equidistributed” (symmetric) a priori states. (shrink)

Quel rôle joue le concept de vie quotidienne dans le scepticisme de Sextus Empiricus? À partir d’une analyse du concept de βιωτικὴ τήρησις, il s’agit de faire apparaître, d’une part (i) que la vie quotidienne, par opposition à la vie philosophique, est un fait empirique qui permet au sceptique d’agir sans pour autant avoir d’opinions et d’autre part que (ii) la vie quotidienne est une valeur qui donne sens à la philosophie sceptique. Bien que ces deux approches paraissent contradictoires, le (...) but de cet article est de montrer que le scepticisme philosophique proposé par Sextus les rend compatibles. (shrink)

Mhealth technology is mushrooming world-wide and, in a variety of forms, reaches increasing numbers of users in ever-widening contexts and virtually independent from standard medical evidence assessment. Yet, debate on the broader societal impact including in particular mapping and classification of ethical issues raised has been limited. This article, as part of an ongoing empirically informed ethical research project, provides an overview of ethical issues of mhealth applications with a specific focus on implications on autonomy as a key notion in (...) the debate. A multi-stage model of references to the potential of mhealth use for strengthening some or other form of self-determination will be proposed as a descriptive tool. It illustrates an assumed continuum of enhanced autonomy via mhealth broadly conceived: from patient to user autonomy, to improved health literacy, and finally to the vision of supra-individual empowerment and democratised, participatory health and medicine as a whole. On closer examination, however, these references are frequently ambivalent or vague, perpetuating the at times uncritical use of established autonomy concepts in medical ethics. The article suggests zooming in on the range of autonomy-related aspects against the backdrop of digital innovation and datafied health more generally, and on this basis add to existing frameworks for the ethical evaluation of mhealth more specifically. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to determine how a Pyrrhonian considers the Law and can respond to Aristocles’ objection that a Pyrrhonian is unable to obey laws. First, we analyze the function of the Law in the 10th Mode of Aenesidemus, in order to show laws as a dogmatic source of value. But Sextus shows also that the Sceptic can live in a human society by following laws and customs, according to so-called ‘sceptical conformism’. In the light of Pyrrhonian (...) Hypotyposes 1.23–24 and Against the Mathematicians 11.162–164, I discuss the validity of the label ‘conformism’ in order to understand the nature of the political effect of the suspension of judgement. The real nature of the political position of Pyrrhonian Scepticism – that lack of commitment does not mean indifference to politics but rather a criticism of fanaticism and praise for political cautiousness – appears by comparison with the Scepticism of the New Academy. (shrink)

The paper considers apprenticeship as a model of education that both teaches technical skills and provides the grounding for personal formation. The research presented is based on long-term anthropological fieldwork with minaret builders in Yemen, mud masons in Mali and fine-woodwork trainees in London. These case studies of on-site learning and practice support an expanded notion of knowledge that exceeds propositional thinking and language and centrally includes the body and skilled performance. Crafts -- like sport, dance and other skilled physical (...) activities -- are largely communicated, understood and negotiated between practitioners without words, and learning is achieved through observation, mimesis and repeated exercise. The need for an interdisciplinary study of communication and understanding from the body is therefore underlined, and the paper suggests a way forward drawing on linguistic theory and recent neurological findings. It is argued that the validation and promotion of skilled practice as 'intelligent' is necessary for raising the status and credibility of apprenticestyle learning within our Western systems of education. (shrink)

This essay argues that in overlooking the assault on the autonomy, unity, and tenacity of the classical world underway in Europe after 1880, historians have failed to appreciate an important element of historiographical reorientation at the fin de siècle. This second "revolution" in humanistic scholarship challenged the conviction of the educated elite that European culture was rooted exclusively in classical antiquity in part by introducing as evidence non-textual forms of evidence; the testimony of artifacts allowed writers to reach beyond romantic-nationalist (...) histories toward the identification of cultural areas, defined by morphological similarities, and to disrupt the traditional categories of the civilized and the barbaric. The essay focuses on a relatively obscure Austrian art historian, Josef Strzygowski, whose insistence upon Europe's dependence on Oriental forms and upon the superior historical value of material, over textual, evidence provided critics of philologically-based humanism with two important argumentative avenues. Strzygowski also represents a para-academic type, whose rise to power and prestige contributed to the so-called "decline of the German mandarins." In sketching his career, the essay attempts to show how this "decline" is bound up with the waning institutional and popular status of Renaissance humanism--and a corresponding rise of biologistic Germanophilia--in the two intellectual milieux Strzygowski inhabited . A final section suggests that this antihumanist crusade contributed not only to the articulation of racist historiography, but also to the eventual transference of politico-moral legitimacy to a non-elitist, anthropological definition of culture. (shrink)

This essay investigates the origins and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of the new field known as Wissensgeschichte from the perspective of an American intellectual historian. It argues that while some historians of science may be ready to embrace a new identity as historians of knowledge, this terminology remains baggy and invites facile applications of Foucauldian theory. The essay concludes with the hope that the history of knowledge approach may instead open up new avenues for conversation and collaboration between historians (...) of science and garden variety historians. (shrink)

Making Knowledge presents the work of leading anthropologists who promote pioneering approaches to understanding the nature and social constitution of human knowledge. The book offers a progressive interdisciplinary approach to the subject and covers a rich and diverse ethnography. Presents cutting-edge research and theory in anthropology. Includes many beautiful illustrations throughout. The contributions cover a rich and diverse ethnography. Offers a progressive interdisciplinary approach to the eternal questions concerning 'human knowledge' Contributions by leading scholars in the field who explore a (...) wide range of disciplines through an anthropological perspective"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

The act of thought-thought as an act-would precede the thought thinking or becoming conscious of an act. The notion of act involves a violence essentially: the violence of transitivity, lacking in the transcendence of thought... Totality and Infinity The work of Emmanuel Levinas revolves around two preoccupations. First, his philosophical project can be described as the construction of a formal ethics, grounded upon the transcendence of the other human being and a subject's spontaneous responsibility toward that other. Second, Levinas has (...) written extensively on, and as a member of, the cultural and textual life of Judaism. These two concerns are intertwined. Their relation, however, is one of considerable complexity. Levinas' philosophical project stems directly from his situation as a Jewish thinker in the twentieth century and takes its particular form from his study of the Torah and the Talmud. It is, indeed, a hermeneutics of biblical experience. If inspired by Judaism, Levinas' ethics are not eo ipso confessional. What his ethics takes from Judaism, rather, is a particular way of conceiving transcendence and the other human being. It owes to the philosophy of Franz Rosenzweig and Martin Buber a logos of the world and of the holy, which acknowledges their incom mensurability without positing one as fallen and the other as supernal. (shrink)

La prestigieuse collection de la Bibliothèque Augustinienne (BA) s’enrichit d’un nouveau volume entièrement dédié à l’un des tout premiers dialogues philosophiques d’Augustin, consacré à la question du scepticisme, le Contra Academicos. L’édition ancienne et minimaliste de René Jolivet (1939, BA 4/1) rendait cette nouvelle édition nécessaire. Anne-Isabelle Bouton-Touboulic (dorénavant ABT) livre ici un volume particulièrement complet : l’édition du texte latin et sa traduction (p. 265-535) so...

En mars 2024, le Conseil supérieur des programmes du ministère de l’Éducation nationale a publié un projet d’éducation à la sexualité de la maternelle à la terminale. Il s’agit d’un sujet délicat et polémique, car en plus de traiter des questions liées à la sexualité, il aborde celle concernant le genre. Or, dès qu’il est question de genre, les débats s’enveniment. Ainsi, après une présentation du contexte actuel au sein duquel ce débat prend place, l’article reviendra sur la question de (...) la définition du genre. Puis il s’intéressera à quelques extraits d’un reportage sur la pédagogie de questionnement des normes de genre appliquée dès le plus jeune âge en Suède. Enfin, pour tenter d’apporter une conclusion, l’article reviendra sur le sujet de la transmission du genre. (shrink)

This Inspirational Guide To An Open, Critical Exchange Between India And The West Is Framed As A Tribute To Dr. Bettina Baumer, An Eminent Scholar Of Indology. Comprising 32 Essays, Segregated Into Three Sections Indian Philosophy And Spirituality, Indian Arts And Aesthetics, And Interreligious And Intercultural Dialogue.

Goal-setting theory states that challenging, specific, and concrete goals (i.e., subordinate goals) are powerful motivators and boost performance in goal pursuit more than vague or abstract goals (i.e., superordinate goals). Goal-setting theory predominantly focuses on single, short-term goals and less on broad, long-term challenges. This review article extends goal-setting theory and argues that superordinate goals also fulfill a crucial role in motivating behavior, particularly when addressing broad, long-term challenges. The purpose of this article is to show theoretically that people pursue (...) long-term goals more successfully when they focus on subordinate and superordinate goals simultaneously than when they focus on either subordinate or superordinate goals alone. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to examine the political implications of Sextus Empiricus’ neo-Pyrrhonism by considering two fundamental texts (PH I23-24; AM XI 162- 165). Both texts are usually interpreted as endorsing political conformism insofar as Sextus allegedly claims that one should follow the laws and customs of one’s community. But it seems possible to interpret the reference to laws and customs merely as a description of what humans in fact do. What Sextus would therefore recommend is to abandon (...) any theoretical approach to politics in favor of a pragmatic one. (shrink)

Dmitri Levitin's extremely erudite study of the works and intellectual worlds of Isaac Newton and Pierre Bayle demands that we take these early modern scholars on their own terms, rather than testing their qualifications to be deemed 'enlightened.' In the case of Bayle, Levitin emphasizes the importance of his antipathy to scholastic philosophy and his debts to the theological debates in contemporary France and the Low Countries.

Casual labor is between the temporal break and the fragmentation of cities. The urban sprawl, as much as the new constraints of production, create intervals, that temporary workers have to, fulfill. These casual workers from immaterial sectors as well as from production sectors, are networking the cities and compensating for their fragmentation. The social guaranted income is an acknowledgement of their roles and an alternative to a purely repressive governance of urban problems.

Name der Zeitschrift: Klio Jahrgang: 97 Heft: 1 Seiten: 389-391.

We discuss in what sense the decay-scattering system is a minimal phenomenological theory for particle decay and resonance scattering.

The Gibbs states of binary lattice systems can be characterized by their stability with respect to certain microscopic transitions which have a simple physical interpretation. A detailed analysis is provided for the case of a one-dimensional lattice gas with nearest-neighbor interactions.

Sebbene la questione della liceità della guerra non si ponga per Machiavelli, come non si pone per la maggior parte dei pensatori italiani del primo Cinquecento, la componente etica non è assente dalla riflessione machiavelliana nell’Arte della guerra. Infatti, accanto all’assunto tecnico della creazione di una milizia d’ordinanza e dei suoi vari modi di combattere in campo, strettamente legato peraltro ai requisiti politici di una repubblica virtuosa, fondamentali sono le esigenze etiche sia nelle qualità morali dei cittadini-soldati, sia nella virtù (...) dei comandanti, sia nella dirittura dei dirigenti politici che li reclutano e li impiegano nelle operazioni militari. È quanto può essere più particolarmente evidenziato nella parte introduttiva e in quella conclusiva del trattato. (shrink)

Aunque la cuestión de la licitud de la guerra no se plantee para Maquiavelo, como no lo hace para la mayoría de los pensadores italianos de principios del siglo XVI, el componente ético no está ausente de la reflexión maquiaveliana en El arte de la guerra. De hecho, junto al aspecto técnico de la creación de una milicia de ordenanza y sus diversos modos de combatir en el campo, sin embargo, se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas a los requisitos políticos de una (...) república virtuosa las fundamentales exigencias éticas tanto en las cualidades morales de los ciudadanos-soldados como en la virtud de los comandantes y en la rectitud de los dirigentes políticos que los reclutan y emplean en las operaciones militares. Esto se evidencia, particularmente, en las partes introductoria y final del tratado. (shrink)

SUMMARYThis essay discusses Hans Aarsleff's long battle to demonstrate the importance of the French and British thinkers of the mid-eighteenth century to the development of modern linguistic thought. Contesting claims that German scholars were the first to develop historicised theories of language, Aarsleff, along with his Princeton colleagues Lionel Gossman and Anthony Grafton, helped pioneer longue durée studies of the history of philology and of historiography that cross national boundaries as well as the so-called Sattelzeit. Although the importance of his (...) work was, for a long time, little appreciated by modern intellectual historians, this essay argues that it is time that we fully learned Aarsleff's lessons. (shrink)

In this paper we examine some issues of distributive justice in relation to the distribution of health in a population. Our focus is on socioeconomic inequalities in health within a society. Research suggests that socioeconomic status and level of education are strongly correlated with level of health such that those with lower status in a society are relatively sicker than their counterparts who have higher status. Importantly, the correlation we are concerned with is not the obvious correlation between poor health (...) and absolute material deprivation, or poor health and bad health habits. In nearly all countries, those at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale suffer anywhere from 2–4 times the mortality and morbidity rates of those at the top. This startling statistic apparently holds true regardless of differences in the material position of the worst-off. Moreover, even in the wealthiest countries the groups who have the highest status enjoy better health and longer life than those who have the next-highest status, and so on down the socioeconomic scale. Our question is whether these social inequalities in health are unjust in and of themselves. -/- . (shrink)

Dans son article de 1985, « Une morale est-elle compatible avec le scepticisme? », Jules Vuillemin brosse un portrait du philosophe néo-académicien Carnéade en sceptique utilitariste. L’article s’attache à analyser cette lecture en confrontant l’interprétation de Jules Vuillemin avec les sources que nous avons de Carnéade. Il montre que malgré l’anachronisme assumé de son approche, cette interprétation permet de faire apparaître la particularité du scepticisme de Carnéade, notamment la nature rationnelle de la règle d’action selon le probable, grâce à une (...) comparaison avec les théories de la décision. (shrink)

Does Augustine succeed in refuting Academic skepticism in the Contra Academicos? A careful reading of Augustine’s first philosophical dialogue shows that he has a deep understanding of Academic skepticism. The three books of the Contra Academicos produce a refutation of skepticism at several levels. First, Augustine refutes many of the skeptical arguments from Cicero’s Academica by showing that they are not definitive. But he has perfectly understood that this logical refutation is actually an argument for skepticism. So he has to (...) propound a new way to overcome skepticism by showing its psychological significance. Hence, the philosophical choice of skepticism is interpreted as a despair of the truth. Finally, he seeks to refute skepticism by arguing that the path to the truth depends on faith (fides). This study of the complex answers to skepticism reveals that Augustine’s main arguments against skepticism have their origin in his debate with Cicero and the New Academy. (shrink)

Saint Augustin parvient-il à réfuter le scepticisme académicien dans le Contra Academicos ? Une lecture attentive du premier dialogue philosophique d’Augustin laisse apercevoir une compréhension profonde de la nature du scepticisme académicien par le jeune Augustin. Le Contra Academicos propose une stratégie de réfutation du scepticisme à plusieurs niveaux : il s’agit, d’une part, de réfuter un à un les arguments sceptiques exposés dans les Academica de Cicéron afin de ne pas laisser croire aux esprits faibles que ces arguments pourraient (...) être définitifs. Mais Augustin a compris que le scepticisme est bien plutôt confirmé par une telle réfutation. Il faut donc proposer aussi des moyens de dépasser le scepticisme dans son intention philosophique en en proposant une réduction psychologique : le choix philosophique du scepticisme est alors interprété comme un mouvement de désespoir dans la vérité. Enfin, il faut donner les moyens de surmonter le scepticisme en montrant comment l’accès à la vérité est conditionné par la foi. L’étude de cette stratégie complexe de réponse au scepticisme montre ainsi que les principaux arguments contre le scepticisme développés dans la suite de l’œuvre d’Augustin trouvent leur origine dans ce débat avec Cicéron et les Académiciens. (shrink)

Tout être humain sera exposé un jour à un certain degré de souffrance. Une tranche de la population, les personnes vivant l’itinérance, sera cependant beaucoup plus susceptible de côtoyer la mort, la maladie et les deuils. En effet, au Québec, elles sont quatre fois plus à risque de développer un cancer et leur espérance de vie se situe entre 42 et 52 ans. Devant la mortalité et la morbidité élevées rencontrées dans la population itinérante est soulevée cette question : est-ce (...) que ces individus ont un accès équitable aux ressources en soins palliatifs? L’arrivée de la Loi 2 en 2015 a permis d’encadrer les soins de fin de vie au Québec. Au coeur de cette loi se trouve le droit des malades en fin de vie d’avoir accès à des soins palliatifs pour prévenir et apaiser leurs souffrances. Or, plusieurs enjeux viennent influencer l’accessibilité aux soins palliatifs pour la population itinérante, notamment des facteurs individuels tels que la maladie mentale et la dépendance aux substances, compliquant la recherche de soins. La méfiance des individus ayant vécu de multiples expériences traumatiques ajoute une barrière supplémentaire. De plus, trop occupées à survivre, ces personnes naviguent difficilement dans le système de santé. Des facteurs structuraux, tels l’absence de logements abordables ou les répercussions d’un système en silos moins adapté aux situations sociales complexes contribuent au manque d’accessibilité. Les préjugés sont très répandus, participant à l’exclusion symbolique et institutionnelle de cette population. L’objectif de cet article sera donc d’approfondir notre compréhension des enjeux d’accès aux soins palliatifs pour la population en situation d’itinérance au Québec. (shrink)

« Un pyrrhonien ne peut s’attendre à ce que sa philosophie ait une influence constante sur l’esprit ; ou si elle en a une, que son influence soit bienfaisante pour la société. Au contraire, il lui faut reconnaître, s’il veut reconnaître quelque chose, qu’il faut que périsse toute vie humaine si ses principes prévalent universellement et constamment. Toute conversation et toute action cesseraient immédiatement, et les hommes resteraient dans une léthargie totale jusqu’au moment où l’inassouvis...

Qu'ont en commun Diderot, D'Alembert et l'abbé de Saint-Pierre? Voisenon et Pluche? Fontenelle et Sade? La Font de Saint-Yenne et Condillac? Casanova et Buffon? Batteux et Barruel? Peu de chose a priori réunit les auteurs qui dialoguent au sein de ce volume, sinon que tous, quel que soit leur domaine de réflexion, ont été amenés durant leur parcours intellectuel à se confronter à la question du système et à se prononcer sur sa nécessité, sa pertinence et sa valeur. A lire (...) les études ici rassemblées, il apparaît que la pensée du système innerve les champs du savoir et de la création au XVIIIe siècle. Mais ce tropisme systématique étonnamment persistant ne signifie nullement la permanence de la valeur accordée à l'esprit de système : ces systèmes omniprésents traduisent plutôt la perte de majesté du système, détrôné par d'autres manières de penser et d'écrire le monde et les hommes."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

La présente étude propose une relecture de trois théoriciens dont les investigations continuent à servir de pierre angulaire à la théâtrologie : celles d'Aristote dont La Poétique, outre le fait qu'elle consacre le théâtre occidental, sert de fondement à l'esthétique dramatique et celles, plus récentes, d'Antonin Artaud et de Bertolt Brecht qui, bien qu'ils aient réfuté radicalement les théories aristoté- liciennes, ne se sont pas moins distingués l'un de l'autre pour donner les deux grandes voies que l'on sait à la (...) réflexion dramaturgique contemporaine. Ces spéculations seront envisagées sous l'éclairage décisif de la mimèsis et de la catharsis qui ne se posent pas chez eux comme des notions distinctes, mais comme l'avers et l'envers d'un même travail sur un réel à chaque fois redéfini, qu'il s'agisse de l'obéissance aristotélicienne à une stricte logique narrative, de l'utopique déculturation artaudienne ou de l'engagement brechtien.The author proposes a review of three major theoreticians whose works are considered to be the corner-stones of theatrical studies : Aristotle, whose Poetics, the first reflexion on Occidental theatre, also serve as the foundation of the aesthetics of drama, and, closer to us, Antonin Artaud and Bertolt Brecht who, although unanimous in rejecting the Aristotelian theory, have quite different views on contemporary theatre. Their definitions are analyzed in the light of mimesis and catharsis, which are not taken here as separate notions, but rather as a mean of grasping the fluctuant outlines of the concept of "reality", be it Aristotle's obedience to a strict narrative structure, Artaud's denial of culture or Brecht's political commitment. (shrink)