The sporadic nature of Alzheimer's disease argues for an environmental link that may drive AD pathogenesis; however, the triggering factors and the period of their action are unknown. Recent studies in rodents have shown that exposure to lead during brain development predetermined the expression and regulation of the amyloid precursor protein and its amyloidogenic beta-amyloid product in old age. Here, we report that the expression of AD-related genes [APP, BACE1 ] as well as their transcriptional regulator were elevated in aged (...) monkeys exposed to Pb as infants. Furthermore, developmental exposure to Pb altered the levels, characteristics, and intracellular distribution of Abeta staining and amyloid plaques in the frontal association cortex. These latent effects were accompanied by a decrease in DNA methyltransferase activity and higher levels of oxidative damage to DNA, indicating that epigenetic imprinting in early life influenced the expression of AD-related genes and promoted DNA damage and pathogenesis. These data suggest that AD pathogenesis is influenced by early life exposures and argue for both an environmental trigger and a developmental origin of AD. (shrink)

Judicial process is an integral part of legal systems. The process rests primarily on established principles of constitutional governance and responsibility. In the last ten years, the dynamism within judicial institutions and the judicial process has gained considerable attention. The dynamism is often viewed in light of the diversity of claims being addressed, the openness of courts to foreign material, and the use of non-legal studies and findings in court proceedings. How one views the judicial process in the traditional sense, (...) and in the light of the new experiences is an important question today. Also, what new theories explain this public sphere of activity? -/- In this regard, Dr. Pathak’s book "Judicial Process" is a noteworthy contribution. The book explores the complex nature of the judicial process, along with its wider constitutional, political, and social relevance. The book builds on an understanding that the judicial process, the courts, and the judges are central to constitutional governance. With that backdrop, it engages with four aspects of the judicial process, including (1) the nature of the judicial process, (2) the engagements and interactions within the judiciary, (3) the engagements and interactions between the courts and other institutions, and (4) the protection of rights and redressal of violations function performed by courts. -/- The book includes a detailed discussion on key concepts, practices, tests, and principles. The following chapters and discussions are particularly interesting. Chapter one involves a jurisprudential take on the subject while referring to the works of Blackstone, Holmes, and Cardozo. Particularly relevant in chapter one are Indian cases that have cited Cardozo while determining important judicial matters. Further, the chapter includes foreign case law which has been cited by the Indian courts to discuss the nature of the judicial process. Chapter three on Judicial Review discusses the scope of judicial review in India and its centralizing force in constitutional governance. The author carefully explores the expansion in a judicial capacity for review. The chapter highlights the dynamism attached to the practice of judicial review, moving from the review of constitutional amendments, to that of laws, administrative actions, and policy. Further, the chapter includes a discussion on the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. Chapter four on Law of Precedent includes a discussion on stare decisis, which the author refers to as a principle conferring legitimacy and stability to the judicial system. Recent scholarship on the nature of obiter dicta of higher courts and persuasive quality of foreign case law in domestic cases has been cited. Chapter five covers the Independence of the Judiciary debates in India. It discusses the issue of post-retirement appointments of judges and recusal from judicial matters. Chapter eight Judicial Activism traces the development of the concept from its early days to the present times. The chapter adopts the five core meanings offered by Keenan Kmiec to substantiate the old and the new avatars of judicial activism. The chapter discusses the role of social action litigation in India and its hand in defining the judiciary as a protector of rights and constitutional values. -/- The book provides sufficient guidance to study the nature of the judicial process. It also makes one curious about the changing nature of the judicial process and the new waves of constitutional ethics and governance. The following are some of the themes not attended to in the book. First, the judgments of the courts. The written judgments constitute an integral part of the judicial process. The judgments constitute public law reaching out to beneficiaries including litigants, people at large, as well as foreign institutions and courts. That being said, a discussion on judgements and the written or unwritten standards governing the same needs attention. Also included in this point is the role of dissenting judgments. How should one view or study dissent in judgments of constitutional significance? A normative framework to study the same is much needed. Second, the tools and indicators to measure judicial impact. The judicial impact can include (a) the impact of judicial decisions on the law, policy, and society (b) the impact of law/legislation on the judicial process, and (c) the impact of technological and scientific advancements on the judicial process. Tools like judicial impact assessment have been widely argued to be important to the working of the courts. Further, parameters to study compliance, policy integration, and the impact of judicial decisions on other state institutions have gained attention. (shrink)

Jewish Law as Rebellion is unconventional and controversial in its approach to the world of Jewish Law and its response to religious crises. The book delves into the contemporary application and development of halacha and pointedly protests many accepted methods and ideals, offering new solutions to existing halachic dilemmas. Rabbi Cardozo discusses hot topics such as same-sex marriage, conversion, and religion in the State of Israel and presents a critical analysis and explanation of the application of halacha.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cuantitativamente los métodos y técnicas de la investigación teológica en países latinoamericanos de habla hispana, entre 2018 y 2020, para el fomento de herramientas que favorezcan estudios en el área. El estudio fue cuantitativo, positivista y descriptivo, examinando el Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) 2018, revisando, además, artículos publicados entre 2018 y 2020, nueve publicaciones de universidades que ofrecen el programa Teología, trabajos de grado y tesis en repositorios digitales. Para un total (...) de 402 investigaciones sistematizadas, usando el análisis de contenido para discriminar métodos y técnicas utilizados. La información se registró en una matriz para su análisis porcentual por criterios. Se concluye que una quinta parte de las investigaciones usaron exclusivamente métodos sociales, en su mayoría de enfoque cuantitativo y nivel descriptivo. Entre los sociales cualitativos destacaron la fenomenología, IAP, método comparativo y biográfico. Se usaron mayoritariamente métodos teológicos tradicionales: hermenéutico, exegético, praxeológico latinoamericano e histórico-crítico, pero el primero sigue siendo preferido. Las técnicas fueron variadas, mezclando enfoques y métodos, especialmente reflexión, análisis semántico, análisis histórico-gramatical y narración. De las técnicas sociales, la favorita fue encuesta-cuestionario. El país con más publicaciones fue Colombia (45,7 %) y el año con mayor número de estas fue el 2018 (55 %). El enfoque predilecto fue cualitativo (87,1 %), usado mayoritariamente en universidades católicas (78,6 %). El resto (21,4 %) corresponde a universidades adventistas, con más igualdad en los enfoques. (shrink)

En sus primeros escritos fenomenológicos, Jean-Paul Sartre sostiene la tesis de que la conciencia es exterioridad pura, es decir, no existe interioridad en la conciencia que pudiese albergar instancias metafísicas, como lo podría ser el yo, el cogito, el inconsciente, etc. Ya para El ser y la nada, el filósofo francés mantendrá dicha tesis, profundizándola y estableciendo un diálogo con su teoría del ser. En esta medida, el artículo se propone explorar tal relación, para conocer el lugar que ocupa la (...) noción de conciencia en el Ser y la nada. (shrink)

O estudo teve como objetivo comparar e correlacionar indicadores de habilidades sociais e do envolvimento de pais com filhos portadores de retardo mental. Participaram 27 casais com filhos portadores de retardo mental. Os pais responderam os questionários "Critério Brasil", "Qualidade da interação f..

Breves consideraciones acerca del concepto de escritura en la propuesta post-estructuralista de Jaques Derrida: Aportes sobre algunos problemas del lenguaje.

This study attempted to reflect on health promotion and prevention using diferente types of knowledge, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We carried a bibliography review based on scientific evidence and traditional knowledge from a multisystemic health perspective. It included nutritional aspects, physical activity, and integrality of health care in a holistic approach, transcending scientifically produced understanding for the discussion of traditional knowledge and other cultural elements of extreme importance. Because of the accumulated information in health and nutrition, a (...) reflection of the biocultural arsenal is emphasized in the comprehension of integral health in confronting the demands resulting from the pandemic. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analizará la Oda 13 de Baquílides prestando atención a la relación entre el yo poético y la audiencia de la isla de Egina. Se hará foco en una noción de espacio en la que confluya la configuración de los espacios metafóricos en interacción y tensión con el espacio literal de la performance. Se entiende que el poeta lleva a cabo la construcción y configuración de un espacio ritual reconocible para la audiencia y esto marca el inicio (...) de una conexión entre los hechos del pasado histórico-mitológico con el presente y los contextos performativos del futuro, destacando la importancia de las instancias de re-performance de los textos poéticos. (shrink)

Estas páginas examinan la naturaleza del desafío presente a las democracias latinoamericanas desde la perspectiva de relevantes compromisos democráticos hemisféricos. A la luz de tales compromisos, la reciente crisis política hondureña puede ser considerada una grave regresión: no simplemente por la intervención militar en el derrocamiento de José Manuel Zelaya, sino por el abandono del concepto de que la democracia es un derecho humano y es deber de los gobiernos preservarla y defenderla. Palabras clave: OEA; Carta Democrática Interamericana; Perú; Venezuela; (...) Honduras OEA and Democracy in the XXI Century: These pages examine the nature of the present challenge to Latin American democracies, from the perspective of relevant hemispheric democratic commitments. In light of such commitments, the recent political crisis in Honduras can be considered as a serious regression: not simply because of the military intervention in the overthrowing of José Manuel Zelaya, but because of the abandonment of the principle according to which democracy is a human right, and it is a duty of governments to preserve and defend it. Keywords: OEA; Inter-American Democratic Charter; Peru; Venezuela; Honduras. (shrink)

Introduction. Rest and motion. Stability and progress.--The meaning of justice. The science of values.--The equilibration of interests. Cause and effect. The individual and society. Liberty and government.--Liberty and government. Conclusion.

We experience our own body through both touch and vision. We further see that others’ bodies are similar to our own body, but we have no direct experience of touch on others’ bodies. Therefore, relations between vision and touch are important for the sense of self and for mental representation of one’s own body. For example, seeing the hand improves tactile acuity on the hand, compared to seeing a non-hand object. While several studies have demonstrated this visual enhancement of touch (...) effect, its relation to the ‘bodily self’, or mental representation of one’s own body remains unclear. We examined whether VET is an effect of seeing a hand, or of seeing my hand, using the rubber hand illusion. In this illusion, a prosthetic hand which is brushed synchronously—but not asynchronously—with one’s own hand is felt to actually be one’s hand. Thus, we manipulated whether or not participants felt like they were looking directly at their hand, while holding the actual stimulus they viewed constant. Tactile acuity was measured by having participants judge the orientation of square-wave gratings. Two characteristic effects of VET were observed: cross-modal enhancement from seeing the hand was inversely related to overall tactile acuity, and participants near sensory threshold showed significant improvement following synchronous stroking, compared to asynchronous stroking or no stroking at all. These results demonstrate a clear functional relation between the bodily self and basic tactile perception. (shrink)

The issue of hospitality in education has become prominent in the philosophy of education, with various articles and books being published recently. This is so for a number of reasons, such as the necessity to harbour and include immigrants and refugees in our schools and education systems, the rising levels of violence being experienced by individuals in school communities, and the importance of establishing dialogical relations between teacher and students and between students. In this article, we discuss the concept of (...) hospitality by turning to Homer (eighth Century Bce) and his classic work, The Odyssey (Ὀδ”σσεια), connecting it to the issue of hospitality in education. The article is divided into two sections. In the first, we refer to two passages in Homer’s The Odyssey that are very pertinent to the issue of the issue at hand; the Phaeacian passage, which stands for a prime example of hospitality, and the Laestrygonian case, a seminal example of non-hospitality, of hostility. In the second, we conduct a philosophical inquiry into hospitality and education. (shrink)

What is the relationship between foreign policy, electoral campaigns, and public opinion? This work analyzes the electoral campaigns in Colombia in 2018 (Iván Duque) and 2022 (Gustavo Petro). The profiles of the candidates and their programmatic agendas are analyzed, identifying the continuity of issues associated with peace, security, borders, and the complex relationship with Venezuela. Despite the above, there was a turn to the left that shows changes in the preferences of Colombian public opinion.

The recent war in Europe, the Ukraine–Russia war, has had a huge impact in the lives of millions of people in the European continent—in the lives of both those who have fled the conflict and of those who have welcomed them with open arms. In this paper, we conduct a philosophical investigation into the issue of hospitality to others, to strangers, to foreigners trying to understand this phenomenon taking place in Europe, and elsewhere. First, we investigate the Jewish Mitzvah of (...) Hospitality by referring to two passages in the Torah that exemplify hospitality and one that instantiates its opposite, hostility to the other, to strangers and foreigners. Following from this, we provide a discussion on Jewish ethics and its deontological and virtue ethics connections. In the last section, we engage with a discussion connecting the field of education and the matter of hospitality. (shrink)

From the first books published by Jean-Paul Sartre, it is possible to observe the criticism that the French author makes to the Western metaphysical tradition, directed specifically at philosophers of modernity. For example, L'imagination and L'Imaginaire are two texts dedicated to questioning “the great metaphysical systems”. Furthermore, in these early investigations, Sartre discovers a principle that would allow him to elabo- rate his work Being and nothingness. What is this principle? The main objective of this essay is to determine this (...) principle and its importance in the elaboration of Being and nothingness. In order to achieve this purpose, I will analyze Sartre's criticism of modern philosophers (Descartes and Hume) and his proposal to overcome what Sartre himself calls: the “naive metaphysics of the image” (1978, p. 9), which is nothing more than the fact of reifying the image. (shrink)

O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento e representa uma preocupação significativa, principalmente, em crianças em idade escolar. Esta pesquisa busca fornecer atualizações sobre a medicalização e o TDAH presentes na realidade escolar do ensino fundamental da cidade de Maringá-PR. Para isso, utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado em 8 Instituições de Ensino Básico, distribuídas em 4 regiões da cidade, no período de 2015 a 2016. A amostra contou com 2.367 estudantes de 6 a 10 (...) anos. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa e, a partir destes, observou, percentualmente, o índice de crianças com TDAH foi o esperado, não ultrapassando a média constante na literatura, e o medicamento prevalente foi o metilfenidato. Entretanto, percebemos que sem a adequação pedagógica e a falta de sinergia entre o uso do medicamento ao acompanhamento psicológico, o transtorno pode não estar sendo resolvido, mas apenas mascarado. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende apresentar a diferença entre a hermenêutica e a desconstrução e mostrar a implicação de cada uma destas formas de entender o fenômeno do sentido na relação da filosofia com as outras “disciplinas” do pensamento. Para isso colocaremos dois pensadores em embate direto, a saber, Jacques Derrida e Paul Ricoeur. Enquanto Paul Ricoeur, com seu projeto hermenêutico, tenta encontrar uma conciliação entre os diversos saberes das ciências humanas com a metafísica, em uma época em que o estruturalismo e (...) a psicanálise emergiam e questionavam conceitos como “consciência” e “sentido”, Jacques Derrida radicaliza esses movimentos de crítica que animavam as ciências humanas e tenta pensar para além dos conceitos tradicionais, propondo seus quaseconceitos e formulando sua gramatologia. (shrink)

Neste artigo, apresentamos a necessidade de se repensar o estilo de escrita da Filosofia a partir de uma mudança de paradigma conceitual. O que importa à Filosofia e à “forma tratado de ontologia” é encontrar uma forma de dizer a Verdade, de dizer aquilo que é invariável. Ao encontrar esta forma, busca-se criar uma hierarquia de estilos, começando por aquele que diz a Verdade que, de fato, seria a única forma de escrever sobre o Ser e a existência, indo até (...) os estilos que ocupam função política e retórica, até chegar à poesia, o discurso com menor comprometimento com a verdade e o bem comum. Se não defendemos mais a existência de uma verdade única e não pensamos mais a linguagem como instrumento para alcançar esta Verdad, que estaria Fora do Mundo, mas no lugar disso, pensamos a existência como singular-plural e toda “verdade” como um constructo de relações no interior de um mundo, que será sempre um mundo entre outros mundos, então a própria filosofia precisa repensar o seu estilo e a sua forma. Partindo desta demanda inelutável para um pensamento da diferença apresentaremos os argumentos de Jean-Luc Nancy que sustentam esta necessidade de repensar a escrita. (shrink)

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la revisión de más de sesenta documetos sobre los estados oníricos en relación con la vigilia. En el texto se desarrollan tres puntos: primero, el surgimiento de las reflexiones sobre el estado onírico y sus connotaciones mitológicas, además de algunos datos filosóficos de la antigua Grecia. Segundo, se desarrolla una tematización del fenómeno de sueño o dormir, en la reflexión de la modernidad. Tercero, se elabora una aproximación a una fenomenología del dormir, (...) a partir de varios fenomenólogos reconocidos como Merelau-Ponty, Jean-Luc Nancy, Sartre, José Ortega y Gasset, Michel Henry, entre otros. Al final se exponen diecisiete conclusiones que dan cuenta de la reflexión, entre ellas tenemos el dormir como abandono del suejo de sí mismo, el sueño como un proceso no experiencial y, por tanto, teórico, y la permanencia de las emociones que emegen en los sueños y se prolongan a la vigilia. (shrink)

El presente artículo se proyecta como una aportación a las nuevas lecturas latinoamericanas de Mariátegui y, en particular, tiene la aspiración de reivindicar el carácter «heterodoxo» del marxismo del pensador peruano mediante un ejercicio de rastreo de algunas de sus raíces teóricas —y vitales— fundamentales: el marxismo italiano del primer lustro de la década de 1920; el agonismo espiritual de Unamuno; la reacción contra las interpretaciones economicistas y positivistas de fines del XIX y principios del XX y, finalmente, la asunción (...) de la defensa soreliana de una «moral de productores» como fundamento de una ética materialista. Defenderemos que una práctica historiográfica capaz de deshacerse de la perniciosa ligazón entre «heterodoxia» y «herejía» encontrará en la figura de Mariátegui a un renovador de la teoría marxista, pero también a un impulsor de una praxis política que, sin renunciar a lo universal, se afirma sobre el suelo latinoamericano. (shrink)

O presente trabalho pretende apresentar mais uma das faces destrutivas (pulsão de morte) que vivemos na pandemia. Além do negacionismo, que estabelece uma relação específica com o conhecimento (ou vínculo ou elo do conhecimento, K) pautado na arrogância, leituras grupais ampliam essa visão. Elas nos permitem perceber outros vínculos importantes e o modo como determinadas lideranças chegam ao poder devido à conexão que estabelecem com os indivíduos – ou seus eleitores. Bion (1961/1975) nos instrumentaliza a essa leitura com suas experiências (...) grupais. Logo, a presente apresentação utiliza o conceito de suposições básicas propostas pelo psicanalista, em específico a de dependência, para evidenciar como essas conexões se estabelecem e o modo como lideranças surgem a partir dessa suposição básica. O modo como intencionalmente indivíduos (ou agentes políticos) desestruturam as relações entre os membros de um grupo (ou comunidade) e a carência (material e emocional) que esses membros vivem, devido ao caos causado pela desestruturação grupal, são as bases da ascensão desses líderes. A conclusão a que se chega é que quanto maior o grau de dependência desses membros, maior a loucura ou a insanidade de seu líder, devido à resistência às desilusões, perdas e lutos inerentes a percepção realística desses elementos. (shrink)

Assistimos, nos últimos tempos, ao aumento de antigos e permanentes atos abusivos em várias partes do mundo e no Brasil. No tocante à pandemia, presenciamos também, junto com esse aumento, outro elemento que configura uma atitude dos indivíduos em relação ao conhecimento. Tal atitude, considerado por muitos como negacionismo, faz com que deparamo-nos, diariamente, com inúmeras pessoas rejeitando o conhecimento já adquirido por nossa sociedade. A esta atitude Bion denominou de arrogância. Portanto, o presente trabalho pretende explicitar tal atitude e (...) sua relação com o conhecimento e com a verdade. (shrink)

“La política es la continuación de la guerra por otros medios.” Así rezaba la inversión del clásico aforismo de Clausewitz pronunciada por Michel Foucault en su curso del Collège de France 1975-1976 y ahondaba: “la política es la sanción y la prórroga del desequilibrio de fuerzas manifestado en la guerra”. Esta concepción agonística de la política es el suelo sobre el que se levanta The politics of political science. Re-Writing Latin American Experiences, de Paulo Ravecca, quien no duda en colocar (...) como primer enunciado de su libro: “ Knowledge is a battlefield ”. Si aceptamos que el conocimiento, en sí mismo, es un campo de batalla, debemos abandonar cualquier pretensión de presentar el quehacer de los intelectuales en términos de autonomía, neutralidad, asepsia; los centros de producción de conocimiento se convierten así en una privilegiada factoría de armamento político, pero no ya para el despliegue de una dominación sustentada en la coerción, sino para el diseño de las nuevas bases del consenso, de una nueva hegemonía. (shrink)