It is becoming clear that the post‐translational modification of histone and non‐histone proteins by acetylation is part of an important cellular signaling process controling a wide variety of functions in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Recent investigations designate this signaling pathway as one of the primary targets of viral proteins after infection. Indeed, specific viral proteins have acquired the capacity to interact with cellular acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) and consequently to disrupt normal acetylation signaling pathways, thereby affecting viral (...) and cellular gene expression. Here we review the targeting of cellular HATs and HDACs by viral proteins and highlight different strategies adopted by viruses to control cellular acetylation signaling and to accomplish their life cycle. BioEssays 25:58–65, 2003. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Il n’y a pas d’âge pour se poser des questions philosophiques et, très tôt, face à l’étonnement devant le monde, les enfants s’interrogent sur la vie, la mort et les relations humaines. L’enfant serait par excellence celui qui, selon l’expression de G. Deleuze, fait « l’idiot » et pose la question du pourquoi et de l’essence des choses en toute naïveté et intensité. La pratique de « la philosophie avec les enfants « se développe ainsi en Europe depuis une vingtaine (...) d'années. Cette pratique répond au besoin de démocratisation d’une discipline jugée trop souvent comme hermétique et élitiste. Dans le même temps, la littérature de jeunesse semble avoir pris en compte ces interrogations métaphysiques. Les programmes de littérature à l‘école primaire insistent d’ailleurs sur cette dimension des œuvres et incitent à des débats réflexifs. C’est dans cette brèche que tous ceux qui souhaitent une initiation précoce à la philosophie ont pu s’engouffrer pour mettre en place des séances dans les classes. Le monde de l‘enfance pourrait ainsi être aujourd’hui le pont qui permettrait de réconcilier deux disciplines dont l’histoire s’est trop longtemps écrite sous les signes de la concurrence et de la méfiance réciproques. Elles pourraient ainsi retrouver leur alliance originelle : au-delà des formes spécifiques qu’elles entretiennent avec le langage, elles sont toutes les deux des discours qui visent à donner sens et intelligibilité à notre existence. Disciplines trop longtemps conflictuelles, la littérature et la philosophie ne trouveraient-elles pas ainsi une nouvelle complémentarité grâce au développement conjoint de leur didactique avec les enfants? (shrink)

In this paper, I expound Philip Pettit’s political thought as an example of a ‘spontaneous and naturalistic’ view of politics and place his account within a liberal tradition of epistemological modesty which Pettit imagines he has transcended. To this end, I highlight the affinities between Pettit’s theory of freedom and a paradigmatically ‘modest’ social theory, namely, Hayek’s theory of the spontaneous social order. In light of the comparison with Hayek, I show that Pettit’s distinction between liberal and republican thought is (...) not as vivid as he suggests. My contention is that the republican ideal of freedom offers not so much the makings of a viable non-liberal theory of political association as the expression, under a ‘new’ language of citizenship, of specifically Hayekian intuitions that lie at the core of contemporary neoliberalism. (shrink)

Prenant le contre-pied de la plupart des commentaires actuels, Edwige Kacenelenbogen mène l'enquête sur l'effacement, voire la "disparition", du politique au sein des théories actuelles de la démocratie. Elle met en parallèle le principe libertarien d'ordre spontané élaboré par Friedrich von Hayek, avec les théories néorépublicaines de Philip Pettit, David Miller et Jean-Marc Ferry, pour démontrer que les perspectives néolibérale et républicaine se rejoignent dans une compréhension spontanéiste du politique. Le rôle de l'autorité politique devient ambigu, révélant ainsi la (...) faiblesse constitutive et l'apathie du modèle néorépublicain. Ce livre éclaire à la fois la profonde crise démocratique que traversent aujourd'hui la plupart des pays occidentaux, et le retrait actuel du politique au profit d'impératifs principalement économiques. Il explique en outre le paradoxe des citoyens que nous sommes, à la fois bien intentionnés et étrangement paralysés. (shrink)

This essay reflects on the concept of “hydropower” – the corrosive power of seawater to amalgamate Life and Nonlife in the context of migrant deaths in the waters of the Mediterranean. Through a focus on drowned bodies’ dissolution and eventual sedimentation into their deep-sea surroundings, my approach interrelates the order of biopolitical violence enacted by Europe’s restrictive migration policies and the thick time of the geophysical. The degradation of bodies under the influence of hydropower reveals residual ontologies marked by porousness (...) between embodied forms of Life and their geophysical environments, putting significant pressure on the putatively watertight divide between Life and Nonlife in the Anthropocene. Parsed from the lens of residuality, hydropower reveals humans’ full ontological coincidence with matter writ large, their endurance and solubility in geological life forces, but also the necessity to think agency in terms of human/inhuman continuity in excess of biopower’s regimenting forces. Against the attempted biopolitical suppression of a certain form of humanity, the residual dwelling enacted by hydropower champions the inclusion of new constellations of matter in our political thought processes. (shrink)

L’auteur présente le statut juridique de l’animal, les normes juridiques visant la protection de l’animal domestique, l’animal de compagnie et plus particulièrement les décisions de justice concernant le chien « dangereux ».

Health care resource distribution is a subject of debate among health policy analysts, economists, and philosophers. In the United States, there is a widening gap between the more-and less-advantaged socioeconomic sub-populations in terms of both health care resource distribution and outcomes. Conventional wisdom suggests that there is a tradeoff, a zero-sum game, between efficiency and fairness in the distribution of health care resources. Promoting fairness in the distribution of health care resources and outcomes is not efficient in terms of maximization (...) of a health outcome production function. On the other side of the coin, improving efficiency comes at the expense of fairness. Such conventional wisdom is supported in part by standard static Paretian welfare analysis. However, in this paper it is shown that in a dynamic setting in which there are efficiency gains in the health production function, fairness in distribution of health care resources can improve simultaneously. (shrink)

Tagba is a tone language that presents tonal patterns that appear quite regular at first glance. However, these are difficult to model under standard autosegmental hierarchical assumptions regarding the placement of skeleton, segments and tones. In this paper, we will present Tagba tonology and demonstrate that it can be accounted for by readjusting the tiers of hierarchization. From this, we reason that the proposed hierarchy is parametric and language specific.

"Comment faites-vous pour défendre l'assassin d'un enfant?" C'est souvent cette question que les avocats pénalistes entendent à propos de leur métier. L'avocat est représenté, dans la fiction, sous les traits d'un être ambigu, sans cesse sur le fil... La réalité est sans doute tout autre. C'est elle que ce livre tente d'approcher en comblant un manque dans les réflexions contemporaines de l'avocature. Rares sont, en effet, les travaux qui abordent l'éthique de l'avocat pénaliste. Quelles sont ses interrogations, ses incertitudes lorsqu'il (...) est confronté à des choix de défense? A travers une enquête menée auprès d'avocats, l'auteur s'intéresse aux intentions, aux pratiques quotidiennes effectives et aux enjeux de responsabilité du pénaliste. Comment les mutations juridiques et politiques de la défense pénale orientent-elles les valeurs de l'avocat et sa manière d'agir? Par-delà la dimension déontologique de son métier, quelles relations d'ordre éthique l'avocat entretient-il avec lui-même mais aussi avec l'autre : son client, qu'il soit prévenu, accusé ou victime, les jurés, les magistrats? Peut-on parler du rapport de l'avocat à la vérité? Cette vérité est-elle spécifique? Plurielle? Le procès équitable permet-il d'affirmer une égalité des armes devant la justice? Comment l'avocat peut-il construire des lignes de défense tout en restant partenaire de justice? En définitive, est-il possible de comprendre l'acte même de défense des actes extrêmes, des crimes monstrueux sans prendre conscience de la complexité d'une réflexion éthique? Avocats, magistrats, policiers, journalistes, bâtonniers, et bien sûr tous ceux qui se destinent à ces professions, et puis encore les citoyens qui s'intéressent à la justice et les citoyens qui la découvrent en tant que jurés, tous ceux-là, pour des raisons très diverses, tireront profit de la lecture de cet ouvrage. (shrink)

Les questions liées à la recherche et à l'enseignement en éthique constituent un vaste chantier qui doit être régulièrement réévalué. Dans ce second tome d'un état des lieux de la recherche et de l'enseignement en éthique, sont abordées des questions qui se posent dans le management, les nouvelles technologies, les pratiques sportives, les sciences du vivant, les situations d'injustice dans la vie professionnelle, le problème des migrations et celui de la vulnérabilité d'autrui. L'éthique ici n'est pas conçue uniquement comme une (...) réflexion savante, théorique, intellectuelle, discursive, mais dans une tension entre principes et expériences, entre réflexion et action. La réflexion éthique ne sert pas que de garde-fou à la recherche. Elle doit permettre d'innover en gardant en ligne de mire le mieux-être global de tous : mieux-être physique, psychique et spirituel à titre individuel, et mieux-être au sein de son environnement social à titre collectif. (shrink)

This study examines the endogenous relation between corporate social responsibility and tax avoidance by focusing on a common strategy of corporate tax avoidance, i.e., establishing entities in offshore tax havens. Using hand-collected data on a sample of U.S. firms, we find that firms’ CSR ratings increase substantially in the two years after they first open tax haven affiliates. We provide evidence by using the controlled foreign corporations look-through rule enacted by Congress in 2006 that facilitates offshore profit shifting. We find (...) that firms that are affected by the CFC legislation increase their CSR practices in response. Overall, our results are consistent with the risk management theory, which argues that firms hedge against the potential negative consequences of aggressive tax avoidance practices through an increase in positive CSR activities. (shrink)

Filmmaking with Artificial Intelligence Image Generation Models In just about one year, OpenAI’s release of ChatGPT 4 has caused panic in our daily lives. After a year, OpenAI introduced Sora, a moving image-generating model from text, similar to DALL-E for still images. Even though Sora is not yet available to the public, the very potential itself has raised issues in film production from the perspectives of producers and studios, as well as directors, actors, writers, and editors. In this chapter, the (...) role and expected impact of AI video generation technologies, such as OpenAI Sora and Stable Diffusion 3, will be considered in regard to filmmaking. To discuss these issues, it is necessary to further analyze the concept of artificial intelligence, what it means, and how it is misunderstood by the general public. These misunderstandings also lead to sci-fi fantasy and doomsday talk, adding nothing valuable to the debate. Once this concept is defined, the argument of why an artificial general intelligence akin to a human being is unlikely will be set, mostly referring to Hubert Dreyfus and David Chalmers. However, even though the good old-fashioned AI seems impossible, the AI tools we have now seem to be enough to cause many of the problems that the thought of a complete artificial intelligence also brings forth. It is important to treat these tools as tools and not entities in their current forms to focus on the more practical problems regarding human labor, interaction, and experience in the world. In this regard, it is important to look back in history to see how technology has shifted ways of making films. When thought of as such, it becomes clearer that these tools will likely not end human involvement in the practice of creating art but transform the methods and aesthetics of film production, challenging conventions in both artistic and commercial works in some ways and exaggerating them in others. Furthermore, the chapter will consist of the investigation of the impact of various AI tools on human creativity. Regarding human creativity, commercial films will most likely go through a paradigm shift. Production companies will most likely regard this shift as a way of improving performance and production. However, this advancement poses dire questions in the field and pursuit of creating art. AI tools help automate and accelerate the filmmaking process at the cost of filmmaking as an art form. The discussion will address why commercial filmmaking will see a paradigm shift and loss of some human labor, but in an optimistic world of philosophical thought, film as fine art will gain much in return. This is because AI tools in their current and foreseeable state are not capable of willing to make art due to their limitations regarding embodied cognition, experience, unconsciousness, and intuition. These things make us what we are more than we think. There is no better way to explain why human beings make art than to show how tools do not matter but the ideas and the will to do it. -/- . (shrink)

Sogo/Gakuryu Ishii is one of the pioneers of the punk/cyberpunk movement in Japanese cinema. Though his style changed throughout his career, his early films have been a great influence to filmmakers around the world. His unique filmic style presents questions, observations and interpretations regarding the role of violence as normalized in the daily lives of heavily marginalized punk youth portrayed in an amplified and stylized cyberpunk Japan. What is so captivating about Ishii's style and motivation is that he was not (...) only a filmmaker interested in making embellished political or social commentary, Ishii was also part of the emerging punk movement in Japan and several musicians of punk rock bands were also involved in his films. My main aim in my inquiry into Ishil's early films involves two parts regarding the same concept. The first is the ethical issues that arise both with portrayal of violence in films as well as the intention of such an endeavor in general. The second part is the way in which violence is made to be part of the film in terms of form and style. This may be interpreted as either glorifying and stylizing violence or showing that violence is nothing but a destructive force that the outcasts of society may not be able to escape. To the last statement Ishii seems to be silent but very active. What I mean by this is that the simplistic plot-lines of his early films are contrasted by heavy punk music, fast editing, constant moving camera and rage, fear and disappointment in the faces of the anti-heroes. (shrink)

The aim in this chapter is to explore the similarities and differences between the city symphony film genre of the 1920s and 1930s and the contemporary virtual city walking tours that are popular on YouTube these days, eventually discussing the change in representation of the individual in daily life over a century. The city symphony was born with modernism in the early 20th century initially to present an interpretation of the city with daily activities, human beings, their interaction with industrial (...) technology and the urban environment. A significant and pioneering film of the genre is by Walter Ruttmann titled Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis (1927) which I will try to analyze its filmic elements in order to draft a summary of the style and vision of the director and his contemporaries. On the other hand, the virtual city walking tours on YouTube represent a very different representation of urban exploration. These videos show various cities through the act of simple walking recorded in a long one-take POV shot with a gimbal-camera. Despite minor differences in terms of commentary and music use, these videos are quite similar to each other when compared to city symphony films in general. The methodological approach for analyzing and interpreting these films and videos is guided by the neoformalist approach proposed by Bordwell and Thompson in the 1980s, along with Noël Carroll’s view on critical evaluation. Since this post-theoretical approach is non-formulaic in terms of its methodology, it fits the two examples I will provide that are stylistically very distant. After establishing the form and style of the works, I will try to follow Carroll’s suggestions in order to critically interpret, analyze and evaluate the works. The comparison between the city symphony film and virtual city walking tour reveals a complex interplay between continuity and change in regards to the individual. While both share a rather common goal of capturing the essence of urban life their differences are to be found in their stylistic choices and their interpretations of the goal itself. The city films of the 1920s and 30s were avant-garde expressions that combined artistic innovation with socio-political commentary. They were often experimental, using montage sequences, juxtaposition and abstract imagery to convey the ever changing industrialized modern city life. Ruttmann’s Berlin is emblematic of this approach, offering a poetic and critical reflection on urban existence. In contrast, the virtual city walking tours on YouTube are more accessible and immediate. They provide a first-person perspective that allows viewers to virtually traverse different cities, experiencing sights and sounds without the mediation of artistic abstraction. The similarity in these videos suggests a standardized format that prioritizes immersion over critique. This article offers a valuable contribution to the understanding of urban representation of the individual in film and digital media. By comparing the city symphony film with virtual city walking tours, I try to illuminate the evolving relationship between art, technology and urban life. I argue that not only is there a completely different representation of the individual within the frame, but there is also ethical considerations to be put forth regarding the one that makes the frame, or the camera. In the end I argue that the human-ness of a work of art or any type of video is more important than immersiveness. (shrink)

Esta investigacion sistematiza el pensamiento teologico del doctor franciscano en torno al tema del simbolo. Se fundamenta en la interpretacion del termino signum en el Itinerarium Mentis in Dei (cap. II nn. 11-12) Se constata en todos ellos la presencia de un movimiento simbolico entendido como el transito de un nivel sensible patente a otro nivel de significacion latente. Rossano Zas Friz De Col, 1955, studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University from where he obtained doctorate in spiritual theology.

The TikTok experience refers to a user’s interaction with the platform while scrolling through various videos. The user can change what they are viewing instantly on one screen much like a TV viewer, the only difference being that whatever is being watched is in the form of short videos made specifically for the platform. These videos vary in style and form and are made to be viewed within the platform itself. All the content that a user watches within the mobile (...) application, in the end, forms a longer, theoretically never-ending, video that is sometimes completely unrelated but more often similar through shared jokes, memes, and visual filters. This way of producing and viewing short-form videos as a whole is reminiscent of the way Everything Everywhere All At Once feels to the audience which is no surprise as many other forms of media and artworks are inspired by internet short-form video platforms such as TikTok. (shrink)

When we think of diegesis and diegetic in film studies, we know what the words refer to within the confines of the traditional scholarly definition of film in the 20th and 21st centuries. This understanding comes from a certain ontological common sense that narratologically film has a dual nature that consists of mimesis and diegesis. Thinking about narration through images and sound, as opposed to the live-acted or read drama or epos in the times of Plato and Aristotle, has given (...) birth to a synthetic view of the poet’s voice and the characters. In fiction films, mimesis and diegesis are so symbiotic that it is often difficult to distinguish between them. However, is it possible to think of films that are non-mimetic? In other words: is it possible for a film to be completely diegetic in the sense of Plato’s understanding of the word diegesis? Plato was against mimetic arts because they were so far removed from the eidos of what they were that there was no explicable use in presenting them. On the other hand, he very much approved or at least perhaps tolerated and recognized the importance of non-mimetic art forms such as music with specific modes of harmony or poetry that only contained the poet’s words where no characters were represented. With this view in mind, two steps will be taken in this paper: the first is questioning the possibility of a purely diegetic film, and the second is the significance of inquiring about such a work. (shrink)

Simone Weil (1909-1943) is a French philosopher who is also a prominent figure in the tradition of Christian mysticism. In her early philosophical writings and lectures, she describes her understanding of the aim of philosophy as “the Search for the Good”. Very much influenced by Plato, Descartes and Kant, Weil states that God as the absolute Good is beyond known truths and can only be reached through Love. This treatment of love as a destructive power whereby the Self effaces itself (...) in order to get closer to God, echoes a somewhat mystical scheme. Weil believes that the only way to reach such knowledge and therefore God, which in her view is the sole purpose of life and should also be the purpose of philosophy. This dissertation focuses on the grounds that bring her to such conclusions as well as providing an analysis of whether Weil’s philosophical approach as an alternative to metaphysical and ethical problems in philosophy is able to stand firm on its own. (shrink)

Michael Oakeshott , après des études à Cambridge et à Tübingen , enseigna l’histoire à Cambridge puis à Oxford , si l’on décompte trois années passées dans l’armée, de 1942 à 1945. Il fut ensuite professeur de science politique à la London School of Economics et donna des conférences à Harvard en 1958 (Morality..

1. Pourquoi un volume sur les travaux de Gilles Fauconnier? La disparition de Gilles Fauconnier il y a deux ans a révélé un paradoxe scientifique et académique surprenant : alors que Fauconnier est aujourd’hui une référence internationale incontournable dans le domaine de la linguistique cognitive et plus largement des sciences de la cognition, ses travaux ont été peu publiés et mal diffusés en France, ce qui fait de lui un auteur relativement méconnu. Le développement de la linguistique cognitive au niveau (...) international doit effectivement beaucoup aux travaux de G. Fauconnier, mais la réception en France de la Théorie des Espaces Mentaux et du _Blending_ reste malgré tout trop modeste. En dehors des activités de l’Association Française de Linguistique Cognitive, qui avait invité G. Fauconnier lors du colloque de 2009 à Paris Nanterre, ce sont paradoxalement les conférences de Mark Turner au Collège de France en 2000 qui semblent avoir fait davantage connaitre leurs théories. La popu... (shrink)

A phenomenological look on film editing through Merleau-Ponty’s ideas opens up a new way of seeing what editing is and how it affects the spectator. In the classical sense, editing is looked at technically where certain aspects of its use in the film’s language are interpreted and analyzed to understand why and how something is done. In this thesis, the aim is to not dwell on understanding the why and the how. The aim is to view film editing from a (...) different perspective that might lead to another type of thinking outside the limitations of empirical and intellectualist approaches. While the classical approach is able to satisfy most of what a spectator would need to understand, it falls short on what the spectator feels and experiences. In order to try to grasp how Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological approach could be adapted to film editing. First we have to start from the beginning to see how editing came to be and what ideas, approaches and techniques it brought with it. As all the approaches have their own uses; we have to consider them as such and lay out what could be with Merleau-Ponty’s way and see how all the approaches compare in the end. Of course, this does not mean erasing all of film history and disregarding the classical way; it means that we can look at films from a perspective that the classical approach may not be able to see. (shrink)

Agli inizi dell'anno accademico 2011-2012, si raduna un gruppo di professori della Pontificia Università Gregoriana che, grazie all'iniziativa di Giorgia Salatiello (filosofia), coinvolge a Rogelio García Mateo, SJ (spiritualità), Dariusz Kowalczyk, SJ (teologia), Ferenc Patsch, SJ (teologia), Gerald Whelan, SJ (teologia), e Rossano Zas Friz De Col, SJ (spiritualità). Il presente volume raccoglie otto anni di ricerca del gruppo, centrati nel rintracciare il rapporto tra spiritualità ignaziana e metodo trascendentale in diversi pensatori gesuiti del ventesimo secolo, come Joseph Marechal (1878-1944), (...) Johannes B. Lotz (1903-1992), Karl Rahner (1904-1984), Bernard Lonergan (1904-1984), Joseph de Finance (1904-2000), Juan Alfaro (1914-1993), Emerich Coreth (1919-2006). Attraverso il loro studio si è voluto scoprire le particolari caratteristiche di ognuno di loro per evidenziare una linea maestra che ispiri oggi il rinnovamento di questo orientamento, in modo di progredire nella consapevolezza del mistero dell'apertura e dell'accoglienza del Dio della rivelazione cristiana, che trova negli Esercizi Spirituali di Sant'Ignazio un metodo su cui è conveniente continuare a ragionare trascendentalmente. (shrink)

Prior research has demonstrated a strong relationship between team performance and team members’ team efficacy beliefs and perceptions of social integration. Performing well increases the feelings of collective ability that comprise team efficacy and the feelings of psychological connectedness that make up social integration, while performing poorly erodes them. In this article, we draw from the social cognitive base of ethical leadership theory to argue that ethical leadership moderates the relationship between team performance and team efficacy beliefs, and between team (...) performance and social integration, such that these important team attitudes are buffered against the negative effects of poor performance when leaders act ethically. Alternatively, when leaders act less ethically, team efficacy and social integration break down following poor performance. We test our hypotheses in a field study of U.S. military teams actively engaged in competition. The data support our arguments. We find that ethical leadership weakens the relationships among team performance and team efficacy and social integration, respectively, such that ethical leaders preserve team efficacy and social integration when their teams do not perform well. (shrink)

Doğuş evresini Muhammed Huseyn Heykel’in kırsal yaşam temalı Zeyneb adındaki romanıyla tamamlayan Arap romanı, tarih temalı Necib Mahfûz’un romanlarıyla önemli bir merhale katetmiştir. Birçok farklı temayla kaleme alındığı görülen Arap romanının önemli bir temayı eksik bıraktığı görülmüştür. Eksik bırakılan söz konusu tema ise çöl izleği olmuştur. Bu eksiği çok iyi fark eden İbrahim el-Kûnî ise kollarını sıvayıp bu manada onlarca roman kaleme almıştır. Çöl temalı birçok romanında çölün zannedildiği gibi ıssız, çorak ve izole edilmiş verimsiz bir coğrafya olmadığını aksine çölün (...) temiz havasıyla, vefalı insanıyla ve sakin ortamıyla müthiş bir coğrafya olduğunu anlatmıştır. Okurları çöl temalı romanlarla tanıştıran Kûnî, söz konusu romanlarında insanın çöl ve doğa ile ilişkisinde hayatın anlamına ve varlığın özüne inmeye çalışmıştır. Çöl temalı yazdığı onlarca romanı sebebiyle çöl romancısı olarak isimlendirilen Kûnî, on iki yaşında Arapçayı öğrenmesine rağmen Arapça yazdığı romanlarında müthiş mitolojik ve felsefi bir dil kullanmıştır. Söz konusu dili hikâye, edebiyat araştırmaları, eleştiri, dil, tarih ve siyaset ile ilgili eserlerinde de kullanan Kûnî, bu anlamda önemli bir kültürel mirası geride bırakmıştır. (shrink)