It is recognized that teachers’ beliefs system influence their teaching strategies (Buehl et Beck, 2014 ; Driel et al., 1998 ; OCDE, 2 0 14). Since these strategies might have consequences on student learning, success and motivation, it is crucial to better understand the nature of these beliefs. We have thus developed and validated a questionnaire to probe the beliefs held by science and technology (ST) teachers, as well as to eventually establish the links that these beliefs may have with (...) their students’ motivation toward ST. Based on other existing tools, our 30-items questionnaire was designed according to the three axes of the SOMA model (Legendre, 2005). A subsequent cluster analysis made it possible to group teachers (N = 25) into two clusters : the “subjective, resistant to technology and directive” on the one hand and the “objective, technophile and participative” on the other. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of these results for teacher education and in-service teacher development. (shrink)

Is health care “special”? That is, do we have moral reason to treat health care differently from how we treat other sorts of social goods? Intuitively, perhaps, we might think the proper response is “yes.” However, to date, philosophers have often struggled to justify this idea—known as the “specialness thesis about health care” or STHC. In this article, I offer a new justification of STHC, one I take to be immune from objections that have undercut other defenses. Notably, unlike previous (...) utility- and opportunity-based theories, I argue that we can find normative justification for STHC in what I term our special duty to assist those unable to help themselves. It is this duty, I argue, that ultimately gives us reason to treat health care differently from other sorts of goods and to distribute it independently of individuals’ ability to pay. (shrink)

God in the Mirror reconsiders the place of law in the existing bodies of knowledge. Navigating the texts of Ovid, Augustine, Roman jurists, medieval canon lawyers, Freud, Lacan, the notebooks of Leonardo de Vinci, and the paintings of Rene Magritte, this is a crucial landmark within Legendre's reconsideration of a 'revolution of interpretation'.

Les dictatures militaires latino-américaines des années 1960 à 1980 ont suscité des résistances civiles au nom du droit à la vie et, plus généralement, des droits de l’homme. Les femmes ont été à l’avant-garde de ces combats en Argentine et en Bolivie. Après avoir brièvement présenté ces deux résistances non-violentes, on avancera ici quelques hypothèses relatives à l’engagement collectif de ces femmes en tant que mères et à la réussite de leur entreprise de mobilisation. On discutera notamment les présentations qui (...) font exclusivement reposer la protestation collective sur des caractéristiques liées au genre, en distinguant le discours performatif qui l’accompagne de l’explication de celle-ci. (shrink)

The longing for aerial flight has been one of mankind's most consuming preoccupations. A burning desire for lightness, verticality, and flight is opposed to the fatality of universal gravity. Jules Michelet, in his study of the subject, entitled L'Oiseau (The Bird), which he wrote toward the end of his life, deems this aspiration for upward motion to be characteristic of all nature. He writes: “It is the cry of all the earth, of the world and of all life… : ‘Wings! (...) We want wings, we want flight and movement.’” From ancient times, this basic element of physical experience has nourished human imagination and been a source of motivation for the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Mesopotamian civilization had its winged divinities and spirits; indeed the Western tradition of depicting winged persons has been linked to the influence of Mesopotamian art. As Jules Duhem has pointed out, four centuries before Jesus Christ, Aristotle himself was already exploring certain notions that have become part of the history of ideas of aeronautics and astronomy. Among these are the ideas of void, weight, the resistance of air, and the movement of birds and other flying creatures. Duhem has also demonstrated that Aristotle proposed an explanation, as imperfect as it was, for what causes projectiles to fall from the sky. Throughout the ages, humanity has continually expressed its desire to fly: “Man is proud of being free and of leaning on nothing,” Elias Canetti has written in regard to man's upright position. Striking examples of the impulse to fly are to be found not only in scientific discourse but in myths, literature, and works of art. (shrink)

Cet article se propose d’examiner les rapports complexes qu’entretiennent Eunome et Grégoire de Nysse vis-à-vis de Plotin, en ce qui concerne la capacité du langage humain à dire le divin. D’un côté, Eunome trouve dans le système hiérarchisé des principes plotiniens et dans la théorie néoplatonicienne de l’homonymie des points d’appui pour étayer sa propre vision des rapports entre les Personnes divines. Mais de l’autre, l’apophatisme de Plotin présente de profondes affinités avec le projet de Grégoire de préserver le mystère (...) inconnaissable de l’ousia divine. De ce point de vue, la théorie d’Eunome selon laquelle les noms divins traduisent directement l’essence de Dieu se situe sur la rive opposée au néoplatonisme. (shrink)

Two competitive models are alternatively present in plotinian metaphysics. In the first one, the intelligible ousia appears to be the substrate or matter of its different determinations. In the sec...

Résumé Contre les péripatéticiens, Plotin prétend opérer la « métaphore » de la liberté humaine vers la liberté divine : c’est de la volonté libre du Bien que la volonté de l’homme reçoit son essence. Trois figures distinctes de la liberté apparaissent cependant dans les traités plotiniens (et en particulier les traités 6 et 39 sur lesquels on appuiera plus précisément notre analyse). La liberté expressive suit la dynamique générale de l’émanation : elle est l’initiative de l’âme qui organise le (...) corps individuel. La liberté réflexive est la maîtrise de soi par laquelle chaque principe se donne à lui-même un contenu et une détermination. Enfin, la liberté par transcendance est la simplicité pure de l’Un qui ne se laisse pas réduire à la multiplicité déterminée de l’ ousia. (shrink)

Cet article montre comment Mademoiselle de Maupin de Gautier a inspiré une thèse consacrée à « Théophile Gautier, militant du romantisme ». Gautier fait du travestissement un état d’esprit, une sorte de souplesse mentale qui, refusant les limites imposées, défait le militantisme de sa rigidité.

L’ambition de ce livre est de définir le projet métaphysique plotinien en prenant pour fil directeur la question de la (non-) articulation entre l’être et le substrat. Selon l’auteur, la métaphysique de Plotin se situe, sur cette question, en rupture avec celle d’Aristote, qui, dans son analyse de l’ousia, ne parvient pas à dissocier l’essentialité de la substratité : dans les Catégories, comme dans la Métaphysique, la substance assume ultimement la fonction d’hupokeimenon, et, comme le note...

Plotin au tribunal de la raison analytique : tel pourrait être le sous-titre du livre de W. Kühn. Et une fois le procès instruit avec rigueur, minutie et érudi­tion, le verdict tombe à la dernière page du livre : le projet plotinien de donner au savoir la forme de la connaissance de soi a échoué, puisque Plotin « élève la connaissance de soi au rang de la seule connaissance authentique, mais au prix de ne pas élucider, au-delà de ce qu’ont (...) proposé Platon et Aristote, ce que veut dire “connais... (shrink)

By explicitly addressing moral knowledge from a particularists perspective, this book can engage with an established and vibrant area of moral philosophy whilst making a distinctive and productive contribution to a relatively neglected dimension of it.

This article asks about the conditions of a sociological operationalization of the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum. Raising the question of freedom and social opportunities, the capability approach has so far mainly been discussed by economists and philosophers. In order to adopt this approach for a sociological and pragmatist perspective, it engages with methodological and theoretical issues. Whereas capabilities have until now mainly been studied within quantitative frameworks, the author opts for a qualitative method of inquiry (...) that draws on a pragmatist and configurational approach. Such a shift towards qualitative inquiry is a key condition for a better sociological understanding of notions like freedom and opportunities that stand at the core of the capability approach. (shrink)

La philosophie de Plotin se situe a la croisee de deux metaphysiques. La premiere culmine avec l'affirmation de l'identite entre l'etre et la pensee: en introduisant les Formes intelligibles dans l'Intellect divin, elle conjugue platonisme et aristotelisme. La seconde inaugure un courant qui marquera durablement l'histoire de la philosophie occidentale, a travers notamment la tradition de la theologie negative. L'ontologie grecque est ainsi menee a son achevement en meme temps qu'elle est debordee par la position d'un au-dela de l'etre, l'Un, (...) et ebranlee par l'impensable extinction de l'etre que represente la matiere. La pensee se trouve aux prises avec deux figures du non-etre, qu'il s'agisse de ce non-etre par defaut qu'est la matiere, ou du non-etre par sureminence propre au premier Principe. Ce livre a donc pour objet de montrer qu'il ne s'agit chez Plotin ni d'une forme superieure d'onto-theologie, ni de la sortie de la metaphysique a laquelle aspire tout un courant de la reflexion contemporaine, mais bien d'une nouvelle et autre metaphysique, qui reussit a entrelacer infini et totalite. C'est ce noeud et cette tension entre deux metaphysiques, dont chacune engage une figure differente de l'alterite, que font apparaitre des analyses patientes et eclairantes des textes des Enneades. Cet ouvrage presente donc a la fois une reinterpretation de l'oeuvre de Plotin et une reflexion profonde sur des problemes qui, de Hegel a Heidegger et de Schelling a Levinas et Derrida, continuent encore et toujours a inquieter la pensee. (shrink)

This article concerns the nature and limits of individuals’ rights to privacy over information that they have made public. For some, even suggesting that an individual can have a right to privacy over such information may seem paradoxical. First, one has no right to privacy over information that was never private to begin with. Second, insofar as one makes once-private information public – whether intentionally or unintentionally – one waives one’s right to privacy to that information. In this article, however, (...) we suggest the moral situation is more complicated than this. Rather, we argue that there is a class of public information – namely, once-private information that individuals have made public unintentionally – which remains within the scope of an individuals’ right to privacy, even when it has passed into the public domain. Significantly, this class includes any information rights-holders were unaware could be inferred from information they have made public and which they would not otherwise have wanted to be in the public domain. As we show, as well as clarifying several everyday dilemmas with regards to individuals’ privacy rights, this finding has elucidates a number of problems in the ethics of Big Data. (shrink)

This article reports on a series of 5 analyses of spontaneous production of verbal inflection (tense and person–number agreement) by 2‐year‐olds acquiring French as a native language. A formal analysis of the qualitative and quantitative results is developed using the unique resources of Optimality Theory (OT; Prince & Smolensky, 2004). It is argued that acquisition of morphosyntax proceeds via overlapping grammars (rather than through abrupt changes), which OT formalizes in terms of partial rather than total constraint rankings. Initially, economy of (...) structure constraints take priority over faithfulness constraints that demand faithful expression of a speaker's intent, resulting in child production of tense that is comparable in level to that of child‐directed speech. Using the independent Predominant Length of Utterance measure of syntactic development proposed in Vainikka, Legendre, and Todorova (1999), production of agreement is shown first to lag behind tense then to compete with tense at an intermediate stage of development. As the child's development progresses, faithfulness constraints become more dominant, and the overall production of tense and agreement becomes adult‐like. (shrink)

Dieu n'apparaît pas dans le monde. Si l'athée et le mystique partagent un tel constat, ils en donnent des interprétations radicalement divergentes. Pour l'athée, l'absence phénoménale de Dieu est le signe de son inexistence. Pour le mystique, la manifestation de l'inapparaître de Dieu révèle sa transcendance par rapport à tout phénomène mondain. A ses yeux, Dieu est Celui qui, dans le monde, brille par son absence. Ce livre montre en quoi l'ordre de phénoménalité propre au monde est opaque à toute (...) révélation divine, du bonheur qu'éprouve la chair dans la mondanité cosmique, au jeu subtil et mouvant des apparences dans la mondanité sociale. Face à une telle opacité, le métaphysicien constitue un monde intelligible transparent à la puissance de la raison divine. Telle n'est pas la voie empruntée par le mystique. Par l'ascèse du détachement, il suspend aussi bien la puissance de la chair que celle de la raison. Le moi mystique s'éprouve comme une subjectivité traversée : ce n'est plus lui qui voit, mais Dieu qui voit le monde à travers lui. Ainsi la mystique n'opère-t-elle pas la négation du monde, mais sa transfiguration : à travers l'éclat du monde perce la splendeur du créé. (shrink)

Ces Lecons X abordent le phenomene humain hors de la conception toute faite repandue par les doctrines de la transparence. Ici, il s'agit de considerer chaque civilisation et ses facades sociales a l'instar d'un Texte, comme montage langagier, et de reconnaitre la condition theatrale de l'espece douee de parole. Dans cette perspective se revelent les structures dogmatiques du sujet et de la societe qui, du fait du langage, s'entre-appartiennent. La rehabilitation d'une tradition de pensee portee par le terme antique de (...) dogma, transmis par la Grece a l'Occident jusqu'a l'ere industrielle, rouvre des chemins longtemps verrouilles et remet a l'ordre du jour la question immemoriale: que veut dire instituer l'animal humain? Au carrefour de ces chemins: la suprematie de la relation d'identite / alterite, avec ce qu'elle postule du cote du lien d'image, objet des grandes manoeuvres religieuses et politiques. Ainsi, prendre en compte la vie de la representation comme ressort de la fonction d'instituer entraine a interroger les procedures genealogiques d'acces a la realite, les systemes normatifs differencies et, du meme pas, a decouvrir la face cachee du principe de Raison. Sont mises au jour la fragilite humaine et les incertitudes de l'edification sociale. Les echafaudages inventes par l'anthropos pour la reproduction et la survie ne sont intelligibles que mis en rapport avec la dimension de l'Ancetre, autrement dit du Temps, cette vision des lointains, marqueur des civilisations: scenario fondateur, elaboration des attaches au present, horizon de l'inconnu a venir. Cette donnee basique donne relief aux domaines qui sont strategiques parce qu'ils touchent au destin des montages instituants a l'echelle de l'espece: religion, techno-science-economie, regles et preceptes du droit. A notre epoque de deraisonnement multiforme, ou les individus sont malmenes et guettes par la menace de perdre pied, il convient de porter le regard sur ces constructions de discours - poussees de facon recurrente au delire meurtrier, de nos jours sous des formes inedites - et sur leur portee structurale. Si la notion d'anthropologie, aujourd'hui figee et si galvaudee que j'hesitai a la reprendre, peut retrouver vigueur, ce sera au prix du depassement de l'impasse a laquelle a finalement abouti cette discipline: a quoi sert le penser? Reprenant le theme, longuement medite, d'anthropologie dogmatique, ce livre invite le lecteur a s'aventurer sur les sentiers non balises par la doxa contemporaine, oublieuse de son site historial et de ses sources.P. L. (shrink)

To say health is 'special' is to say that it has a moral significance that differentiates it from other goods (cars, say or radios) and, as a matter of justice, warrants distributing it separately. In this essay, I critique a new justification for the specialness thesis about healthcare (STHC) recently put forth by Engster. I argue that, regrettably, Engster's justification of STHC ultimately fails and fails on much the same grounds as have previous justifications of STHC. However, I also argue (...) that Engster's argument still adds something valuable to the debate around STHC insofar as it reminds us that the moral significance of healthcare may be wider than simply its effect on the incidence of disability and disease: one further reason we may think healthcare is morally significant is because it concerns the treatment and care of those who are already unwell. (shrink)

"Characterized by breadth of coverage, a refreshingly balanced approach to controversial issues, & a highly readable style."-Theological Studies.

Offers an analysis of three strongly contrasting primitive civilizations, showing how behavior is influenced by custom and tradition.

ABSTRACTEvaluative conditioning is a change in the liking of a stimulus due to its previous pairings with another stimulus. In three...

The increasing pressure from different facets of society exerted on multinational companies to become more philanthropic and claim ownership of their impacts is now becoming a standard practice. Although research in corporate social responsibility has arguably been recent, the application of activities taking a voluntary form from MNCs seem to vary reflecting a plethora of factors, particularly one obvious being the backwater local communities of developing countries where most of the natural extraction projects are located. This chapter examines views of (...) two Papua New Guinea local communities hosting large-scale mining operations and explains the demands arising from situational relativities, which are becoming too conspicuous for mine developers not to ignore. The research undertaken with several assertions highlights the perceived imperativeness allowing companies to integrate the CSR into the essential management pursuits of running mines in PNG. (shrink)

One response to the chronic shortage of organs for transplant in the United States has been the passage of laws establishing first-person authorization for donation of organs, providing legal grounds for the retrieval of organs and tissues from registered donors, even over the objections of their next of kin. The ethical justification for first-person authorization is that it is a matter of respecting the donor’s wishes. The objection of some next of kin may be that the donor would not have (...) wished for his or her loved ones to have their preferences overridden, had they considered that possibility. This article examines the basis of the conflict and suggests a remedy grounded in the provision of donor-intent options that have the ability to clarify the donor’s wishes. (shrink)

Is there an energeia of the Good according to Plotinus? The aim of this paper is to shed light on the tension between two conflicting perspectives concerning the Good in the philosophy of Plotinus. According to the first perspective, Plotinus claims that the the first principle completely transcends the energeia, which is strictly limited to the Intellect. According to the second, he ascribes a kind of immanent energeia to the One. I will examine the two series of texts in which (...) these two perspectives are present and advance two hypotheses to explain the divergence between these two viewpoints.Firstly, the meaning of the term energeia is not unequivocal, depending on whether it is strictly limited to the intelligible realm or ascribed to the One. Secondly, the competition between two models of causality in the Enneads can explain why Plotinus has two divergent views on the relation between the Good and the energeia. According to the first model, the Good ≪doesn’t have in itself what it gives≫. In line with this principle, Plotinus claims that the Good stands epekeina energeias. The second model of causality is inherited from the peripatetic school. According to it, the cause already contains eminently in itself that which it gives. This model of causality helps explain the ascription of energeia to the Good and the so‑called ≪double‑energeia theory≫. (shrink)