Resumen: Spinoza afirma que las decisiones, elecciones y acciones de un agente son necesarias porque están determinadas causalmente. ¿Acaso los seres humanos no son agentes morales? ¿son sólo eslabones de una cadena de causas cuyo curso no pueden controlar y que los exime de las consecuencias de sus actos, así como de premios y castigos? ¿ser un individuo libre significa aceptar pasivamente lo que ocurre y abandonar la pretensión de modificarlo? Este artículo responde a estas preguntas mediante la distinción en (...) la obra spinoziana de dos conceptos de libertad, la verdadera libertad y el libre albedrío, así como con la distinción entre la responsabilidad civil fundada en el concepto de potestas humana -y no en la verdadera libertad, aunque la posibilita-.: Spinoza sustains that the agents' decisions are necessary because they are causally determined. But then, are humans really moral agents? Is it possible that they are only passengers in a train of causes, whose course they cannot control and exempts them from the consequences of their acts, of reward or punishment? Is accepting whatever happens and quitting the aspiration of changing things the hallmark of the free man? This paper answers these questions by distinguishing two concepts of freedom, real freedom and free will, as well as two concepts of responsibility. Civil responsibility is grounded in free will, whereas moral responsibility is not grounded in true freedom, but in human power. (shrink)

La influencia de Hipócrates como padre de la Medicina es patente, sobre todo a través del “Juramento hipocrático” que ha iluminado el ejercicio de la profesión desde hace veinte cinco siglos. Las versiones modernas de estos postulados, constituyen el marco ético y deontológico de esta ciencia, que también es arte. La bioética surge para enriquecer esa práctica, también cuando la investigación científica utiliza seres humanos, y propone la dignificación de la persona y el respeto a los derechos humanos universales. Ante (...) la aceleración del desarrollo técnico y científico es imprescindible reforzar la reflexión ética con el fin de que la ciencia permanezca al servicio del hombre y no en detrimento suyo. De ahí la necesidad de un “Juramento del bioeticista”. (shrink)

O século XXI evidencia um impulso significativo de fusões entre ciência e tecnologia, ao contrário de outras etapas históricas. Os seres humanos e sua rotina estão se transformando devido às tecnociências. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem um duplo propósito: por um lado, contextualizar a inteligência artificial na órbita da quarta revolução industrial. E, por outro lado, examinar posturas sobre as divergências entre máquinas e humanos. As descobertas tornam evidente como as máquinas evoluem e adquirem sofisticação. Diante disso, em relação ao (...) humano, perspectivas a favor, contra e intermediárias tornam-se perceptíveis. Esse panorama torna inevitável a participação da bioética como espaço deliberativo e de encontro disciplinar. Sua contribuição é focada, promove o diálogo e fomenta medidas corretivas prévias de autocontrole. (shrink)

Uno de los problemas omnipresentes en la teoría política es el de qué tipo de relación debe existir entre el régimen democrático en tanto sistema de toma de decisiones colectivas y las vidas de sus ciudadanos, en tanto seres dotados de fines, metas y deseos. Ya sea desde las concepciones que estipulan que las decisiones mayoritarias pueden poner en riesgo ciertos ideales de buena vida o desde aquellas que creen que el tipo de justificación de las decisiones políticas no puede (...) dar cuenta de los procesos hermenéuticos individuales de búsqueda de significado a la propia existencia hasta aquellas concepciones que consideran que las condiciones para la búsqueda de la buena vida no pueden quedar libradas al desigual poder social o las que consideran que el bienestar individual debe quedar restringido a su compatibilidad con una autocomprensión colectiva de una buena sociedad, la cuestión reaparece incluso cuando se pretende hacerla a un lado. Los textos que componen este Dossier ofrecen diferentes aristas de estos problemas, los cuales vienen siendo tratados extensa y prolíficamente en la obra de Graciela Vidiella. En este sentido, el Dossier también representa un homenaje a su trabajo, algo que se ve reflejado no sólo en los temas tratados sino en que ellos se producen como una continuidad formal de largas conversaciones y discusiones informales que Vidiella mantuvo a lo largo de su carrera con sus amigos y amigas, discípulos y discípulas y estudiantes en general. (shrink)

This two-volume work provides a new understanding of Western subjectivity as theorized in the Augustinian Rule. A theopolitical synthesis of Antiquity, the Rule is a humble, yet extremely influential example of subjectivity production. In these volumes, Jodra argues that the Classical and Late-Ancient communitarian practices along the Mediterranean provide historical proof of a worldview in which the self and the other are not disjunctive components, but mutually inclusive forces. The Augustinian Rule is a culmination of this process and also the (...) beginning of something new: The paradigm of the monastic self as protagonist of the new, medieval worldview. Three main theoretical challenges leading to, and present in the Rule are tackled: What are the sources of our modern understanding of subjectivity? Can Ancient sources provide an alternative genealogy that resists the individualistic turn of Modernity? And can the commons be saved without suppressing individuality? Jodra seeks to prove that the synthesis-which is also an appropriation-of Greek and Judaic sources carried out by the first Christians allowed for two contrasting models of subjectivity, the self-less and the other-less, to 'take turns' to dominate our understanding of human nature. The Greek world provided the political dimension and the Jewish world established the key theological principles of a Mediterranean synthesis which took place in Rome. Coherently and progressively, Jodra emphasizes the theopolitical nature of our worldview even today, and claim that the subject of the primitive Church is its most visible incarnation. These volumes therefore restore the unity of the Hellenistic and Judaic world as found by the first Christians, proving that the self and the other are two essential pieces in the construction of our world. (shrink)

We present a mathematical approach to defeasible reasoning based on arguments. This approach integrates the notion of specificity introduced by Poole and the theory of warrant presented by Pollock. The main contribution of this paper is a precise, well-defined system which exhibits correct behavior when applied to the benchmark examples in the literature. It aims for usability rather than novelty. We prove that an order relation can be introduced among equivalence classes of arguments under the equi-specificity relation. We also prove (...) a theorem that ensures the termination of the process of finding the justified facts. Two more lemmas define a reduced search space for checking specificity. In order to implement the theoretical ideas, the language is restricted to Horn clauses for the evidential context. The language used to represent defeasible rules has been restricted in a similar way. The authors intend this work to unify the various existing approaches to argument-based defeasible reasoning. (shrink)

Mathematical chemistry is often thought to be a 20th-century subdiscipline of chemistry, but in this paper we discuss several early chemical ideas and some landmarks of chemistry as instances of the mathematical way of thinking; many of them before 1900. By the mathematical way of thinking, we follow Weyl's description of it in terms of functional thinking, i.e. setting up variables, symbolizing them, and seeking for functions relating them. The cases we discuss are Plato's triangles, Geoffroy's affinity table, Lavoisier's classification (...) of substances and their relationships, Mendeleev's periodic table, Cayley's enumeration of alkanes, Sylvester's association of algebra and chemistry, and Wiener's relationship between molecular structure and boiling points. These examples show that mathematical chemistry has much more than a century of history. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the use of logic to solve philosophical problems. Such use of logic goes counter to the prevailing empiricist tradition in analytic circles. Specifically, model-theoretic tools are applied to three fundamental issues in the philosophy of logic and mathematics, namely, to the issue of the existence of mathematical entities, to the dispute between first- and second-order logic and to the definition of analyticity.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce everyday aesthetics in education. First, it presents everyday aesthetics as a subdiscipline within philosophical aesthetics, that revisits sensory perception as the backdrop of all experience, claims ordinary life is a proper venue for aesthetic inquiry, and problematizes the impact aesthetic preferences have on habitual decisions. Second, the paper argues that among the diverse matters students learn in school, they learn—explicitly or implicitly—what and how to perceive, as well as the pedagogical purposes of (...) daily perception. School models the relationships that students will develop between what they perceive, what they think about it, and how they act accordingly. Next, the paper elaborates on the notions of “school aesthetic matrixes” and “space and place in school”. School aesthetic matrixes refer to perceptual patterns that allow characterizing relationships between daily perception and the pedagogical project of a school. They manifest through expressions such as prison school, home school, mall school, etc. Space and place in school allude to concomitant experiences, of corporeal basis, that allow describing how we inhabit the world. What distinguishes them is the approach each one gives to the senses and the body. The paper concludes by calling attention to the comprehension and role of perception in education, urging to mind the aesthetic-pedagogical character that students develop throughout 12 years of schooling. Ultimately, the key relationships we develop with ourselves, others, and the world, entail a basic perceptual dimension that can be educated to become more purposefully and integrally present in life. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende preguntarse si, a pesar del “silencio” de Heidegger ante la teoría de los géneros poéticos de Hölderlin, no es esta misma teoría, y especialmente el poema lírico que caracteriza a la modernidad, la cuestión en la cual se apoya Heidegger para fundamentar su “historia del ser”, de modo que la noción fuerte de _historia _que se maneja en su obra y finalmente el término marcado _das Ereignis _estaría en sintonía con los “trayectos poéticos” que Hölderlin teoriza.

En el presente trabajo de homenaje al Profesor Julio De Zan, me concentro en su crítica al realismo moral. En su libro, La ética, los derechos y la justicia, Julio De Zan niega que existan en el ámbito moral propiedades naturales o metafísicas. Para comprender su crítica, propongo una reconstrucción conceptual de los presupuestos filosóficos que existen para su rechazo del realismo moral. Con este propósito, mi propuesta de reconstrucción conceptual consiste en complementar la ética del discurso defendida por Julio (...) De Zan, relacionando su propuesta con dos complementos filosóficos: por un lado, con el rechazo hacia el realismo moral realizado por Ronald Dworkin en su libro Justicia para erizos; por otro lado, con el rechazo hacia el realismo moral dirigido por Christine Korsgaard en su libro Las Fuentes de la Normatividad. Aunque los tres filósofos mantienen diferencias relevantes, mantienen también un rechazo al realismo moral basado en ciertos parecidos de familia. (shrink)

A partir del estudio del comportamiento de los protagonistas en la obra de Franz Kafka, intentaremos mostrar los mecanismos de control de las autoridades administrativas, proponiendo al mismo tiempo un antídoto contra la sumisión acrítica. Una observación detallada de la configuración de las situaciones diegéticas permitirá invertir las situaciones de sometimiento forzoso para ofrecer, en la voz de las figuras teóricamente secundarias, una comprensión crítica que posibilite la recuperación de la libertad individual. Palabras-clave: Kafka, comedia, política, ley.

Bi-intuitionistic logic is the result of adding the dual of intuitionistic implication to intuitionistic logic. In this note, we characterize the expressive power of this logic by showing that the first order formulas equivalent to translations of bi-intuitionistic propositional formulas are exactly those preserved under bi-intuitionistic directed bisimulations. The proof technique is originally due to Lindstrom and, in contrast to the most common proofs of this kind of result, it does not use the machinery of neither saturated models nor elementary (...) chains. (shrink)

Se sostiene que la propuesta de Rodriguez-Pereyra de que los analíticos iberoamericanos publiquemos todos nuestras investigaciones en inglés es inviable e indeseable.

: In this paper I will examine two conceptions of philosophy that were defended in Latin America during the last century. I believe that both models have to be put away and that we must build a new one, recovering elements of both of them. At the end of my paper I will consider very briefly what can we learn from this in order to construct a genuine philosophical dialogue between the United States and Latin America.

We study classes of graded structures satisfying the properties of amalgamation, joint embedding and hereditariness. Given appropriate conditions, we can build a graded analogue of the Fraïssé limit. Some examples such as the class of all finite weighted graphs or the class of all finite fuzzy orders (evaluated on a particular countable algebra) will be examined.

This chapter contains sections titled: The Origins of the Ateneo de la Juventud The Lectures at the Ateneo de la Juventud The Ateneo de la Juventud and the Mexican Revolution References Further Reading.

RESUMEN: Los eventos que han acontecido en varios lugares del continente europeo, como Kosovo, el este de Ucrania, Escocia, Cataluña, o más recientemente Córcega, han tenido como principal consecuencia el resurgimiento de la discusión, dentro del debate político, en torno a la nación y su condición de elemento legitimador de la comunidad política. Para darle sentido a esta discusión, este artículo desgrana brevemente los principales paradigmas del nacionalismo para poder identificar y situar a los diferentes actores dentro del debate teórico (...) en torno a la nación. ABSTRACT: The events that have taken place in various parts of the European continent, such as Kosovo, eastern Ukraine, Scotland, Catalonia, or more recently Corsica, have had as a main consequence the resurgence of the discussion, within the political debate, around the nation and its condition as the legitimating element of the political community. To make sense of this discussion, this article briefly breaks down the main paradigms of nationalism in order to identify and place the different actors within the theoretical debate around the nation.PALABRAS CLAVE: paradigmas clásicos del nacionalismo, primordialismo, modernismo, perennialismo, etnosimbolismo.KEYWORDS: classic paradigms of nationalism, primordialism, modernism, perennialism, ethnosymbolism. (shrink)

In this article I present the two essential conceptions of conspiracy theories, offering reasons for working from the point of view of the second one. Next, I introduce the debate between internalism and externalism of justification and, following the most contemporary perspectives, I focus on the political and social applicability of the second one, for which I use the srinivasian concept of “bad ideology case”. This new perspective allows me to interpret the conspiracy theories in function of this debate and (...) show their lack of epistemic justification. Finally, I analyse the epistemic trust phenomenon, an opposed model to conspiracy theories, answering affirmatively to the two essential questions of its epistemic justification and its criticality. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda el problema de las relaciones entre lo trágico y lo divino tomando como referencia fundamental el libro de María Zambrano escrito originalmente en 1955 y revisado veinte años después. Se trata de una de las defensas más lúcidas de la religión cristiana, siempre en guardia contra la forma mítica de concebir el mundo. El supuesto subyacente es que los dioses de la mitología son productos humanos, mientras que, a la inversa, el Dios cristiano crea a los hombres. (...) En ningún momento, Zambrano se advierte con la menor disposición a discutir semejante argumento. Aquí se propone una crítica a esa posición. (shrink)

How are biases encoded in our representations of social categories? Philosophical and empirical discussions of implicit bias overwhelmingly focus on salient or statistical associations between target features and representations of social categories. These are the sorts of associations probed by the Implicit Association Test and various priming tasks. In this paper, we argue that these discussions systematically overlook an alternative way in which biases are encoded, that is, in the dependency networks that are part of our representations of social categories. (...) Dependency networks encode information about how features in a conceptual representation depend on each other. This information determines the degree of centrality of a feature for a conceptual representation. Importantly, centrally encoded biases systematically disassociate from those encoded in salient-statistical associations. Furthermore, the degree of centrality of a feature determines its cross-contextual stability: in general, the more central a feature is for a concept, the more likely it is to survive into a wide array of cognitive tasks involving that concept. Accordingly, implicit biases that are encoded in the central features of concepts are predicted to be more resilient across different tasks and contexts. As a result, the distinction between centrally encoded and salient-statistical biases has important theoretical and practical implications. (shrink)

By analysing a contemporary criticism to the so called “mathematical chemistry”, we discuss what we understand by mathematizing chemistry and its implications. We then pass to ponder on some positions on the subject by considering the cases of Laszlo, Venel and Diderot, opponents to the idea of mathematization of chemistry. In contrast, we analyse some scholars’ ideas on the fruitful relationship between mathematics and chemistry; here Dirac and Brown are considered. Finally, we mention that the mathematical–chemistry relationship should be considered (...) beyond the mere aspect of whether chemistry is or not able to be mathematized. This discussion is based upon opinions by Kant and Comte, the first one having two positions on chemistry based upon mathematics and the latter mooting the idea of doing chemistry with mathematical spirit. (shrink)

Se examina uno de los argumentos principales de Creer, saber, conocer en contra de la inclusión de la noción de verdad en la definición de saber. Se sostiene que el argumento falla, entre otras razones, porque concede al escéptico una premisa falsa acerca de las condiciones de aplicabilidad del verbo "saber". /// One of the main arguments of Creer, saber, conocer against the inclusion of the notion of truth in the definition of knowledge is examined. It is claimed that the (...) argument fails, among other reasons, because it grants the sceptic a false premise about the conditions of applicability of the verb "to know". (shrink)

En este ensayo se examina de manera crítica el desarrollo de la filosofía analítica y, en particular, de la filosofía analítica latinoamericana. Se propone que esta última adopte un giro político y uno pedagógico con el fin de recuperar su espíritu original y reconectarse con la tradición intelectual latinoamericana. This essay is a critical examination of the development of analytic philosophy and, in particular, of Latin American analytic philosophy. It is argued that the latter ought to adopt a political and (...) pedagogical turn in order to recover its original spirit and to be reconnected to Latin American intelectual tradition. (shrink)

We consider a modal language over crisp frames and formulas evaluated on a finite MTL-chain (a linearly ordered commutative integral residuated lattice). We first show that the basic modal abstract logic with constants for the values of the MTL-chain is the maximal abstract logic satisfying Compactness, the Tarski Union Property and strong invariance for bisimulations. Finally, we improve this result by replacing the Tarski Union Property by a relativization property.

Equivalencias (1998) -- Fragmentos sublunares (1999) -- También el humo tiene su forma (2000).

Health and Illness are noted Concepts form Medicine and Society. This Essay treats on Interaction between both Conceptions and their legal Influence.Resumen:Salud/enfermedad son tanto conceptos centrales de la ciencia médica como de importancia para la sociedad en general. El presente artículo trata de la interacción de ambas concepciones con respecto a su influencia normativa.

This paper is concerned with the use of logic to solve philosophical problems. Such use of logic goes counter to the prevailing empiricist tradition in analytic circles. Specifically, model-theoretic tools are applied to three fundamental issues in the philosophy of logic and mathematics, namely, to the issue of the existence of mathematical entities, to the dispute between first- and second-order logic and to the definition of analyticity.