In the past ten years, work by K€olbel, MacFarlane, Richard and others has rekindled old debates on relativism. In this important contribution to those debates, the authors defend a ‘mainstream’ view about the contents of thought and talk that they call Simplicity against the assaults from such ‘analytic relativists’.

A Critical Study of the Mahavastu. Telwatte Rahula. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1978. xv-435 pp. Rs 90.

This paper is a critical study of Quassim Cassam’s Self-Knowledge for Humans (Oxford University Press, 2014). Cassam claims that theorists who emphasize the “transparency” of questions about our own attitudes to questions about the wider world are committed to an excessively rationalistic conception of human thought. I dispute this, and make some clarificatory points about how to understand the relevant notion of “transparency”. I also argue that Cassam’s own “inferentialist” account of attitudinal self-knowledge entails an unacceptable alienation from (...) our own attitudes. In closing, I make some brief remarks on the value of understanding privileged self-knowledge, and how this topic is connected with more general questions about the nature of subjectivity. (shrink)

Study on perception (pratyakṣa) according to the Nyāyabhūṣaṇa, an autocommentary by Bhāsarvajña, 10th century Kashmiri scholar, on his Nyāyasāra, aphorisms on the Hindu philosophy of logic (Nyāya).

The nascent church in Jerusalem represented in Acts 6 verses 1–3 was promptly challenged by the problem of inequity and lack of fair play among the various stakeholders and such disaffection reached a situation of murmur and open agitation. This challenge to the apostles was a threat to the consolidation of the already established Christian community in Jerusalem and its spread to the whole world. Something must be done to arrest the situation or the Church runs the risk of disintegration. (...) Having some moral lessons drawn from the pericope at the back of the mind, one notices that recently there has been a clamour by the different geopolitical groups in Nigeria to restructure the Nigerian political system. The clamour is based on the failed position of post-war federalism to give all parts of Nigeria’s pluralistic society a fair and equal representation which hitherto was meant to stop Nigeria from another civil war or the cry for cessation by one region or another. The church, as an impartial umpire in the art of politics, should, in the midst of the turmoil, serve as the conscience of the masses, pressing hard to the actualisation of the demands of the masses. The study, through historical-critical method of biblical scholarship with Form criticism, analysed that situation of agitation to inequality and gross misrepresentation in the book of Acts 6:1–3, pressing to offer vital lessons to Nigeria in her quest for political restructuring. It concluded by finding out that Nigeria’s pluralistic nature, when restructured, should be a catalyst for global vision attainment and sustainable development. (shrink)

The purpose of this article was to highlight the importance of tradition criticism as a significant aspect of the exegetical study of any Old Testament text. Different traditions existed in ancient Israel, and the Chronicler emphasised or underemphasised some of these in 1 Chronicles 21. The above-mentioned practices highlight the theology and ideology that the Chronicler wanted to promote. The Chronicler emphasised certain traditions and underemphasised others in such a way that both the theology and ideology of the Jerusalem (...) Temple stood out. The Jerusalem Temple represented the Chronicler’s theology and his image of God – which was that Yahweh is only to be worshipped in the Jerusalem Temple, that he has chosen the site as the place for worship and that he is dwelling there. The findings of this research caution against reading and understanding a text outside its unique historical context. This is because the Old Testament does not have a central theme or one theology.Contribution: This article contributes to the focus in HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies with regard to the notion ‘historical thought’, covering textual and hermeneutical studies as expressed in the Hebrew Scriptures. The hermeneutical method of tradition criticism is applied in this article, forming part of the scope of this journal to embrace critical textual readings. (shrink)

In this paper, I will analyze and critically evaluate 20th century American philosopher Robert Nozick’s position regarding utilitarianism; how he refutes utilitarianism with reference to two new concepts called “Experience Machine” and “Utility Monster”. I will argue that if we were given the option of entering into an experience machine as Nozick presented in his book Anarchy State and Utopia, in which we can create a new better life for ourselves, then it would be irrational to refuse the option. I (...) will then reply to Nozick’s objection regarding utilitarianism within his concept of utility monster, where he argued that accepting the theory of utilitarianism causes the necessary acceptance of a utility monster, that is, the condition that some people would use this doctrine to justify the exploitation of others. I will argue here that giving “happy units” to weak utility monsters can bring about wonderful result. All my arguments are formed within utilitarian consequentialist framework. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#61-62; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2017 P 165-176. (shrink)

This is a critical notice of Stewart Shapiro's 1997 book, Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology.

... parmi les meilleurs raisonneurs et les plus profonds metaphysiciens de son siecle." This prophecy of Rousseau's has been only partially fulfilled. ...

Commented article: CHEN, Y. Critical Study from the Enlightenment Thought to the Cultural Industry: From Adorno’s Perspective. Trans/Form/Ação: revista de filosofia da Unesp, v. 47, n. 4, “Eastern thought”, e0240054, 2024. Available at: https://revistas.marilia.unesp.br/index.php/transformacao/article/view/14626.

ALBERT SHALOM PROPOSES that a framework for understanding mind and personal identity more adequate than either idealistic or traditional materialistic frameworks can be found in a quasi-materialist theory. In The Body/mind Conceptual Framework and the Problem of Personal Identity he criticizes most formulations of the materialist thesis, yet maintains that the physical has in a sense to be taken as ontologically primary. His is a dialectical concept of matter: a concept related to two types of time, linear and what he (...) calls "quasi-nonlinear time." The formulations of the notions of time and of the physical develop through his criticisms and what he calls "the elaboration of those basic conditions without which it would be impossible, in my view, to even conceive of an ultimately convincing theory of what we call 'the person'." The elaboration turns out to imply physicalism, but an ontologically opaque physicalism. This opacity is based on an analysis of physical existence per se as incomprehensible. (shrink)

Original reading of Heidegger suggesting what his project could mean for building an ethical way of life now and in the future.

그리스도교 신앙은 주관적 신념이나 가치의 문제이지 사실이나진리의 문제는 아니라는 전통적인 주장에 맞서 레슬리 뉴비긴은복음이 공적 진리라고 주장한다. 이를 정당화하기 위해 그는 다음과 같은 논증들을 펼친다. 먼저 ‘이성’이 하나의 ‘기능’임을 환기시킨다. ‘계시냐 이성이냐’의 문제는 진리의 원천 문제가 아니라 이성이 어떤 데이터를 가지고 작동하느냐의 문제이다. 나아가 신앙의진리는 기존의 지배적인 타당성 구조인 과학과 완전히 다른 출발점으로부터 성립하는 독자적이고 대안적인 타당성 구조이며, 따라서 과학에 의해 검증되고 정당화되어야 하는 그런 종속적인 것이아니다. 그리고 그리스도교 신앙은 단순히 신념과 헌신에 의해서가 아니라 ‘부활’이라는 역사적 사실에서 출발하는, 세상에 대한 (...) 이성적이고 합리적인 설명체계이다. 그러나 이러한 그의 논의들은 ‘복음이 진리’라는 주장이라기보다는 ‘복음을 진리라고 믿어야 한다’는 주장에 가까운 것으로 보인다. 그가 말하는 ‘공적 진리’란 그것을 타당성 구조로 삼는 공동체를전제로 하는 개념이기 때문이다. 다시 말해 그가 말하는 공적 진리는 사람들의 인정이나 동의 여부와는 무관하게 성립하는 실재에대한 객관적 진리가 아니라 그것을 진리로 여기며 살아가는 사람들의 공동체에 의해서 그리고 그 공동체 내에서만 객관적으로 참되다고 인정받는 것이다. 그러므로 복음이 공적 진리라는 레슬리 뉴비긴의 논의는 신앙의진리를 사적 차원의 것으로 간주하는 소극적이고 反지성주의적 태도를 넘어선다는 점에서 긍정적이지만, 여전히 그리스도교 신앙의진리를 객관적 진리로 확립하는 데 성공적인 변증으로 보기는 어렵다는 한계를 지닌다. (shrink)

본 논문은 플라톤의 주저 『국가』를 중심으로 하여 그의 교육론을 구체적으로 살펴보면서, 그 속에 담겨 있는 교육적 시사점을 해명해 보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 플라톤에 있어서 국가나 사회 혹은 공동체를 올바르게 건설하는 문제는 교육 의 문제와 직결되어 있다. 왜 냐하면 그는 정치 문제의 핵심이 장래의 통치자와 시민들로 하여금 폴리스의 일원으로서 자신의 능력을 제대로 발휘하도록 교육하는 일에 있다고 믿었기 때문이다. 이러한 플라톤 의 교육론은 무려 2,500년 전의 교육체계임에도 불구하고 오늘날 우리에게 다양한 교육적 시사점을 주고 있다. 그렇다면 과연 그의 교육론이 오늘날 우리에게 시사하는 (...) 바는 무 엇일까. 이러한 물음에 답하기 위해 우리는 다음과 같은 순서로 논의를 개진해 보고자 한 다. 먼저, 2장에서는 플라톤의 사상에서 인식론과 교육론이 어떠한 관계에 있는지를 간략 히 살펴보고자 한다. 이는 그의 인식단계와 교육내용 영역이 밀접한 관련이 있음을 보여주 기 위함이다. 다음으로 3장에서는 2장의 내용을 토대로 그가 국가 에서 제시하는 교육론 에 대해 체계적으로 소개해 보고자 한다. 즉, 3장에서는 그 당시 플라톤이 계획했던 전체 교육체계를 제시하면서, 시민과 통치자를 위한 그의 교육과정과 교육내용을 드러내보고자 한다. 이어서 4장에서는 3장에서 제시한 플라톤의 교육론에 대해 그것을 교육 목적, 교육 내용, 그리고 교육 방법이라는 세 측면을 통해 비판적으로 검토해봄으로써, 그것이 오늘날 우리에게 어떠한 시사점을 제공해주는지 밝혀보고자 한다. (shrink)

Emptiness Appraised. A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy. David F. Burton. Curzon Press, Richmond 1999. XV, 233 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0 7007 1066 3.

Available from UMI in association with The British Library. Requires signed TDF. ;The thesis focusses on the question of the coherence of the notion of a "criterion" which has enjoyed considerable currency in the contemporary Philosophy of Language and Mind. The text is divided into three parts, each of which deals with a particular aspect of the notion of a criterion, or of theories of criteria. Part One consists of Chapters 1, 2 and 3 and explores the question of the (...) origins of the notion and of theories concerning it. Wittgenstein's later work is widely recognized as the notion's point of origin and for that reason I examine Wittgenstein's use of the term "criterion" and the philosophy of language which is the proper context of the notion as employed by that author. I then present my own account of the significance of the notion to Wittgenstein, and the role of the notion in his later thought. Part Two consists of Chapters 4 and 5 which examine the place of the notion in the contemporary Philosophy of Language and offer a critical account of much recent work in that field. Finally, in Part Three, I concentrate on the question of the coherence of the notion. The sixth Chapter deals mainly with epistemological issues of relevance but also involves some formal work together with some discussion of the ramifications of the notion, correctly understood, in the Philosophy of Mind. Chapter Seven suggests a formal, logical framework in which criterial reasoning patterns can be usefully mapped and also attempts to demonstrate an inherent flexibility of format which might allow for contrastive comparisons with other modes of reasoning. (shrink)

LECTURE NOTES MAY BE "MURKY SOURCES," yet during the past decade "murky" manuscripts have been instrumental in the publication of many of Heidegger's own legendary lectures during the years between the world wars. To be sure, the Heidegger of these lectures is very much, as he puts it, "under way." His motto for the complete edition of his works reads: "Ways--not works." Nevertheless, as might be expected from lectures, the wording is simpler, the style more casual, and the chain of (...) thoughts more suited to an introduction than is the thick prose of Holzwege, Wegmarken, or Unterwegs zur Sprache. In this respect at least, a certain similarity to Hegel's lectures within the Hegelian corpus is indisputable. (shrink)

PosyCarl J.* *. _ Mathematical Intuitionism. _ Cambridge Elements in the Philosophy of Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. 106. ISBN: 978-1-108-72302-2 ; 978-1-108-67448-5. doi.org/10.1017/ 9781108674485.

Resumen: El negocio cultural proporciona a la gente productos culturales estandarizados y estilizados con fines políticos específicos, transformándose en un arma de gobierno ideológica falsa y engañosa que paraliza la conciencia pública y elimina la individualidad, así como en cómplice del gobierno centralizado. La industria cultural sofoca la creatividad cultural y la individualidad humana para apoyar la autoridad capitalista mediante la infiltración ideológica. El objetivo de este artículo es promover la cultura al tiempo que se critica la industria cultural. El (...) papel del pensamiento ilustrado era principalmente cumplir una función de crítica cultural, logrando una transformación creativa de la supervivencia humana en la crítica y fomentando así la producción de un nuevo tema. En consecuencia, a la hora de analizar la crítica del pensamiento ilustrado sobre el negocio cultural, es crucial establecer el significado esencial de la teoría crítica de Adorno sobre la industria cultural. Este artículo intenta reinterpretar la crítica de la industria cultural introduciendo ideas ilustradas. El pensamiento ilustrado es inicialmente discordante, aunque engloba métodos de comprensión totalmente distintos. Estas dos perspectivas y tensiones opuestas surgirán sin duda dialécticamente en el futuro proceso de desarrollo histórico, y la crítica de la industria cultural puede desempeñar un papel esencial en el fomento de la construcción cultural. (shrink)

본 논문의 목표는 라우파흐-스트레이가 넬손과 헥크만의 전통에 따라 계승·발전된 ‘소크라테스 대화’의 이론적 근거로 제시한 ‘소크라테스적 전형’을 플라톤에 의해 전승된 ‘소크라테스 철학’으로부터 어떻게 이론적으로 정당화될 수 있는지를 비판적으로 고찰하 는 것이다. 이를 위해 필자는 ‘소크라테스 대화’와 관련해서 ‘소크라테스적 전형’이 제시 된 이유를 우선 살펴보고, 9가지 요소들로 구성된 ‘소크라테스적 전형’을 하나씩 소개한 후, 이를 ‘플라톤의 소크라테스’를 통해 정당화할 것이다. ‘소크라테스적 전형’의 9가지 요소들은 다음과 같다. (1) 철학함의 장소로서 아고라: 소크라테스 대화의 개방성과 공공 성, (2) 경험에 근거를 둠: 소크라테스 대화의 방법론적 원리, (3) (...) 반독단주의: 가르침에 대한 포기, (4) 이성의 자기 신뢰: 로고스-원칙, (5) 산파술: 소크라테스 대화의 절차, (6) 정당화 계획: 역행적 추상과 상기설, (7) 진리 합의의 대화 목적: 인간적 지혜와 오류가능 성주의, (8) 대화 공동체: 진리 탐구와 진리 합의의 주체, (9) 인간상: 수평적 인간관계. (shrink)

Ask a philosopher what a proof is, and you’re likely to get an answer hii empaszng one or another regimentationl of that notion in terms of a finite sequence of formalized statements, each of which is either an axiom or is derived from an axiom by certain inference rules. (Wecan call this the formal conception of proof) Ask a mathematician what a proof is, and you will rbbl poay get a different-looking answer. Instead of stressing a partic- l uar regimented (...) notion of proof, the answer the mathematician will give ilikl.. (shrink)