Several theoretical perspectives have generated research on grandparental investment, notably socialization and evolutionary psychological perspectives. Using data collected from more than 200 older adults (mean age 67 years), we test three hypotheses derived from socialization and evolutionary perspectives about grandparents’ relationships with and investment in grandchildren. Results indicate that (1) emotional closeness with both children and children-in-law is positively related to reports of emotional closeness with grandchildren; (2) maternal grandmothers invest more in grandchildren than do other grandparents; and (3) grandparents (...) invest more in daughters’ children than in sons’ children. Discussion addresses limitations of self-report methodology in this context and situates the current findings within the body of research indicating the existence of psychological mechanisms designed to guide differential nepotism. (shrink)

Author: Michalski Rafał Title: ANCIENT SOURCES OF MEANING OF THE TERM “MIMESIS” (Antyczne źródła pojęcia mimezis) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2005, vol:.5, number: 2005/1, pages: 45-64 Keywords: ‘MIMESIS’, PLATO, PYTHAGORAS Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:In this article I show the evolution of meaning of the term ‘mimesis’ in ancient Greece. I distinguish its two basic meanings: copying (imitation) and expression. The older meaning (mimesis as expression) comes from the Pythagorean (...) tradition, whereas the newer one (mimesis as copying) can be traced back to the philosophy of Plato. Analysis of Plato’s dialogues step by step reveals ambivalence of the notion, and, what is most important, points out how useful it can be in epistemology, philosophy of language, psychology and aesthetics. (shrink)

People with neurodevelopmental disorders are often considered unsuitable or incapable of working in open employment. When employment is available, tasks are often limited, and opportunities for career development are restricted. Policy and funding constraints leave people with disabilities without an opportunity to develop skills due to the additional time and costs for employers. To overcome these barriers, virtual environments have been proposed as a safe and reliable solution for training. An important prerequisite for a wider uptake of training in virtual (...) environments are demonstrations that the training leads to improved performance in the real world. This is particularly true for people with neurodevelopmental disorders, as transferring learnings from one context to another can be challenging. A systematic review was conducted to assess whether training in virtual environments can be used to improve real-world vocational skills in people with neurodevelopmental disorders. After a systematic search in six databases, eight out of the initially identified 1,806 articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings from these eight studies demonstrate that people with neurodevelopmental disorders can transfer vocational skills from virtual environments to real-world settings. With substantial technological improvements, a surge in accessibility, and improved affordability, there is a need to build upon the promising results identified in this review. (shrink)

This paper discusses three different contemporary uses of philosophy and literature in non-philosophical and non-literary texts. Most often, both discourses are used as tools, and they are invoked instrumentally in popularizing literature or in teaching. Philosophy and literature can also be treated as a source or starting point for reflection outside its mother field, or even as a cause of various social and political processes. The most interesting usage of both discourses is to refer to them as the symptoms or (...) signs of the times allowing us to make diagnoses about the present. These uses of the two discourses show the similarities between literature and philosophy on a purely pragmatic level that is relevant to their contemporary functioning in a non-specialist sphere. The convergence in this regard is a testimony to the transformation of the position of both discourses in the contemporary humanities involving the loss of their privileged position. At the same time, literature and philosophy in this crisis situation are gaining new areas of influence in public discourse, realizing their cognitive and reflexive potential through their utilitarian use. (shrink)

The main goal of the paper is to present Wittgenstein's standpoint towards the question of identity of simple things and identity sign. The starting point of the paper is the presentation of the difficulties which Russell and Frege faced while analysing "A is B" type propositions.

Author: Michalski Rafał Title: IN SEARCH OF PARADISIAC NAMES – PHILOSOPHICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE PROBLEM OF ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE (W poszukiwaniu „rajskich imion” – antropologia filozoficzna wobec problemu genezy języka) Source: Filo-Sofija year: 2006, vol:.6, number: 2006/1, pages: 101-117 Keywords: WALTER BENJAMIN, HERDER, GEHLEN, ORIGINS LANGUAGE Discipline: PHILOSOPHY Language: POLISH Document type: ARTICLE Publication order reference (Primary author’s office address): E-mail: www:The article deals with the problem of origin of an individual, particular speech and its relation to the language (...) of intersubjective communication. Paradisiac names – the term used by Walter Benjamin – are words which release suppresed semantic potentiality originated in the early phase of childhood. The author of the article shows the way J.G. Herder and A. Gehlen make clear this phaenomen in their conceptions of anthropology. (shrink)

The article develops an explanation of corporal punishment (CP) as an expression of family violence by developing a multi-level, conciliatory model of human behavior. The synthesis builds upon a review of the relevant analytic approaches and empirical evidence spanning multiple levels of human behavior to include five interrelated frameworks: (1) behavioral investment; (2) socialization; (3) cultural justification; (4) social location; and (5) societal context. The analytic levels highlight the various explanatory principles that address questions relevant mainly to investigators who study (...) behavior in terms of different levels of informational complexity. The paper outlines the most important factors that shape the use and non-use of CP within family settings. The model identifies key ontogenetic and biophysiological factors linked to the fitness of parents’ offspring, along with primary socialization processes and cultural justification mechanisms that increase the probability of the intergenerational transmission of violence. In addition, the model identifies the sociological dimensions of family relationships and the importance of social locational variables in shaping parental usage of CP, as well as the importance of communities and institutions as situated within sociocultural contexts. The main conclusion suggests that to understand and explain more fully why human beings use violence in the context of familial relationships—including corporal punishment practices—analysts must consider the different influences and possible impacts of factors across all five levels. (shrink)

Pope John Paul II’s Apostolic Constitution Ex Corde Ecclesiae is not a new document. It was published almost twenty years ago – in 1990. Nevertheless it seems that it’s not very well known in Poland. Although it is mainly addressed to Catholic universities, one has to admit that it gives insightful description of academic world’s nature in general. This constitution recalls basic objectives and calling of academia. Ex Corde Ecclesiae is an important voice that speaks about the mission and identity (...) of university, which can be understood in two perspectives. First – in European dimension – it reminds us where Old Continent’s intellectual heritage and achievements come from. Secondly – in our Polish perspective – Apostolic Constitution Ex Corde Ecclesiae – may be a valuable signpost for our developing and reforming academic world, which not always seems to understand its identity and mission properly. (shrink)

In our contemporary literature and academic discourse we often see how popular the topic of corporate social responsibility is. In my opinion another problem – tightly linked to this – and strongly influencing our business life is consumer’s activity. This second part of business relations is often associated rather with legal demands and customer’s protection. The purpose of my article is to show how consumer social responsibility can help not only corporations, but all those involved in the market exchange to (...) contribute to the common good and improve quality of millions of transactions people make every day. To become real, this responsibility needs effort – courage to witness by expressing consumer’s opinion and education. The first aspect shows how important action is in revealing values and introducing ethics into everyday market activity, the second shows that emphasizing basic economical education and expecting thorough information from companies can help build and enhance consumer awareness. In my paper I am also trying to show the contribution of Catholic Social Thought to the problem of social responsibility. (shrink)

Human relations are driven by social events—people interact, exchange information, share knowledge and emotions, and gather news from mass media. These events leave traces in human memory, the strength of which depends on cognitive factors such as emotions or attention span. Each trace continuously weakens over time unless another related event activity strengthens it. Here, we introduce a novel cognition-driven social network model that accounts for cognitive aspects of social perception. The model explicitly represents each social interaction as a trace (...) in human memory with its corresponding dynamics. The strength of the trace is the only measure of the influence that the interactions had on a person. For validation, we apply our model to NetSense data on social interactions among university students. The results show that CogSNet significantly improves the quality of modeling of human interactions in social networks. (shrink)

The article reconstructs main assumptions and the theoretical context of Arnold Gehlen’s conception of institution. I argue that this conception is mainly a theory of action. At its centre Gehlen sets not so much specific institutions but rather specific forms of human activity that bring to life the over-individual normative structures. He describes them by means of a series of categories which, in his opinion, have a universal character. We do not find any genealogical analyzes here, but only a constellation (...) of concepts deduced a priori, referring to empirical facts. (shrink)

Fenomenologia w dwudziestym wieku wiąże się z filozofią Edmunda Husserla. Punktem wyjścia jego myślenia jest założenie korelacji świata i świadomości. Podstawowe pojęcie intencjonalności świadomości ukazuje, że świadomość jest zawsze świadomością czegoś. Tak więc wszelkie bycie tego, co bytuje, istnieje o tyle, o ile ma odniesienie do doświadczającej, postrzegającej i myślącej świadomości. Swiat jest zatem korelatem świadomości. Fenomenologia nie jest początkiem drogi myślowej Martina Heideggera. Jego myślenie filozoficzne ma swoje korzenie w teologii i wczesnej fascynacji ontologią. Droga myślowa Heideggera wiedzie przez (...) fenomenologię i ontologię fundamentalną ku myśleniu bycia. Husserl położył podwaliny pod fenomenologię w swoim dziele Logische Untersuchungen. Heidegger był tym dziełem zawsze zafascynowany. Nie mógł tylko zaakceptować fenomenologii jako filozofii transcendentalnej. Natomiast w pierwotnej fenomenologicznej zasadzie „ku rzeczom samym” widział doskonałą możliwość filozofowania i myślenia metafizycznego. Przez dziesięć lat był Heidegger postacią wiodącą wśród młodych fenomenologów we Fryburgu Bryzgowijskim, uznawaną również przez samego Husserla. Później ich drogi myślowe się rozeszły. Heidegger zajmował się fenomenologią przez całe życie. Od ukazania się jego Sein und Zeit przejął, zajmowaną dotąd przez Husserla, wiodącą pozycję w ruchu fenomenologicznym. Heidegger zarzucał Husserlowi, że ten nie wyciągnął konsekwencji ontologicznych z fenomenologii. Zawsze ubolewał nad tym, że ostatecznie ich drogi się rozeszły. (shrink)

The article reviews structural (organic, combinational and cumulative) threats resulting from the expansion and increase in the complexity of technical systems and the contemporary conditions for the operations of such systems and the introduction of technical innovation. Given the growing social aversion to the proximity of technical instalations and industrial products or the growing distructs of scientific safety certificates, the author of the article seeks the answer to a question of whether social fears of harmful effects of technical factors are (...) justified. Based on a theoretical analyses of technical strategies used in safety assessment in selected domains of technical activity, the author of the article demonstrates that some threats from technical factors are cognitively elusive to normal science. The causes are indicated by cognitive limitations, errors, deficienses and abuses that undeterminine the credibiity of scientific safety certificates and prompt the thourough revision of previous cognitive strategies. The author postulates replacing the expert-laboratory procedures of normal science with post-normal models based on agreements with risk exposed persons. (shrink)

W artykule podjęto problem związków zachodzących między retoryką a współczesną antropologią filozoficzną. Głównym punktem odniesienia jest dzieło Hansa Blumenberga. Rekonstrukcja założeń antropologicznych odwołujących się wprost do tradycji retorycznej zostanie uzupełniona analizą jego programu metaforologii – dyscypliny badającej logikę poznania przedpojęciowego. Koncept człowieka jako istoty nacechowanej brakiem – zarówno biologicznymi deficytami, jak i przypadkowością egzystencji, prowadzi do interesującej zmiany paradygmatu rozumienia samej antropologii. Skoro homo defectus zdany jest na prowizoryczność wiedzy o świecie i o sobie samym, antropologia powinna zrezygnować z perfekcjonistycznych (...) roszczeń poznawczych i zwrócić się ku badaniu metaforycznych zasobów języka, które determinują zarówno dyskurs filozoficzny, jak i potoczny język. (shrink)

Noting the important role of motivation in science students' reading comprehension, this 14-weeks quasi-experiment investigated the optimal timing for implementation of metamotivational scaffolding for self-regulation of scientific text comprehension. The “IMPROVE” metamotivational self-regulatory model was embedded at three different phases of secondary students' engagement with scientific texts and exercises to examine effects of timing on groups' science literacy and motivational regulation. Israeli 10th graders in eight science classrooms received the same scientific texts and reading comprehension exercises in four groups. Three (...) treatment groups received metamotivational scaffolding before, during, or after text engagement. The control group received standard instructional methods with no metamotivational scaffolding. Pretests and posttests assessed science literacy, domain-specific microbiology knowledge, and metamotivation regulation. Intergroup differences were non-significant at pretest but significant at posttest. The “before” group significantly outperformed all other groups. The “after” group significantly outperformed the “during” group, and the control group scored lowest. Outcomes suggested delivery of metamotivational scaffolding as a potentially important means for promoting students' science literacy and effortful perseverance with challenging science tasks, especially at the reflection-before-action stage for looking ahead and also at the reflection-on-action stage for looking back. More theoretical and practical implications of this preliminary study were discussed to meet the growing challenges in science teaching schoolwork. (shrink)

The Flame of Eternity provides a reexamination and new interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy and the central role that the concepts of eternity and time, as he understood them, played in it. According to Krzysztof Michalski, Nietzsche's reflections on human life are inextricably linked to time, which in turn cannot be conceived of without eternity. Eternity is a measure of time, but also, Michalski argues, something Nietzsche viewed first and foremost as a physiological concept having to do with the (...) body. The body ages and decays, involving us in a confrontation with our eventual death. It is in relation to this brute fact that we come to understand eternity and the finitude of time. Nietzsche argues that humanity has long regarded the impermanence of our life as an illness in need of curing. It is this "pathology" that Nietzsche called nihilism. Arguing that this insight lies at the core of Nietzsche's philosophy as a whole, Michalski seeks to explain and reinterpret Nietzsche's thought in light of it. Michalski maintains that many of Nietzsche's main ideas--including his views on love, morality (beyond good and evil), the will to power, overcoming, the suprahuman (or the overman, as it is infamously referred to), the Death of God, and the myth of the eternal return--take on new meaning and significance when viewed through the prism of eternity. (shrink)

Partiendo de las tensiones conceptuales entre las obras tempranas y las de madurez de Walter Benjamin, el presente trabajo propone abordar sus reflexiones en torno a la crisis moderna de la experiencia política en el marco de la sociedad de masas a partir de dos perspectivas que involucran la noción de imagen, a saber: la corporal-perceptiva presente en sus referencias a la vida urbana y referida a afecciones psicofísicas como el olvido, el shock y la ensoñación, y la histórico-memoriosa desarrollada (...) a partir de la tardía noción de imagen dialéctica íntimamente relacionada con las ideas de despertar y de acción política en clave de rememoración. Desde aquí, se intentará mostrar la importancia que la categoría de imagen y el par olvido (ensoñación) - recuerdo (despertar) adquieren en el pensamiento benjaminiano a la hora de abordar el problema moderno en torno a la degradación de la experiencia política. (shrink)

En el Dossier referido a la Revolución Islámica de Irán (Raffin 2021: 171-173) y en Para una crítica de la violencia (1998), tanto Foucault como Benjamin observan el potencial revolucionario de la dimensión espiritual-religiosa al ser esta capaz de interrumpir la violencia histórica del Estado. A dicho acontecimiento, Foucault lo denomina huelga política generalizada y Benjamin huelga obrera revolucionaria. Esto sugiere, pese a las irreductibles diferencias de base, una cierta cercanía conceptual entre ambos autores. En virtud del interés filosófico que (...) esto sugiere, se analizan a continuación los textos indicados rastreando los elementos principales del vínculo entre religión, interrupción y acción revolucionaria a través del concepto de huelga. Al finalizar, se esboza una conclusión de carácter comparativo. (shrink)

The essay reviews references to Immanuel Kant’s transcendental philosophy in the work of Helmuth Plessner. First discussed is the Krisis der transzendentalen Wahrheit im Anfang, in which Plessner effects a critique of the transcendental method and shows that overcoming its crisis requires philosophy to rigorously restrict the applicability of theory to the experimental sphere and put it up for judgment by the tribunal of practical reason. Next under scrutiny is Plessner’s programmatic text in philosophical anthropology, in which he strives to (...) employ Kant’s deductive method for the construction of his own system of organic forms. (shrink)

The status of the child in the context of contemporary socio-cultural processes that are reflected in the market is the main issue discussed in this paper. It may be surprising to concentrate on children and the market, while the sphere of economic exchange is the scene of such actions as work, production and consumption which seem to be reserved to adult members of the society. Although there are issues – such as kids advertisement and its consequences, and children’s participation in (...) the process of buying – that are discussed, the range of problems that deserve consideration is far wider. The questions analyzed in this paper concentrate on two aspects. First of them is the influence of the market sphere on the life of children as members of the families and the society. The question that should be asked here is whether a child can and should be regarded as any other consumer, or should be protected – e.g. against controversial marketing practices. The second group of problems is connected with the objective way of treating children which leads to formation of something that can be called the markets of children”. Both these sets of issues are the stimulus to analyze the way of understanding a child and its status in the society. It is also done through taking into consideration such issues as current concepts of socialization, antipedagogy, infantilisation and adultisation that influence and shape market processes. Finally the analysis undertaken in this paper leads to an attempt to answer the question whether in the current context children are seen as persons or resources. (shrink)

The two‐dimensional version of the classical Mycielski theorem says that for every comeager or conull set there exists a perfect set such that. We consider a strengthening of this theorem by replacing a perfect square with a rectangle, where A and B are bodies of some types of trees with. In particular, we show that for every comeager Gδ set there exist a Miller tree and a uniformly perfect tree such that and that cannot be a Miller tree. In the (...) case of measure we show that for every subset F of of full measure there exists a uniformly perfect tree such that and no side of such a rectangle can be a body of a Silver tree or a Miller tree. We also show some properties of forcing extensions from which we derive nonstandard proofs of Mycielski‐like theorems via the Shoenfield Absoluteness Theorem. (shrink)

To refine our understanding of grandparental investment and its consequences, we need to understand what grandparents do for their grandchildren. Knowing the landscape of grandparental investment will facilitate a better understanding of the impact of grandparental investment on grandchildren and will allow inroads to be made in bridging the different levels of analysis.