Results for 'Discrimination '

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  1. Relevant alternatives, perceptual knowledge and discrimination.Duncan Pritchard - 2010 - Noûs 44 (2):245-268.
    This paper examines the relationship between perceptual knowledge and discrimination in the light of the so-called ‘relevant alternatives’ intuition. It begins by outlining an intuitive relevant alternatives account of perceptual knowledge which incorporates the insight that there is a close connection between perceptual knowledge and the possession of relevant discriminatory abilities. It is argued, however, that in order to resolve certain problems that face this view, it is essential to recognise an important distinction between favouring and discriminating epistemic support (...)
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  2. Born Free and Equal? A Philosophical Inquiry Into the Nature of Discrimination.Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen - 2013 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    This book addresses these three issues: What is discrimination?; What makes it wrong?; What should be done about wrongful discrimination? It argues: that there are different concepts of discrimination; that discrimination is not always morally wrong and that when it is, it is so primarily because of its harmful effects.
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  3.  20
    Research on Chinese Consumers’ Attitudes Analysis of Big-Data Driven Price Discrimination Based on Machine Learning.Jun Wang, Tao Shu, Wenjin Zhao & Jixian Zhou - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 12:803212.
    From the end of 2018 in China, the Big-data Driven Price Discrimination (BDPD) of online consumption raised public debate on social media. To study the consumers’ attitude about the BDPD, this study constructed a semantic recognition frame to deconstruct the Affection-Behavior-Cognition (ABC) consumer attitude theory using machine learning models inclusive of the Labeled Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Snow Natural Language Processing (NLP), based on social media comments text dataset. Similar to the questionnaires published results, (...)
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  4. Beyond bias and discrimination: redefining the AI ethics principle of fairness in healthcare machine-learning algorithms.Benedetta Giovanola & Simona Tiribelli - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (2):549-563.
    The increasing implementation of and reliance on machine-learning (ML) algorithms to perform tasks, deliver services and make decisions in health and healthcare have made the need for fairness in ML, and more specifically in healthcare ML algorithms (HMLA), a very important and urgent task. However, while the debate on fairness in the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) and in HMLA has grown significantly over the last decade, the very concept of fairness as an ethical value has not yet been sufficiently (...)
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  5. Stealing Bread and Sleeping Beneath Bridges - Indirect Discrimination as Disadvantageous Equal Treatment.Frej Klem Thomsen - 2015 - Moral Philosophy and Politics 2 (2):299-327.
    The article analyses the concept of indirect discrimination, arguing first that existing conceptualisations are unsatisfactory and second that it is best understood as equal treatment that is disadvantageous to the discriminatees because of their group-membership. I explore four ways of further refining the definition, arguing that only an added condition of moral wrongness is at once plausible and helpful, but that it entails a number of new problems that may outweigh its benefits. Finally, I suggest that the moral wrongness (...)
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  6. Does Race Best Explain Racial Discrimination?Keshav Singh & Daniel Wodak - 2023 - Philosophers' Imprint 23.
    Our concern in this paper lies with a common argument from racial discrimination to realism about races: some people are discriminated against for being members of a particular race (i.e., racial discrimination exists), so some people must be members of that race (i.e., races exist). Error theorists have long responded that we can explain racial discrimination in terms of racial attitudes alone, so we need not explain it in terms of race itself. But to date there has (...)
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  7.  33
    Identity and Discrimination.Roy A. Sorensen - 1992 - Philosophical Quarterly 42 (166):95-98.
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  8.  28
    Unconfounding time and number discrimination in a Mechner counting schedule.Donald M. Wilkie, Janet B. Webster & Leslie G. Leader - 1979 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 13 (6):390-392.
  9. But Some Groups Are More Equal Than Others: A Critical Review of the Group-Criterion in the Concept of Discrimination.Frej Klem Thomsen - 2013 - Social Theory and Practice 39 (1):120-146.
    In this article I critically examine a standard feature in conceptions of discrimination: the group-criterion, specifically the idea that there is a limited and definablegroup of traits that can form the basis of discrimination. I review two types of argument for the criterion. One focuses on inherently relevant groups and relies ultimately on luck-egalitarian principles; the other focuses on contextually relevant groups and relies ultimately on the badness of outcomes. I conclude that as neither type of argument is (...)
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  10.  26
    Similarity and discrimination: A selective review and a connectionist model.John M. Pearce - 1994 - Psychological Review 101 (4):587-607.
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  11. Three Lessons For and From Algorithmic Discrimination.Frej Klem Thomsen - 2023 - Res Publica (2):1-23.
    Algorithmic discrimination has rapidly become a topic of intense public and academic interest. This article explores three issues raised by algorithmic discrimination: 1) the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination, 2) the notion of disadvantageous treatment, and 3) the moral badness of discriminatory automated decision-making. It argues that some conventional distinctions between direct and indirect discrimination appear not to apply to algorithmic discrimination, that algorithmic discrimination may often be discrimination between groups, as opposed (...)
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  12. Immigrant Selection, Health Requirements, and Disability Discrimination.Douglas MacKay - 2018 - Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 14 (1).
    Australia, Canada, and New Zealand currently apply health requirements to prospective immigrants, denying residency to those with health conditions that are likely to impose an “excessive demand” on their publicly funded health and social service programs. In this paper, I investigate the charge that such policies are wrongfully discriminatory against persons with disabilities. I first provide a freedom-based account of the wrongness of discrimination according to which discrimination is wrong when and because it involves disadvantaging people in the (...)
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  13.  50
    Implications of Customary Practices on Gender Discrimination in Land Ownership in Cameroon.Lotsmart Fonjong, Irene Fokum Sama-Lang & Lawrence Fon Fombe - 2012 - Ethics and Social Welfare 6 (3):260-274.
    Africa, before European colonization, knew no other form of legal system outside customary arrangements. Based on secondary sources and a primary survey conducted between 2009 and 2010 on the situation of women and land rights in anglophone Cameroon, this paper examines the grounds for discrimination in customary laws against women's rights to land in the context of legal pluralism, and discusses the implications of this custom of gender discrimination. In drawing from Cameroon as an exemplar, it concludes that (...)
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  14.  79
    Is self-discrimination disrespectful?Andreas Bengtson & Viki Møller Lyngby Pedersen - forthcoming - The Journal of Ethics:1-20.
    Victims of oppressive (e.g., sexist, racist or ableist) structures sometimes internalize the unjust norms that prevail in society. This can cause these victims to develop preferences or make deci-sions that seem bad for them. Focusing on such cases, we ask: is self-discrimination disrespectful? We show that some of the most sophisticated respect theories fail to provide any clear guidance. Specifically, we show that the widely recognized view that respect has two dimensions—an interest dimension and an autonomy dimension—delivers completely opposite (...)
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  15.  15
    Pupillary responses reveal infants’ discrimination of facial emotions independent of conscious perception.Sarah Jessen, Nicole Altvater-Mackensen & Tobias Grossmann - 2016 - Cognition 150 (C):163-169.
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  16.  27
    Making Structural Discrimination Visible: A Call for Intersectional Bioethics.Sabine Salloch & Lisa Brünig - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 22 (3):42-44.
    In her evocative article “Meeting the Moment: Bioethics in the Time of Black Lives Matter,” Camisha Russell comprehensively illustrates why racism should be considered an important bioethica...
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  17.  36
    Cost-Effectiveness and the Avoidance of Discrimination in Healthcare: Can We Have Both?Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen - 2023 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32 (2):202-215.
    Many ethical theorists believe that a given distribution of healthcare is morally justified only if (1) it is cost-effective and (2) it does not discriminate against older adults and disabled people. However, if (3) cost-effectiveness involves maximizing the number of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) added by a given unit of healthcare resource, or cost, it seems the pursuit of cost-effectiveness will inevitably discriminate against older adults and disabled patients. I show why this trilemma is harder to escape than some theorists think. (...)
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  18.  27
    Influence of the spatial relationships between the cue, reward, and response in discrimination learning.Robert E. Miller & John V. Murphy - 1964 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 67 (2):120.
  19.  27
    Conditioned inhibition and excitation in operant discrimination learning.Paul L. Brown & Herbert M. Jenkins - 1967 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 75 (2):255.
  20.  30
    The Little Brown Woman: Gender Discrimination in American Medicine.Wasudha Bhatt - 2013 - Gender and Society 27 (5):659-680.
    Drawing on 121 in-depth interviews with first- and second-generation women and men physicians of Indian origin in the U.S. Southwest, I examine the incidence and nature of gender-based discrimination in American medicine. I focus on two aspects: gender discrimination by employers and colleagues against women physicians of Indian origin and the interaction of gender discrimination with race in the professional lives of first- and second-generation physicians. U.S. healthcare has become increasingly dependent on immigrants, in particular women physicians, (...)
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  21.  15
    Transfer of training following errorless discrimination learning.Ingo Keilitz & Jerome Frieman - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (2):293.
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  22.  63
    What we do not know about racial/ethnic discrimination in end-of-life treatment decisions.Ellen W. Bernal - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (5):21 – 23.
    Wojtasiewicz (2006) raises an intriguing and concerning possibility: that end-of-life conflict resolution processes—“futility” policies—may compound discrimination against African Americans, who ha...
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  23.  56
    Family Responsibility Discrimination, Power Distance, and Emotional Exhaustion: When and Why are There Gender Differences in Work–Life Conflict?Tiffany Trzebiatowski & María del Carmen Triana - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 162 (1):15-29.
    As men take on more family responsibilities over time, with women still shouldering considerably more childcare and housework, an important ethical matter facing organizations is that of providing a supportive environment to foster employee well-being and balance between work and family. Using conservation of resources theory, this multi-source study examines the association between perceived family responsibility discrimination and work–life conflict as mediated by emotional exhaustion. Employee gender and power distance values are tested as moderators of the perceived family responsibility (...)
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  24.  15
    Experimental extinction and drive during extinction in a discrimination habit.Joseph R. Cautela - 1956 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 51 (5):299.
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  25.  26
    Massed and distributed item repetition in verbal discrimination learning.Donald S. Ciccone - 1973 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 101 (2):396.
  26.  24
    Extinction and response competition in original and interpolated learning of a visual discrimination.Robert G. Crowder, Michael Cole & Richard Boucher - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (3p1):422.
  27. No Disrespect - But That Account Does Not Explain the Badness of Discrimination.Frej Klem Thomsen - 2022 - Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 23 (3):420-447.
    The article explores one prominent account of what makes discrimination morally bad (when it is) – the disrespect-based account. The article first reviews and clarifies the account, arguing that it is most charitably understood as the claim that discrimination is morally bad when the discriminator gives lower weight to reasons grounded in the moral status of the discriminatee(s) in her decision-making. It then presents three challenges to the account, and reviews a recent argument in defense of it. The (...)
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  28.  22
    Bimodal Patterning Discrimination in Harnessed Honey Bees.Breno E. Mansur, Jean R. V. Rodrigues & Theo Mota - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  29. Is racial discrimination arbitrary?Peter Singer - 1978 - Philosophia 8 (2-3):185-203.
  30.  28
    Black nurses in action: A social movement to end racism and discrimination.Angela Cooper Brathwaite, Dania Versailles, Daria A. Juüdi-Hope, Maurice Coppin, Keisha Jefferies, Renee Bradley, Racquel Campbell, Corsita T. Garraway, Ola A. T. Obewu, Cheryl LaRonde-Ogilvie, Dionne Sinclair, Brittany Groom, Harveer Punia & Doris Grinspun - 2022 - Nursing Inquiry 29 (1).
    We bear witness to a sweeping social movement for change—fostered and driven by a powerful group of Black nurses and nursing students determined to call out and dismantle anti‐Black racism and discrimination within the profession of nursing. The Black Nurses Task Force, launched by the Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) in July 2020, is building momentum for long‐standing change in the profession by critically examining the racist and discriminatory history of nursing, listening to and learning from the lived (...)
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  31.  66
    T. W. Moore on the ethics of discrimination.Ian Gregory - 1983 - Journal of Philosophy of Education 17 (1):127–130.
    Ian Gregory; T. W. Moore on the Ethics of Discrimination, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Volume 17, Issue 1, 30 May 2006, Pages 127–130, https://doi.org/10.
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  32.  91
    The indirect gender discrimination of skill-selective immigration policies.Desiree Lim - 2019 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 22 (7):906-928.
  33.  16
    Position mediated transfer between serial learning and a spatial discrimination task.Sheldon M. Ebenholtz - 1963 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 65 (6):603.
  34.  62
    Is the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act Guilty of Disability Discrimination?S. Hall - 2013 - South African Journal of Philosophy 32 (1):36-46.
    South Africa’s Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996 implicitly expresses the attitude that the prenatal detection of foetal abnormality justifies selective abortion, even at a stage when abortion is in general morally prohibited. It will be argued that this attitude is logically incompatible with a simultaneous commitment to non-discrimination against persons with disabilities, in that the Act makes allowance for the subjection of beings that are considered to be morally significant, but that exhibit disabling characteristics, to worse (...)
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  35.  14
    Reducing Generalization of Conditioned Fear: Beneficial Impact of Fear Relevance and Feedback in Discrimination Training.Katharina Herzog, Marta Andreatta, Kristina Schneider, Miriam A. Schiele, Katharina Domschke, Marcel Romanos, Jürgen Deckert & Paul Pauli - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Anxiety patients over-generalize fear, possibly because of an incapacity to discriminate threat and safety signals. Discrimination trainings are promising approaches for reducing such fear over-generalization. Here we investigated the efficacy of a fear-relevant vs. a fear-irrelevant discrimination training on fear generalization and whether the effects are increased with feedback during training. Eighty participants underwent two fear acquisition blocks, during which one face, but not another face, was associated with a female scream. During two generalization blocks, both CSs plus (...)
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  36.  31
    Effects of interstimulus interval and discrimination learning in eyelid conditioning using between- and within-ss designs.Gregory A. Kimble, Thomas B. Leonard & Lawrence C. Perlmuter - 1968 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 77 (4):652.
  37.  24
    Effects of variable-irrelevant dimensions on the discrimination reversal learning of nursery school children.J. Dennis Nolan & Leah V. Pendarvis - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 86 (3):428.
  38.  30
    Effects of instructions, schedules of reward, and magnitude of reward on the discrimination of acquisition and extinction phases of learning.Ronald K. Parker - 1967 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 75 (2):210.
  39.  51
    Solidarity, Genetic Discrimination, and Insurance.Veikko Launis - 2003 - Social Theory and Practice 29 (1):87-111.
  40. Conscientious objection and LGBTQ discrimination in the United States.Abram Brummett & Lisa Campo-Engelstein - 2021 - Journal of Public Health Policy 42 (2).
    Given recent legal developments in the United States, now is a critical time to draw attention to how ‘conscientious objection’ is sometimes used by health care providers to discriminate against the LGBTQ community. We review legal developments from 2019 and present several cases where health care providers used conscientious objection in ways that discriminate against the LGBTQ community, resulting in damaged trust by this underserved population. We then discuss two important conceptual points in this debate. The first involves the interpretation (...)
     
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  41.  36
    The Influence of Childhood Training on the Adulthood Rejection of Discrimination in Go Set a Watchman.Faeze Rezazade & Esmaeil Zohdi - 2017 - International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 76:15-24.
    Publication date: 30 March 2017 Source: Author: Faeze Rezazade, Esmaeil Zohdi Racial prejudice, injustice, and discrimination against people of colored skin, especially African Americans, has become a global issue since the twenty century. Blacks are deprived of their rights regardless of their human natures and are disenfranchised from White’s societies due to their skin color which has put them as inferior and clownish creatures in White’s point of view. Although many anti-racist effort and speeches has done to solve racist (...)
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  42.  21
    The duration of cutaneous sensation (I) and the improvement of its sensible discrimination by practice (II).K. C. Mukherjee - 1933 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 16 (2):339.
  43.  21
    Acquired (conditional) equivalence: A basis for response-set effects in verbal-discrimination reversal performance.Coleman Paul, Charles D. Hoffman & Stuart Dick - 1970 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (3):361.
  44.  63
    Beyond the comparative test for discrimination.Julian Jonker - 2019 - Analysis 79 (2):206-214.
    Discrimination is typically understood to be a comparative phenomenon: S is discriminated against on the basis of trait T if she would not have been treated in the same way if she did not possess T. But the comparative test for discrimination may hide from view some important cases: associational discrimination and stereotype policing. These cases show more clearly what is true of discrimination in general: that it involves a vicarious wrong, that is, an action which (...)
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  45.  65
    The Reverse Discrimination Controversy: A Moral and Legal Analysis.Justice and Reverse Discrimination.Michael D. Bayles, Robert K. Fullinwider & Alan H. Goldman - 1982 - Journal of Philosophy 79 (8):455.
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  46. Regulating Speech: Harm, Norms, and Discrimination.Daniel Wodak - 2024 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 1.
    Mary Kate McGowan’s Just Words offers an interesting account of exercitives. On McGowan’s view, one of the things we do with words is change what’s permitted, and we do this ubiquitously, without any special authority or specific intention. McGowan’s account of exercitives is meant to identify a mechanism by which ordinary speech is harmful, and which justifies the regulation of such speech. It is here that I part ways. I make three main arguments. First, McGowan’s focus on harm is misguided; (...)
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  47.  18
    (1 other version)Unblocking in a runway discrimination problem produced by a surprising reduction in S— reward magnitude: The role of generalization decrement.Steven J. Haggbloom - 1984 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 22 (1):63-66.
  48. Patterns that impair discrimination of line orientation in human vision.Christian Wehrhahnlf, Wu Li & Gerald Westheimer - 1996 - In Enrique Villanueva (ed.), Perception. Ridgeview Pub. Co. pp. 25--1053.
     
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  49.  21
    Application of a statistical model to simple discrimination learning in human subjects.W. K. Estes & C. J. Burke - 1955 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 50 (2):81.
  50.  14
    Some parallels between pupillary 'reflexes' and brightness discrimination.S. H. Bartley - 1943 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (2):110.
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