:This article considers recent ethical topics relating to medical AI. After a general discussion of recent medical AI innovations, and a more analytic look at related ethical issues such as data privacy, physician dependency on poorly understood AI helpware, bias in data used to create algorithms post-GDPR, and changes to the patient–physician relationship, the article examines the issue of so-called robot doctors. Whereas the so-called democratization of healthcare due to health wearables and increased access to medical information might suggest a (...) positive shift in the patient-physician relationship, the physician’s ‘need to care’ might be irreplaceable, and robot healthcare workers might be seen as contributing to dehumanized healthcare practices. (shrink)

Given the importance of the Machiavellianism construct on informing a wide range of ethics research, we focus on gaining a better understanding of Machiavellianism within the whistle-blower context. In this regard, we examine the effect of Machiavellianism on whistle-blowing, focusing on the underlying mechanisms through which Machiavellianism affects whistle-blowing. Further, because individuals who are higher in Machiavellianism (high Machs) are expected to be less likely to report wrongdoing, we examine the ability of an organization’s ethical environment to increase whistle-blowing intentions (...) of high Machs. Results from a sample of 116 MBA students support our premise that Machiavellianism is negatively related to whistle-blowing. Further, we find that Machiavellianism has an indirect effect on whistle-blowing through perceived benefits and perceived responsibility. Finally, we find that a strong ethical environment, relative to a weak ethical environment, increases whistle-blowing intentions incrementally more for individuals who are higher in Machiavellianism. Taken together, these findings extend our understanding of how Machiavellianism and an organization’s ethical environment impact whistle-blowing. (shrink)

We discuss the important, but greatly under-researched, topic of the social aspects of human wayfinding during navigation. Wayfinding represents the planning and decision-making component of navigation and is arguably among the most common, real-world domains of both individual and group-level decision making. We highlight the myriad ways that wayfinding by people is not a solitary psychological process but is influenced by the actions of other people, even by their mere presence. We also present a novel and comprehensive framework for classifying (...) wayfinding in complex environments that incorporates the influence of other people. This classification builds upon the premises of previous wayfinding taxonomies and is further structured into four parts based upon (1) the nature of the interaction between the actors and (2) the time frame in which the interaction takes place. We highlight gaps in our current understanding of social wayfinding and outline future research opportunities. (shrink)

There is an apparent contradiction within Levinas’s work: on the one hand, Levinas upholds an account of existence that seemingly requires a creation narrative, while maintaining, on the other hand, that an account of the ethical import of that existence needs no recourse to the divine. This seeming contradiction results from a fundamental misunderstanding concerning Levinas’s account of creation and its logical consequences concerning the divine. This paper aims to clarify this misunderstanding by exploring the similarities between and influence of (...) F. W. J. Schelling’s work on Levinas’s thereby providing a more complete picture of both author’s respective accounts of genesis and the existence of God. (shrink)

One of the most persistent and poignant human experiences is the sensation of longing--a restlessness perhaps best described as the unspoken conviction that something is missing from our lives. In this study, Drew M. Dalton attempts to illuminate this experience by examining the philosophical thought of Emmanuel Levinas on longing, or what Levinas terms "metaphysical desire." Metaphysical desire, according to Levinas, does not stem from any determinate lack within us, nor does it aim at a particular object beyond us, (...) much less promise any eventual satisfaction. Rather, it functions in the realm of the infinite where such distinctions as inside and outside or one and the other are indistinguishable, perhaps even eliminated. As Levinas conceives such longing, it becomes a mediator in our relation to the other--both the human other and the divine Other. -/- Dalton follows the meandering trail of Levinas's thought along a series of dialogues with some of the philosophers within the history of the Western tradition who have most influenced his corpus. By tracing the genealogy of Levinas's notion of metaphysical desire--namely in the works of Plato, Heidegger, Fichte, Schelling, and Otto--the nature of this Levinasian theme is elucidated to reveal that it is not simply an idealism, a "hagiography of desire" detached from actual experience and resulting in a disconnect between his phenomenological account and our own lives. Rather, Levinas's account of metaphysical desire points to a phenomenology of human longing that is both an ethical and religious phenomenon. In the end, human longing is revealed to be one of the most profound ways in which a subject becomes a subject, arising to its "true self," and hearing the call to responsibility placed upon it by the Other. -/- Throughout, Dalton explicates the nuance of a number of key Levinasian terms, many of which have been taken from the Western philosophical tradition and reinscribed with a new meaning. Eros, the "Good beyond being," shame, responsibility, creation, the trace, the il y a, and the holy are discovered to be deeply tied to Levinas's account of metaphysical desire, resulting in a conclusion regarding longing's role in the relationship between the finite and the Infinite.". (shrink)

Adverse developmental exposures and pathologies of the social environment make vastly greater contributions to the leading health burdens in society than currently known genotypic information. Yet, while patients now commonly bring information on single alleles to the attention of their healthcare team, the former conditions are only rarely considered with respect to future health outcomes. This manuscript aims to integrate social environmental influences in genetic predictive models of disease risk. Healthcare providers must be educated to better understand genetic risks for (...) complex diseases and the specific health consequences of societal adversities, to facilitate patient education, disease prevention, and the optimal care in order to achieve positive health outcomes for those with early trauma or other social disadvantage. (shrink)

In his reflection upon Dasein’s attempt to approach, understand and appropriate the possibility of its own death in Being and Time, Martin Heidegger makes an interesting side note on the phenomenological appearance of the dead body of another. Make no mistake; it is only a note – one made in passing en route to a much larger argument. But it is a note of interest nonetheless; for within it is contained the thread of a thought that, when pursued to its (...) end, seems to unravel some of the fundamental elements of the Heideggerian analytic. It is the goal of this paper then to follow that thread to its logical end by engaging in an detailed examination of the enigmatic phenomenon that is the dead body of another and, in doing so, not only illuminate the curious nature of its appearance; but, more importantly, reveal some of the limits of the Heideggerian analytic. The paper will conclude by turning to the work of Emmanuel Levinas in attempt to stretch beyond those limits. (shrink)

O ser humano desde os primórdios sentiu a necessidade de migrar de um lugar para o outro, a procura de melhores condições de vida ou por razões forçosas e alheias a sua vontade. Isto acontece até a actualidade e as vezes de forma ilegal. O presente artigo objectiva uma reflexão sobre as implicações da imigração ilegal para o Estado moçambicano. Para materializar tal reflexão, estuda as migrações em Moçambique, aborda a imigração ilegal em Moçambique, apresenta os factores que a propiciam (...) bem como o seu quadro legal e por fim, analisa suas implicações para Moçambique. Através da teoria Pluralista, do método histórico e das técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, constata que: Moçambique é um dos poucos países da África Austral onde as entradas e saídas dos estrangeiros e de moçambicanos são muito facilitadas; Moçambique tem um fluxo forte de imigração ilegal e que tende a aumentar; os factores que propiciam variam desde a vida difícil no local de saída à porosidade das fronteiras em Moçambique; o quadro legal ainda é fraco; e que as implicações da imigração ilegal para Moçambique são positivas, como disponibilidade de mais mão-de-obra a preços baixos e negativas como a importação de outras formas de crime e ameaças a existência do Estado. (shrink)

Os Ensaios de Michel de Montaigne requisitam justiça num contrato social. O seu trabalho não está no primeiro grupo das correntes contratuais, como deveria estar, nem é bem lembrado no bojo das teorias políticas modernas. Quanto mais o lemos, mais entendemos a preguiça com a sua obra. Na primeira seção discutimos um caminho contratual. Em segundo lugar, argumentamos a clareza de uma sociedade pré-estatal no seu trabalho. Na terceira parte do artigo, apontamos uma razão cética de Estado, baseada numa figura (...) institucional imperfeita, nascida do imperfeito. O conjunto de contradições fratricidas de seu tempo fazem-no convocar uma grande discussão sobre a necessidade da moderação e de instituições. Palvras-chave: Ensaios; Ceticismo; Descompostura; Contrato social. (shrink)

Apartir de una revisión de la definición tradicional de la filosofía y de una crítica de sus supuestos, el artículo propone una formulación del quehacer filosófico latinoamericano acorde a las exigencias de una agenda teórica y práctica actual. A continuación se valora el aporte de Franz Hinke..

Based on a crit i cal analisis of the fun da - men tal works of Hinkelammert, an at tempt is made to sys tem atize his eth i cal and po lit i cal thoughts in ref er ence to the op po si tion be tween “global mar ket/civic cit i zen ship”. The ef fort to re cover the lib er tar ian potencial in ..

Este livro foi elaborado na confluência de dois diálogos possíveis e necessários, um entre bioética e realidade latino-americana e outro entre doutrina católica e pensamento laico. A partir do Documento de Aparecida, o mais importante entre os documentos recentes da Igreja latino-americana, discute a relação entre ética, sociedade, desigualdades sociais e experiência religiosa. Apresenta reflexões sobre a dignidade e os direitos da pessoa humana; a defesa da vida e a autonomia do indivíduo; as relações entre justiça, exclusão social, solidariedade e (...) saúde; entre ética, beleza e esperança; a família no contexto pós-moderno e latino-americano, etc. Reúne textos de docentes universitários e especialistas do Brasil, Chile, Argentina, Colômbia, Cuba e Costa Rica. (shrink)

This article brings Catherine Malabou's explorations of bodily mutation and metamorphosis at the intersections of philosophy and biomedical science into contact with film. In particular, it explores dialogues between Malabou's work on biomedical understandings of bodily plasticity and filmic representations of medical interventions in the body. This article specifically explores Malabou in relation to Katell Quillévéré's film Heal the Living (Réparer les vivants, 2016), an adaptation of Maylis de Kerangal's novel The Heart (Réparer les vivants, 2014). The film tells the (...) story of Simon Limbres, who is taken to a hospital following a road accent and pronounced brain dead. The film then explores how Simon undergoes organ donation, following his organs on their journey to other bodies in need. I argue that Heal the Living allows us to challenge and extend Malabou's central thinking of (neuro)plasticity, precisely by emphasising the plasticity of the body beyond and in the wake of the brain. Further, the film's emphasis on transplantation allows for an exploration of interpersonal plasticity, developing an ethics of transplanted plasticity in testing and extending conceptions of otherness and alterity central to Malabou's thinking. (shrink)

This interview with the contemporary French philosopher Catherine Malabou explores Malabou's central concept of ‘plasticity’ across the interdisciplinary contexts through which it is elaborated, in...

Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar, numa visão panorâmica, trilhas, dentre outras possíveis, que possam percorrer docentes, estudantes e pesquisadores para o estudo e prática do ensino de filosofia com base em sua história recente. Utiliza metodologia descritiva e dedutiva, baseada em revisão bibliográfica e na investigação da legislação sobre o ensino de filosofia. Parte da história contemporânea do ensino de filosofia no Brasil, que principia com a LDB/1996. Devido a forma ambígua e contraditória que o ensino da (...) filosofia aparece nessa Lei isto provocará uma reação dos profissionais da área por sua revisão. O que resultou na retomada dos estudos, publicações, movimentos e congressos nacionais sobre a filosofia e seu ensino. Descreve-se as principais ações e produções que se deram no período de 1996 a 2004. Com destaque para o surgimento do estatuto histórico do ensino de filosofia como campo do conhecimento da Filosofia, isto é, como subárea de pesquisa filosófica, para além da pedagogia. Devido a riqueza dos novos olhares e produções que marcaram esse período percebeu-se o grande potencial da Filosofia para pensar seu próprio ensino. Isso impulsionou diversas frentes de lutas: teóricas, políticas, pedagógicas, que vem até os dias atuais. Palavras-chave: Filosofia do Ensino de Filosofia; História do Ensino de Filosofia–Brasil; Currículo–Filosofia–Disciplina; Legislação– Filosofia–Ensino; LDB–1996–Ensino de Filosofia Genesis and Legacy of the Contemporary History of Philosophy Teaching in Brazil (1996-2004) Abstract: The following article aims to present, in a panoramic view, paths, among other possibilities, that may go through teachers, students, and researchers for the study and practice of the philosophy teaching based on its recent history. This study uses a descriptive and deductive methodology, based on a bibliographical review and investigation of the legislation on philosophy teaching. Part of contemporary history of philosophy teaching in Brazil begins with the LDB/1996. The ambiguous and contradictory way in which the teaching of philosophy appears in this Law, will result in a reaction from professionals in this area for its revision. This resulted in the resumption of studies, publications, movements and national congresses on philosophy and its teaching. The main movements and productions that took place between 1996 and 2004 are described. With emphasis on the advent of historic statute of teaching of Philosophy as a field of Philosophy knowledge, that is, as a sub-area of philosophical research, beyond the Pedagogy field. Due to the richness of new perspectives and scientific productions that marked this period, the great potential of Philosophy to think about its own teaching was perceived. This led several fronts to advocate: theoretical, political, pedagogical, which continues to the present day. Keywords: Philosophy of Philosophy Teaching; History of Philosophy Teaching–Brazil; Curriculum–Philosophy–Discipline; Legislation–Philosophy–Teaching; LDB–1996–Philosophy Teaching Génesis y Legado de la Historia Contemporánea de la Enseñanza de la Filosofía en Brasil (1996-2004) Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar, en una mirada panorámica, los caminos, entre otros posibles, que pueden seguir profesores, estudiantes e investigadores para el estudio y la práctica de la enseñanza de la filosofía a partir de su historia reciente. Utiliza una metodología descriptiva y deductiva, basada en una revisión bibliográfica y en la investigación de la legislación sobre la enseñanza de la filosofía. Parte de la historia contemporánea de la enseñanza de la filosofía en Brasil, que comienza con la LDB/1996. Debido a la forma ambigua y contradictoria en que aparece la enseñanza de la filosofía en esta Ley, esto provocará una reacción de los profesionales del área para su revisión. Esto resultó en la reanudación de estudios, publicaciones, movimientos y congresos nacionales sobre filosofía y su enseñanza. Se describen las principales acciones y producciones que tuvieron lugar entre 1996 y 2004. Con énfasis en el surgimiento del estatus histórico de la enseñanza de la filosofía como campo de conocimiento de la Filosofía, es decir, como subárea de la investigación filosófica, más allá pedagogia. Debido a la riqueza de nuevas miradas y producciones que marcaron este período, se percibió el gran potencial de la Filosofía para pensar su propia enseñanza. Esto impulsó varios frentes de lucha: teórico, político, pedagógico, que llega hasta nuestros días. Palabras clave: Filosofía de la Enseñanza de la Filosofía; Historia de la Enseñanza de la Filosofía–Brasil; Currículo–Filosofía–Disciplina; Legislación–Filosofía–Enseñanza; LDB–1996–Enseñanza de la Filosofía; Data de registro: 23/01/2023 Data de aceite: 23/08/2023. (shrink)

I argue that Kierkegaard’s Journals and Notebooks deserve to be read as works of philosophy and not just used as supplements to bring order and respectability to Kierkegaard’s other writings. There are at least three specific philosophical values in Kierkegaard’s journals – three ways in which the journals create philosophy within their own pages and therefore deserve to be read as independent works of philosophy and not just as supplements to Kierkegaard’s other writing: (1) The journals demonstrate what a true (...) work of existential philosophy looks like. (2) The journals contribute to Kierkegaard’s theory of indirect communication. (3) The journals create new philosophical concepts. All three of these are best understood as philosophical performances or a kind of philosophical theatre. The idea that philosophy can be a kind of theatre is inspired by the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, particularly their book What is Philosophy? I draw from Deleuze and Guattari especially in section (3) to argue that Kierkegaard’s Journals create new philosophical concepts. (shrink)

Drawing on new evidence from the Dewey archive, this paper traces how John Dewey conceived his Hegelian-inspired theory of mind and how he tested it in the 1930s by collaborating with infant experimentalist Myrtle McGraw in her pioneering studies of the ontogeny of consciousness and judgment. Her studies challenged behaviourism and maturationism, which advanced environmental and genetic theories of human development, by showing that infants possess consciousness and the judgment needed to guide their own development. -/- Dewey drew on Darwinian (...) evolution and neuroscience to transform the Hegelian phenomenology of being and becoming into psychological terms that would elucidate the role of mind, consciousness and judgment in human experience. Dewey believed that consciousness arises under conditions of uncertainty demanding ingenuity, self-confidence and a sense of balance. McGraw demonstrated how infants cope with uncertainty and the physical challenges posed by gravity and the biological forces of growth, by exploiting the contingencies of order and variation afforded by their experience of motor development. McGraw demonstrated how consciousness emerges through reciprocal processes of neural and behavioural interaction which make possible the introduction of novel changes in ontogeny. -/- This paper describes the extraordinary methods that McGraw devised, with Dewey's help, during the heyday of behaviourism and maturationism, to find a place for consciousness in human development. I contend that, while Dewey's theory of mind and McGraw's discoveries remain controversial and poorly understood, they are not merely of historical interest but approach the threshold of an integrated neurobiological and neurobehavioural understanding of consciousness. (shrink)

El trabajo propone un recorrido por la historia hispanoamericana del siglo XIX, a fin de recuperar para la reflexión presente las formulaciones más destacadas de la vastísima tradición intelectual de la unidad continental, así como también los antecedentes, menos prolíficos pero no por ello menos importantes, de una teoría de la democracia en un sentido amplio, popular y participativo. El cruce de estas dos vertientes del pensamiento de nuestra América constituye en conjunto un programa identitario que todavía nos interpela y (...) que tiene mucho para aportar a los proyectos presentes y futuros de la patria latinoamericana. (shrink)

Gender is one of the most frequently studied variables within the ethics literature. In prior studies that find gender differences, females consistently report more ethical responses than males. However, prior research also indicates that females are more prone to responding in a socially desirable fashion. Consequently, it is uncertain whether gender differences in ethical decision-making exist because females are more ethical or perhaps because females are more prone to the social desirability response bias. Using a sample of 30 scenarios from (...) prior studies that find gender differences, we examine whether these gender differences remain robust once social desirability is controlled for in the analysis. Our data suggest that the effect of gender on ethical decision-making is largely attenuated once social desirability is included in the analysis. In essence, the social desirability response bias appears to be driving a significant portion of the relationship between gender and ethical decision-making. We discuss several important research implications of this study. (shrink)

As one of America’s "public intellectuals," John Dewey was engaged in a lifelong struggle to understand the human mind and the nature of human inquiry. According to Thomas C. Dalton, the successful pursuit of this mission demanded that Dewey become more than just a philosopher; it compelled him to become thoroughly familiar with the theories and methods of physics, psychology, and neurosciences, as well as become engaged in educational and social reform. Tapping archival sources and Dewey’s extensive correspondence, (...) class='Hi'>Dalton reveals that Dewey had close personal and intellectual ties to scientists and scholars who helped form the mature expression of his thought. Dewey’s relationships with F. M. Alexander, Henri Matisse, Niels Bohr, Myrtle McGraw, and Lawrence K. Frank, among others, show how Dewey dispersed pragmatism throughout American thought and culture. (shrink)

In Thus Spoke Zarathustra Nietzsche explores the nature of teaching and learning and concludes that a teacher can do more harm than good in a student's life if she allows her students to become her ‘disciples’. A disciple assigns too much authority to a teacher and thus loses the ability to think independently; this is what Zarathustra means when he warns his students, ‘Beware that you are not killed by a statue!’ In this article I argue that Zarathustra's solution to (...) this problem is to undermine his own authority by performing several different variations of the Liar's Paradox in parts 2 and 3 of Thus Spoke Zarathustra. (shrink)

Charles Darwin is generally credited with having formulated the first systematic attempt to explain the evolutionary origins and function of the expression of emotions in animals and humans. His ingenious theory, however, was burdened with popular misconceptions about human phylogenetic heritage and bore the philosophical and theoretical deficiencies of the brain science of his era that his successors strove to overcome. In their attempts to rectify Darwin?s errors, William James, James Mark Baldwin and John Dewey each made important contributions to (...) a theory of emotion, which attempted to put it on a more secure philosophical and scientific footing. My contention is that Dewey and his collaborator, infant experimentalist Myrtle McGraw, succeeded where their contemporaries failed. They pointed the way out of the morass of recapitulationism, and showed how a developmental theory of consciousness, mind and emotion could be formulated that avoided the epistemological and ontological pitfalls of Darwin?s theory. Drawing on an extensive body of research from contemporary experimental studies of infant development, this essay attempts to put the questions raised by these historical figures about the structure, function and value of emotions in a theoretical framework. A developmental theory is proposed about the complex, interacting neurobiological and neurobehavioral factors that contribute to human emotional development. This theory identifies the possible relationships among emotions, consciousness and mind and how their co-development influences the capacity of young children to form moral judgments. (shrink)