The idea that intelligence is embedded not only in a single brain network, but instead in a complex, well-optimized system of complementary networks, has led to the development of whole brain network analysis. Using graph theory to analyze resting-state functional MRI data, we investigated the brain graph networks (or brain networks) of high intelligence quotient (HIQ) children. To this end, we computed the “hub disruption index κ”, an index sensitive to graph network modifications. We found significant topological differences in the (...) integration and segregation properties of brain networks in HIQ compared to standard IQ children, not only for the whole brain graph, but also for each hemispheric graph, and for the homotopic connectivity. Moreover, two profiles of HIQ children, homogenous and heterogeneous, based on the differences between the two main IQ subscales (verbal comprehension index (VCI) and perceptual reasoning index (PRI)), were compared. Brain networks changes were more pronounced in the heterogeneous HIQ than in the homogeneous HIQ subgroups. Finally, we found significant correlations between the graph networks’ changes and the full-scale IQ (FSIQ), as well as the subscales VCI and PRI. Specifically, the higher the FSIQ the greater was the brain organization modification in the whole brain, the left hemisphere, and the homotopic connectivity. These results shed new light on the relation between functional connectivity topology and high intelligence, as well as on different intelligence profiles. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza el proceso de integración del Mercosur en el que participan Argentina, Brasil, Paraguay y Uruguay y sus efectos sobre la ciudadanía política y social. En la primera parte del mismo los autores examinan los rasgos, el contexto de nacimiento y la filosofía del proceso de integración mercosureño. La segunda parte analiza la evolución de la democracia y de la justicia social durante el proceso de integración. Los autores llegan a la conclusión de que el modelo de integración (...) mercosureño no puede contrarrestar la crisis de la democracia y de la justicia social que tienen lugar especialmente en Argentina y Brasil. (shrink)

Resumen En este artículo se examina el papel de la enseñanza de la filosofía de la educación en la formación inicial docente, tomando como punto de partida la tensión que es posible notar entre, por un lado, el discurso de la mayoría de las facultades encargadas de preparar profesores, que rescatan la necesidad de formar docentes críticos y reflexivos, y, por otro lado, la praxis de la formación docente que parece tener un acento marcadamente técnico. Ante este escenario, se argumenta (...) para mostrar que la filosofía de la educación sí resulta atingente en el contexto de la formación inicial docente, que lejos de desempeñar una función meramente complementaria en dicha formación, ésta debe cumplir un papel fundamental y, por tanto, articulador de los diversos saberes y competencias propios de un profesor, y que de nada sirve defender el valor fundamental de la filosofía de la educación, si éste no es comprendido como tal por los futuros profesores, por lo que resulta vital pensar cuidadosamente los contenidos, metodologías y momentos adecuados para impartir esta materia.This paper examines the role of the teaching of the philosophy of education in the initial teacher training, taking as a starting point the tension that can be noted between, on the one hand, the discourse of most of the faculties in charge to prepare teachers, who rescue the need to train critical and reflective teachers, and, on the other hand, the praxis of teacher training that seems to have a markedly technical accent. Given this scenario, it is argued to show that the philosophy of education is relevant in the context of initial teacher training, far from playing a purely complementary role in such training, it must play a fundamental role that lets it organize the diverse knowledge and competences of a teacher, and that it is useless to defend the fundamental value of the philosophy of education, if it is not understood as such by prospective teachers, so that it is crucial to think carefully about the contents, methodologies and appropriate moments to impart this subject. (shrink)

This research note presents data concerning the community engagement activities of 2,096 Swiss companies as reported by a single company respondent in an online survey. Switzerland affords an interesting opportunity to compare engagement activities in a single country with multiple culture systems across companies varying in size from large to small and medium enterprises. Study results show that 78% of the surveyed firms pursue some community engagement activities. While engagement is mostly practiced in traditional forms, more active forms are not (...) uncommon. The main motivating factor is a concern for the communities in which the firms operate. Engagement activities are mostly employed independent of financial considerations and are conducted flexibly to serve personal interests of the firms’ decision makers. Swiss firms’ reported environmental assessment activities show no specific patterning. Perceiving engagement to be on the rise globally and in Switzerland is associated with a greater likelihood to be involved. Accordingly, knowing other engagement pursuing firms increases the individual firm engagement probability. The German speaking part of Switzerland is more active in engagement than the French and Italian speaking parts. Bigger companies pursue engagement activities more intensively and strategically than do SMEs. (shrink)

In this paper a new trajectory-based representation to non-relativistic quantum mechanics is formulated. This is ahieved by generalizing the notion of Lagrangian path which lies at the heart of the deBroglie-Bohm “ pilot-wave” interpretation. In particular, it is shown that each LP can be replaced with a statistical ensemble formed by an infinite family of stochastic curves, referred to as generalized Lagrangian paths. This permits the introduction of a new parametric representation of the Schrödinger equation, denoted as GLP-parametrization, and of (...) the associated quantum hydrodynamic equations. The remarkable aspect of the GLP approach presented here is that it realizes at the same time also a new solution method for the N-body Schrödinger equation. As an application, Gaussian-like particular solutions for the quantum probability density function are considered, which are proved to be dynamically consistent. For them, the Schrödinger equation is reduced to a single Hamilton–Jacobi evolution equation. Particular solutions of this type are explicitly constructed, which include the case of free particles occurring in 1- or N-body quantum systems as well as the dynamics in the presence of suitable potential forces. In all these cases the initial Gaussian PDFs are shown to be free of the spreading behavior usually ascribed to quantum wave-packets, in that they exhibit the characteristic feature of remaining at all times spatially-localized. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo postula que el mejor modo de leer la Relectio de Indis de Francisco de Vitoria es considerar que no solo se trata de un texto que pertenece al género de análisis político. Para fundar esta hipótesis de lectura la investigación discurre en tres niveles: analiza el contexto de producción del texto; fija las características de los textos de análisis político y propone un autor y lector modelos de la Relectio. La conclusión de la investigación distingue entre interpretación (...) y uso del texto, y sostiene que la interpretación de la Relectio exige que el lector empírico conozca los tres niveles de análisis, mientras que el uso del texto exige considerar que él trata un conjunto de soluciones a problemas perennes en las sociedades: los dilemas interculturales.: This article postulates that the best way of reading Francisco Victoria’s Relectio of Indis is having in mind that it not only is about a text which belongs to the political analysis genre. To support this reading hypothesis, the investigation proceeds in three levels: First, it analyzes the context of production of the text; second, it sets the features of the texts of political analysis and; third, it proposes an author and model reader of the Relectio. The conclusion of the investigation distinguishes between interpretation and the use of text as well as it holds that the interpretation of the Relectio demands the empiric reader to know the three levels of analysis, whereas the use of the text demands him to deal with a set of solutions to perennial problems in societies: intercultural dilemmas. (shrink)

We review the organization and contents of the 20th Gatherings in Biosemiotics. As the organizers, we share our insights from organizing a community research project in the year where the Covid-19 pandemic halted international travel. We try to describe the challenges of putting together the yearly conference on Biosemiotics and the main content that was presented by the research community.

Este estudo se refere às bibliotecas brasileiras durante a segunda metade do século XIX e as primeiras três décadas do século XX. Neste tocante, podemos pensar na instituição e manutenção destas bibliotecas no Brasil como forma de obtermos acesso a diferentes padrões culturais pelo estudo sistemático da História da Leitura. Algumas dessas bibliotecas apresentam conjuntos de regras de comportamento que, ao olhar contemporâneo, causam estranhamento. Certas proibições ajudam a definir universos representativos em torno do livro e da biblioteca, ao passo (...) que as prescrições de comportamento, vestimenta e uso das bibliotecas nos falam sobre as representações civilizatórias e moralizantes da parcela da sociedade brasileira responsável pela criação e manutenção dessas bibliotecas. Essa reflexão pode auxiliar o historiador a compreender melhor práticas de leitura no passado. (shrink)

O artigo pretende formular uma breve reflexão sobre o pensamento de Tomás de Aquino no campo da ética e do direito romano sobre as oscilações e paradoxos das práticas inquisitoriais na Idade Média. No medievo a Criação e a onipotência de Deus abrigam, enfim, a pensar um poder absoluto adaptado ao mundo senhorial, portanto, a partir do século XII o domínio da Igreja e da monarquia acendem as fogueiras onde se queimam os livros e os homens para extirpar do ocidente (...) cristão as heresias. Ao se construir um processo inquisitorial ocorre a necessidade irreprimível da confissão da verdade. Os fatos que parecem comuns alteram-se e passam a ser considerados crimes de infidelidade contra a tradição e a majestade divina, e logo tornam-se peça de contestação provocando polêmicas acusatórias, amparadas no degesto, isto é, no direito romano. Devemos ressaltar, nesse panorama, que a grande maioria dos pensadores dos séculos XII e XIII era proveniente de ordens religiosas católicas, os Padres da Igreja que exerciam domínio político, intelectual e cultural, especialmente a ordem dos dominicanos representada pela figura de Tomás de Aquino. Os dominicanos eram afeitos aos estudos e a produção de teses legitimada pela Igreja romana. Isso favoreceu o desenvolvimento do modelo inquisitorial dotado de fundamentação acadêmica e, portanto, realista. Tomás de Aquino se dedicou a apresentar correções e ajustes diante das oscilações e paradoxos no trato com a pessoa humana no período crucial da história medieval. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetico examinar a abordagem evolutiva do comportamento informacional e refletir acerca de algumas consequências trazidas por esta abordagem para as bases epistemológicas da biblioteconomia e ciência da informação (BCI) nos trabalhos de Amanda Spink e Armando Malheiro da Silva. Incorpora uma crítica de modelos de busca de conhecimento como o de Nicholas Belkin, por causa de seu resíduo tecnicista. Metodologia: Pesquisa bibliográfica e posterior análise das fontes recuperadas. Análise realizada através do exame argumentativo e conceitual de (...) textos considerados referenciais para cada parte do argumento. Resultados: Ressalta a distinção entre interpretações divergentes do termo “evolução”. Reconhece a exigência inevitável de uma atitude holística ou interdisciplinar para a compreensão do comportamento informacional. Destaca a valorização dos comportamentos humanos de caráter informal e lúdico em relação à informação. (shrink)

“Austrian” (or “Austro-German”) philosophy of language is characterized, among other things, by the following two features: (1) Problems of language are considered within the broader framework of an intentionality-based philosophy of mind—or, to put it more precisely, questions of meaning are considered as involving a quite articulated theory of intentions; (2) several aspects of such an account are explicitly presented as inspired by or somehow already at work in the Medieval Scholastic tradition. In this study we follow the track indicated (...) by these two features and use some “Austrian” reflections on the articulation between meanings and intentions as a “heuristic filter”, as it were, to shed a new and different light on some Medieval debates in philosophy of language on the relationship between significare and intendere. It will be roughly divided into three parts. We begin by singling out some distinctive tenets of the “Austrian” strategy aimed at describing the relationship between meaning and intentions (section I), and then turn to various Medieval texts from the 13th and 14th century dealing with the two related notions of significatio and intentio (section II). The upshot of our investigation is to show how, for both “Austrian” and Medieval philosophers of language (and beyond their differences), a proper understanding of linguistic meaning—in the twofold sense of words or sentences having a lexical content and utterances having a determinate pragmatic function—presupposes an account of what one could call the “agentive intentionality”, i.e. the complex intentionality proper to practical goal-directed human behaviours. Some final remarks about outcomes, meaning, scope and perspectives opened by the method applied will conclude the study (section III). (shrink)

The logical structure of quantum gravity is addressed in the framework of the so-called manifestly covariant approach. This permits to display its close analogy with the logics of quantum mechanics. More precisely, in QG the conventional 2-way principle of non-contradiction holding in Classical Mechanics is shown to be replaced by a 3-way principle. The third state of logical truth corresponds to quantum indeterminacy/undecidability, i.e., the occurrence of quantum observables with infinite standard deviation. The same principle coincides, incidentally, with the earlier (...) one shown to hold in Part I, in analogous circumstances, for QM. However, this conclusion is found to apply only provided a well-defined manifestly-covariant theory of the gravitational field is adopted both at the classical and quantum levels. Such a choice is crucial. In fact it makes possible the canonical quantization of the underlying unconstrained Hamiltonian structure of general relativity, according to an approach recently developed by Cremaschini and Tessarotto. Remarkably, in the semiclassical limit of the theory, Classical Logic is proved to be correctly restored, together with the validity of the conventional 2-way principle. (shrink)

Great progress to digitize the world’s available Biodiversity and Biogeography data have been made recently, but managing data from many different providers and research domains still remains a challenge. A review of the current landscape of metadata standards and ontologies in Biodiversity sciences suggests that existing standards, such as the Darwin Core terminology, are inadequate for describing Biodiversity data in a semantically meaningful and computationally useful way. As a contribution to fill this gap, we present an ontology-based system, called BiGe-Onto, (...) designed to manage data together from Biodiversity and Biogeography. As data sources, we use two internationally recognized repositories: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS). BiGe-Onto system is composed of (i) BiGe-Onto Architecture (ii) a conceptual model called BiGe-Onto specified in OntoUML, (iii) an operational version of BiGe-Onto encoded in OWL 2, and (iv) an integrated dataset for its exploitation through a SPARQL endpoint. We will show use cases that allow researchers to answer questions that manage information from both domains. (shrink)

Possibilistic states of information are fuzzy sets of possible worlds. They constitute a complete lattice, which can be endowed with a monoidal operation (a t-norm) to produce a quantal. An algebraic semantics is presented which links possibilistic formulae with information states, and gives a natural interpretation of logical connectives as operations on fuzzy sets. Due to the quantal structure of information states, we obtain a system which shares several features with (exponential-free) intuitionistic linear logic. Soundness and completeness are proved, parametrically (...) on the choice of the t-norm operation. (shrink)

In the Iambs of Gregory of Nazianzus occur many hiatuses: this might suggest that his verses had been composed with carelessness. In fact, if we examine the various kinds of hiatuses, we notice that some of them should not be considered as such, because they occur after words, or along with iuncturae, that usually admit them. There remains, however, a considerable number of hiatus in caesura. The article strives to demonstrate that these hiatuses are due to the imitation of the (...) well-known hiatus in trocaic caesura in the hexameter, which was allowed since Homer’s age. As a matter of fact, in some cases, the same words that produce a hiatus after a trochaic caesura in Homer show an identical one after a caesura in Gregory’s trimeters. Moreover, hexameter and iambic trimeter were frequently juxtaposed by the late ancient metric-grammatical tradition. The article further analyzes the occurence of the hiatus in caesura in the Byzantine dodecasyllables, which, among other reasons, might be due also to the influence of Gregory in Byzantine poetry. (shrink)

The ‘standard picture of meaning’ suggests that natural languages are composed of two different kinds of words: concrete words whose meaning rely on observable properties of external objects and abstract words which are essentially linguistic constructs. In this study, we challenge this picture and support a new view of the nature and composition of abstract concepts suggesting that they also rely to a greater or lesser degree on body-related information. Specifically, we support a version of this new view which we (...) call “x-ception theory” maintaining that abstract concepts are based on internal information of a proprioceptive, interoceptive and affective kind. Secondly, we address a methodological issue concerning the so-called concreteness and imageability measures, two tools that are widely used in (mainly psycholinguistic) empirical research to assess the degree of concreteness of specific words. On the basis of this analysis we argue that—even though the classical concreteness and imageability measures were developed in relation to the standard picture of meaning—they can also be used in the new framework of x-ception theory. In particular, we suggest that the discrepancy between these two measures provides a clue as to whether a word relies on internal information. By contrast, we argue that a new measure for concreteness recently proposed in order to address some problems with the old measure is completely inappropriate for this aim. (shrink)

The deep operation of androcentrism in scientific argumentation demands recognition as a form of fallacy. On Walton’s account, fallacies are serious mistakes in argumentation that employ presumptions acceptable in other circumstances. There are only isolated cases in which androcentric pre-sumptions are acceptable, and I argue that androcentrism affects an overarching theme of generalization in science rather than an isolated scheme. Androcentrism is related to other ways of treating privileged people as exemplary humans, whose negative impact on processes of argumentation can (...) be described as the fallacy of “appeal to the standard.”. (shrink)

El artículo aborda el concepto de subjetivación como otro modo de resistencia al poder desde el pensamiento de Michel Foucault. Para esto instala el problema en las dimensiones del saber/poder y su funcionamiento en los dispositivos concretos, y como éstos remiten a un diagrama de fuerzas puras. Teniendo en consideración estos antecedentes, el texto intenta desplazar la resistencia hacia otro lugar, el que va más allá de la clásica relación poder/contrapoder; es en este sentido que la resistencia aparece como un (...) pliegue de la fuerza que encuentra en la subjetivación una efectuación que disloca la visión común de este concepto. Palabras clave: Resistencia - Subjetivación - Diagrama - Dispositivos. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre o racismo institucional que é perpetuado na manutenção da cobrança do Imposto sobre a Propriedade Territorial Urbana (IPTU) aos terreiros no município de Poções, na Bahia, bem como sobre a necessidade da implementação de políticas públicas e de uma hermenêutica jurídica decolonial que valorizem a cultura afrodiaspórica. O estudo se ancorou à luz da Constituição Federal de 1988, trazendo destaque para a discussão do racismo dentro das políticas públicas, os conceitos de tributo e (...) de imunidade tributária como um processo político e de decolonialidade. O percurso metodológico trilhou por uma abordagem qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico, com base na legislação brasileira e em artigos científicos, dissertações e livros disponibilizados pela Internet. O recorte temporal corresponde aos dois últimos exercícios 2021 e 2022 para cobrança do IPTU dos imóveis urbanos do município de Poções. Por fim, considera-se que a insistente cobrança do IPTU em espaços de culto religioso de matriz africana, contrariando o cumprimento da Constituição federal de 1988 repercute os fortes resquícios patriarcais e racistas em que a sociedade brasileira ainda perpetua em suas práticas cotidianas. (shrink)

Cet article expose le problème de l’identité personnelle chez Paul Ricoeur, à partir de Temps et récit et Soi-même comme un autre, en abordant, succinctement, des positions philosophiques qui affirment ce que Ricoeur caracterise comme identité en tant que permanence dans le temps (mêmeté), au contraire de l’identité en tant que mutable et diverse dans le temps (ipséité), qui va à la rencontre de sa thèse de l’identité narrative. Ensuite, nous indiquons la limitation de la narrative pour rendre compte du (...) problème de l’identité personnelle devant le possible effacement de soi-même dans le cadre narratif et persévérance dans le cadre éthique avec le concepte de promesse. Enfin, l’article est conclu avec l’exposition de l’approximation que Ricoeur réalise du concept de promesse en tant que speech act et comme pouvoir de promettre, et le rapport avec le concept de responsabilité qui découle de cela. (shrink)

Penelope Maddy has recently addressed the set-theoretic multiverse, and expressed reservations on its status and merits ([Maddy, 2017]). The purpose of the paper is to examine her concerns, by using the interpretative framework of set-theoretic naturalism. I first distinguish three main forms of 'multiversism', and then I proceed to analyse Maddy's concerns. Among other things, I take into account salient aspects of multiverse-related mathematics , in particular, research programmes in set theory for which the use of the multiverse seems to (...) be crucial, and show how one may provide responses to Maddy's concerns based on a careful analysis of 'multiverse practice'. (shrink)

Some Contemporary Views Claudio Corradetti ... A more complete history of the relation between modern humanitarianism and human rights remains to be written, and would have to identify the points at which each arose, when they ...

Embracing an inter-disciplinary approach grounded on Gärdenfors’ theory of conceptual spaces, we introduce a formal framework to analyse and compare selected theories about technical artefacts present in the literature. Our focus is on design-oriented approaches where both designing and manufacturing activities play a crucial role. Intentional theories, like Kroes’ dual nature thesis, are able to solve disparate problems concerning artefacts but they face both the philosophical challenge of clarifying the ontological nature of intentional properties, and the empirical challenge of testing (...) the attribution of such intentional properties to artefacts. To avoid these issues, we propose an approach that, by identifying different modalities to characterise artefact types, does not commit to intentional qualities and is able to empirically ground compliance tests. (shrink)