Recent models in quantum cosmology make use of the concept of imaginary time. These models all conjecture a join between regions of imaginary time and regions of real time. We examine the model of James Hartle and Stephen Hawking to argue that the various no-boundary attempts to interpret the transition from imaginary to real time in a logically consistent and physically significant way all fail. We believe this conclusion also applies to quantum tunneling models, such as that proposed by Alexander (...) Vilenkin. We conclude, therefore, that the notion of emerging from imaginary time is incoherent. A consequence of this conclusion seems to be that the whole class of cosmological models appealing to imaginary time is thereby refuted. (shrink)

Dyadic coping (DC), how couples cope together to deal with a stressor like chronic illness, has received increased attention over the last three decades. The aim of the current study was to summarize the current state of research on DC in couples. We conducted a scoping review of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies published between 1990 and 2020, assessing DC in couples during three decades. 5,705 studies were identified in three electronic databases and hand searches. We included 643 sources in (...) this review (with a total ofN= 112,923 study participants). Most studies were based in the global North, particularly in the US and Europe. Publication numbers increased constantly over time. A third of study designs were cross-sectional studies followed by qualitative and longitudinal studies. The most prolific DC research areas were related to DC and minor stressors and DC and major physical health stressors. Overall, DC has been established internationally as a highly relevant construct in many disciplines (clinical, social, developmental, personality psychology, social work, nursing etc.). To conclude, the review reveals that future studies should focus on predictors, trajectories, and the importance of very specific DC behaviors for personal and dyadic functioning. (shrink)

This paper attempts to explain why Heidegger's thought has evoked both positive and negative reactions of such an extreme nature by focussing on his answer to the central methodological question “What is Philosophy?” After briefly setting forth Heidegger‟s answer in terms of attunement to Being, the centrality to it of his view of language and by focussing on his relationship with the word "philosophy‟ and with the history of philosophy, the author shows how it has led Heidegger to construct his (...) own work, itself linguistic, as a self-referential union of form and meaning. It is suggested that, from a Heideggerian perspective, this gives his work added argumentative force but, conversely, allows the critic no point of entry into his hermeneutical circle – hence the extreme reactions. This observation is then applied to address a related critical question; it is used to make sense of the apparent distinction, in Heidegger's work, between talking about attunement to Being and actually effecting such an attunement. The author argues that, for Heidegger, there is actually no distinction and that his apparent descriptions of attunement to Being at once describe and effect such an attunement. This union can therefore be conceived as one dimension of the intimacy, previously observed, between form and content and which is recognised to be a feature of Heidegger‟s work by both the acolyte and the critic. (shrink)

In the early years of this century the debate as to the nature of judgment was a central issue dividing British philosophers. What a philosopher said about judgment was not independent of what he said about perception, the distinction between the a priori and empirical, the distinction between external and internal relations, the nature of inference, truth, universals, language, the reality of the self and so on.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders contains the official diagnostic criteria for recognized mental illnesses. Some have asserted that DSM revisions have caused the boundaries of specific disorders to expand to include more behaviors, but no previous research has examined if such expansion is isolated or endemic. The current research consisted of an exploration of revisions to diagnostic criteria for 81 disorders. Each change between editions of the DSM was conceptually analyzed as making the disorder more exclusive or (...) more inclusive in terms of the number of people who could theoretically meet the criteria. Results indicated that 63% of disorders moved toward inclusivity, that each edition of the DSM moved toward inclusivity, and that most types of revisions increase inclusivity. (shrink)

The portrait of John Locke as a secular advocate of Enlightenment rationality has been deconstructed by the recent 'religious turn' in Locke scholarship. This book takes an important next step: moving beyond the 'religious turn' and establishing a 'theological turn', Nathan Guy argues that John Locke ought to be viewed as a Christian political philosopher whose political theory was firmly rooted in the moderating Latitudinarian theology of the seventeenth-century. Nestled between the secular political philosopher and the Christian public theologian stands (...) Locke, the Christian political philosopher, whose arguments not only self-consciously depend upon Christian assumptions, but also offer a decidedly Christian theory of government. Finding Locke's God identifies three theological pillars crucial to Locke's political theory: (1) a biblical depiction of God, (2) the law of nature rooted in a doctrine of creation and (3) acceptance of divine revelation in scripture. As a result, Locke's political philosophy brings forth theologically-rich aims, while seeking to counter or disarm threats such as atheism, hyper-Calvinism, and religious enthusiasm. Bringing these items together, Nathan Guy demonstrates how each pillar supports Locke's Latitudinarian political philosophy and provides a better understanding of how he grounds his notions of freedom, equality and religious toleration. Convincingly argued and meticulously researched, this book offers an exciting new direction for Locke studies. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage offre un tour d'horizon des principaux problèmes affectant la réalité concrète des femmes, tant en termes de droit que du point de vue des valeurs (justice, dignité, responsabilité) et des perspectives pratiques (autonomie, accomplissement, affirmation de soi). Courageux et engagé, il se situe entre l'orthodoxie religieuse rigide et le radicalisme féministe, dans une perspective d'ouverture et de tolérance.

L'auteur se propose de parcourir la pensée de Derrida en la faisant "circuler dans le champ de la pensée contemporaine". La question fondamentale est, dit-il, celle du sens dans le débat entre phénoménologie et structuralisme. Sont cités à comparaître: Husserl, Heidegger, Dufrenne et Levi-Strauss. L'ouvrage intéressera ceux qui se préoccupent de ces auteurs. Les autres: s'abstenir.

Ce texte examine d'abord en détail la typologie des signes proposée par Adam Schaff. D'un point de vue critique, il fait valoir qu'une classification qui se veut cohérente dans la perspective matérialiste du marxisme ne l'est pas nécessairement du point de vue sémiologique. Il conteste le spécificité absolue conférée aux signes verbaux par cet auteur, il thématise toute une série de problèmes liés à cette conception, et il propose finalement une classification proprement sémiologique expurgée de tout postulat idéologique centré sur (...) l'opposition "matérialiste" vs "idéaliste". (shrink)

Ricoeur, dans "La métaphore vive", distingue trois entités linguistiques (le mot, la phrase et le discours) et quatre disciplines (rhétorique classique, sémiotique, sémantique, herméneutique), dont les deux premières se situent au même niveau, celui du mot. On retrace la genèse de cette division tripartite, puis on montre que la position subalterne qu'elles assigne à la sémiotique est injustifiée et que, pour respecter le "relatif pluralisme des formes et des niveaux de discours", il vaut mieux se situer dans la perspective d'un (...) cadre sémiologique global. (shrink)

Récusant l'opposition de Ricoeur entre la compréhension des structures (imputée à Lévi-Strauss) et l'intelligence herméneutique (qu'il promeut lui-même), ainsi que l'assimilation de la première à la science et de la seconde à la philosophie, cet article montre que le structuralisme n'est ni science ni philosophie mais méthode, et qu'en tant que tel il peut être assumé autant par la science que par la philosophie. Il le montre à partir de l'exemple du mythe d'Oedipe, analysé successivement selon divers points de vue: (...) anthropologique (Lévi-Strauss), psychanalytique (Freud), "poétique" (c'est-à-dire relevant de la théorie littéraire) et philosophique. Il le montre ensuite en appliquant la méthode à un discours philosophique particulier, celui de Platon, au niveau d'un mythe raconté dans le "Gorgias"; puis à celui de la section du "Phèdre" opposant rhétorique et philosophie; et enfin à celui du corpus intégral de l'esthétique platonicienne. (shrink)

L'article présente d'abord les principales tendances de l'esthétique: centrées sur les arts du beau (peinture, sculpture, littérature, etc.: définition extensionnelle ouverte), elles divergent en termes de rattachement à un champ d'étude plus vaste (l'expérience sensible, l'art ou la beauté en général, etc.). Les principales tendances de la sémiologie, de leur côté, correspondent à une science ou doctrine générale des signes, à une science des signaux (signes servant à communiquer), voire à une science des seuls signaux non linguistiques, à l'exclusion des (...) indices (signes sans visée communicative) et des signaux linguistiques. Les rapports entre ces deux champs disciplinaires varient, entre autres, relativement d'une part à la possibilité de considérer l'oeuvre d'art comme un signe, voire comme un signal (à ce niveau, le modèle de la communication peut revêtir une valeur heuristique), d'autre part selon les diverses sortes de signes. En définitive, les relations entre l'esthétique philosophique et la sémiologie de l'art s'échelonnent de la disparition complète de la première à l'identification des deux, en passant par la coexistence, harmonieuse ou conflictuelle, des deux. (shrink)

Pour Foucault, la philosophie doit se préoccuper des problèmes réels qui concernent les gens ici et maintenant: cet article porte sur la façon dont le philosophe français aborde l'un de ces problèmes, celui des rapports "politiques" entre hommes te femmes, en relation d'une part avec le féminisme, d'autre part avec les mouvements préoccupés par la condition masculine. Il s'agit de comprendre pourquoi Foucault méconnaît l'envergure réelle de ceux-ci comme de celui-là.

Entre herméneutique et grammatologie, entre Gadamer et Derrida, il y aurait une profonde incompatibilité. Insurmontable? Les deux camps ont au moins en commun de réfléchir sur les conditions de possibilité du discours philosophique.Mais, en définitive, il faudrait dépasser ces deux approches au profit d'une nouvelle époque de la philosophie s'obligeant à approfondir le sens de la différence et à "retrouver à nouveaux frais la question de l'essence".

La philosophie de l'art d'Étienne Gilson n'accorde aucune place au roman. Après avoir dégagé les raisons de ce rejet et en avoir dévoilé les présupposés, nous montrons que le roman a droit de cité dans la sphère des arts majeurs, et ce même à partir des principes de la théorie de Gilson.Gilson's philosophy of art leaves no room to the novel. First, we elucidate his reasons to do so, then we disclose their presuppositions, and finally we show that the novel (...) should be considered as a major form of art even on Gilson's grounds. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage collectif publié sous la direction de Jean Greisch examine divers aspects de le théorie du texte, depuis le "mouvement de la textualisation" jusqu'à "l'herméneutique de la textualité", en passant par la notion même de texte, la grammaire du texte, l'histoire de l'écriture, le rapport du texte au monde, les lacunes de l'approche psychanalytique, etc. Il n'est pas sûr que chacune des contributions se hisse au niveau de généralité requis par l'approche philosophique, mais suffisamment d'entre elles y parviennent pour (...) alimenter la réflexion. (shrink)

Black Feminism and Continental Philosophy in dialogue.

Par sa couverture particulièrement intense au début, la presse américaine a donné beaucoup d'importance aux attentats de Madrid. Le cadrage dominant est un parallèle avec le 11 septembre, justifiant une approche faite d'empathie et un sentiment fort de solidarité dans l'épreuve. Mais, après les résultats des élections législatives espagnoles, quand il est devenu évident que la population espagnole a élu un chef ouvertement hostile à la participation de son pays à la guerre en Irak, la couverture change. La presse américaine (...) passe de la solidarité à la censure. Surtout dans le New York Post, la victoire de Zapatero est présentée comme la preuve que les terroristes ont réussi. Cette orientation anti-Zapatero est justifiée par un cadrage patriotique articulant de façon indissociable la lutte globale contre le terrorisme et la guerre menée par les États-Unis en Irak, conformément à la doctrine de l'administration Bush. Néanmoins, les autres journaux laissent s'exprimer des critiques contre la rhétorique simpliste de Bush.By its cover especially intense at the beginning, the American press has given much importance to the Madrid bombings. The dominant framing is parallel with the September 11, justifying an approach made empathy and a strong sense of solidarity in the event. But after the results of the Spanish elections, when it became clear that the Spanish population has elected a leader openly hostile to the country's participation in the war in Iraq, the coverage changes. The American press passes solidarity censorship. Especially in the New York Post, the victory of Zapatero is presented as evidence that the terrorists have succeeded. This orientation anti-Zapatero is justified by framing patriotic inextricably linking the global fight against terrorism and the war waged by the U.S. in Iraq, according to the doctrine of the Bush administration. However, other newspapers leave to express criticism against the simplistic rhetoric of Bush. (shrink)

Human behavior is guided by evolutionarily shaped brain mechanisms that make statistical predictions based on limited information. Such mechanisms are important for facilitating interpersonal relationships, avoiding dangers, and seizing opportunities in social interaction. We thus suggest that it is essential for analyses of prejudice and prejudice reduction to take the predictive accuracy and adaptivity of the studied prejudices into account.

L'historien a pour fonction de reconstituer le passé de manière à conjuguer les exigences de rigueur méthodologique et de pertinence par rapport aux questions qui intéressent les hommes de son temps. Parmi les divers agencements méthodologiques et idéologiques mis en oeuvre par les historiens, soit l'histoire-récit, l'histoire-tableau, l'histoire philosophique, l'histoire-problème et l'histoire structurale ou sociologique, l'histoire-problème paraît la plus appropriée pour produire une représentation du passé historiquement pertinente et scientifiquement valide. Les conceptions méthodologiques et idéologiques des premiers historiens du mouvement (...) ouvrier français sont explicitées et analysées dans la perspective de démontrer la valeur épistémologique de l'histoire-problème.Historians have to elaborate scientific representations of the past which are meaningful for the present. Among the various methodological and ideological conceptions used by them, that is narrative history, descriptive history, philosophical history, "problematic history" and structural or sociological history, "problematic history" seems to be the most appropriate. We intend in this study to explicate the conceptions underlying the first historiography of the French working movement, and to demonstrate the epistemological value of "problematic history" which combines scientific requirements and social relevance. (shrink)

Cohen Kadosh & Walsh (CK&W) discuss the limitations of the behavioral, imaging, and single-cell studies related to number representation in human parietal cortex. The limitations of the imaging studies are grossly underestimated, particularly those using adaptation paradigms, and the problem of establishing a link between single-cell studies and imaging is not even addressed. Monkey functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), however, provides a solution to these problems.

Le Cahier 18 est le dernier Cahier de Simone Weil écrit à Londres, commencé endécembre 1942 et s’étirant sur 1943, année où elle mourut le 24 août. Il n’a plus l’ampleurdes autres, mais, même exténuée et à distance de tout, son auteur poursuit ses explorationset creuse. Nous proposons quelques notes sur quelques annotations disant ce qui reste,quand on est sur la limite entre la vie et la mort, de la philosophie, de Dieu, du soi.

A common view in face recognition research holds that there is a stored representation specific to each known face. It is also posited that semantic or memory-based information cannot influence low-level face processing. The two experiments reported in this article investigate the nature of this representation and the flow of face information processing. Participants had to search for a particular primed face among other faces. In Experiment 1, the search was done in a context where distractors had either a different (...) degree of fame or the same degree of fame. In Experiment 2, the target face was primed either with semantic information or without any information. Both experiments demonstrated that increasing the display set size lengthened face detection time. However, the lengthening was a function of face fame. The search context also had an effect on the slope of the famous face detection. The results are explained in terms of the idea that face representations are reconstructed and that high- and low-level information are integrated into the processing. The integration process is not a conscious one. (shrink)

This book shows the surprising dynamism of the field of civil procedure through its examination of a cross section of recent developments within civil procedure from around the world. It explores the field through specific approaches to its study, within specific legal systems, and within discrete sub-fields of civil procedure. The book reflects the latest research and conveys the dynamism and innovations of modern civil procedure - by field, method and system. The book's introductory chapters lay the groundwork for researchers (...) to appreciate the flux and change within the field. The concluding chapters bring the many different identified innovations and developments together to show the field's ability to adapt to modern circumstances, while retaining its coherence even across different legal systems, traditions, fields and analytic approaches. Specifically, in this book the presence of dynamism is explored in the legal systems of the EU, France, the US, Brazil, Australia, the UK and China. So too that dynamism is explored in the contributions' analyses and discussions of the changes or need for change of specific aspects of civil procedure including litigation costs, class actions, derivative actions, pleadings, and res judicata. Furthermore, most of the individual contributions may be considered to be comparative analyses of their respective subjects and, when considered as a whole, the book presents the dynamism of civil procedure in comparative perspective. Those discrete and aggregated comparative analyses permit us to better understand the dynamism in civil procedure - for change in the abstract can be less visible and its significance and impact less evident. While similar conclusions may have been drawn through examinations in isolation, employing comparative analytic methods provided a richer analysis and any identified need for change is correspondingly advanced through comparative analysis. Furthermore, if that analysis leads to a conclusion that change is necessary then comparative law may provide pertinent examples for such change - as well as methodologies for successfully transplanting any such changes. In other words, as this book so well reflects, comparative law may itself usefully contribute to dynamism in civil procedure. This has long been a raison d'être of comparative law and, as clear from this book's contributions, in this particular time and field of study we find that it is very likely to achieve its lofty promise. (shrink)

Much of the research on teachers’ personal epistemology concerns their learning. Surprisingly little research has looked at how personal epistemologies are related to teachers’ teaching and other aspects of their interactions with students. In this chapter we investigate teachers’ personal epistemologies and the extent to which they predict autonomy-supporting behaviors. Such behaviors have been found to predict positive educational outcomes. 600 students in 21 grade 7 and 8 classrooms were administered surveys regarding two aspects of autonomy support: the extent to (...) which their teachers tried to take their perspective and provided them with rationales for prosocial behavior. At the same time, their teachers’ personal epistemologies were assessed. Students of teachers scored as having advanced personal epistemologies reported that their teachers were more likely to take their perspective. We conclude that teacher education in personal epistemology and autonomy supportive practices should have positive effects both for the teachers and their students. (shrink)