The polarisation of the embryonic anteroposterior (AP) axis requires the establishment of positional cues with spatial information, and often involves complex intercellular communications, cell adhesion and cell movement. Recent work on several fronts has begun to shed light on how the initial asymmetries are established and maintained. In this review, I discuss the polarisation of the AP axis during Drosophila oogenesis, focusing on the function of the Notch signalling pathway and its relationship to the activation of the epidermal growth factor (...) receptor. I make special reference to some aspects of Notch activity regulation during oogenesis that appear to depart from the canonical pathway. Finally, I hypothesise on possible similarities between these activities of Notch signalling during Drosophila oogenesis and vertebrate somitogenesis. BioEssays 25:781–791, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza una constelación heterocrónica compuesta por nueve figuras de horizontes y de nubes de polvo de la pampa argentina provenientes de la literatura y de las artes visuales de los siglos XIX, XX y XXI. Según se sostiene a partir de un estudio teórico de diversas fuentes filosóficas, las imágenes son nudos semiótico-materiales, espejos emancipados de la servidumbre humana y voces no antropológicas en tiene lugar una configuración estético-política particular del espacio. Las figuras de horizontes están organizadas en (...) función del ojo humano y ponen el espacio bajo su dominio. En cambio, en las nubes de polvo en las que danzan y se conectan los existentes la configuración humana se encuentra deshecha. (shrink)

Scientific pluralism has gained supporters in philosophy of science during the last decades, since it seems to accurately account for the plural and varied development of science. Arguments in defense of robust, non-merely epistemic pluralistic positions can be found in several contemporary philosophical works. According to these positions, to hold pluralism does not suppose to assume an epistemic position regarding truth and a non-realistic view on scientific theories. Monism can be thought as the “natural” opponent of scientific pluralism. In this (...) paper, we will evaluate the alleged rivalry between the two positions, paying special attention to those riskier, ontologically more robust, pluralistic proposals. We will argue that these strongest versions of pluralism fail to offer an alternative to monism: they either changes the topic or hold a weak skepticism that Hegel develops in the Phenomenology of the Spirit. (shrink)

Introduction: This study explores how learning experiences at public universities impact the development of critical thinking in early education students in 2023. Objective: To determine the influence of learning experiences on the critical thinking of early education students, identifying effective didactic strategies for its promotion. Methodology: Utilizing a quantitative approach, data were collected from 247 early education students across various public universities in Peru through structured surveys. These surveys were designed to measure students' perceptions of their learning experiences and their (...) impact on critical thinking, including items related to communicative, reflective, and problem-solving competencies. The instruments' validation was ensured through reliability and validity analysis, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS V.25 software to examine the relationships between variables. Results: The findings indicated a positive and significant correlation between carefully designed learning experiences and the enhancement of students' critical thinking. This link underscores the critical value of adopting didactic strategies focused on fostering critical thinking, showing that when students are immersed in learning environments that challenge their abilities and promote reflection, their capacity to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information significantly improves. Conclusions: The findings highlight the necessity for universities to continuously implement and adapt their pedagogical methods to foster meaningful and critical learning. This research contributes to understanding how educational experiences can be designed to enhance critical thinking, providing a foundation for future curricular and pedagogical developments in higher education. (shrink)

Hernán Borisonik. Persistencia de la pregunta por el arte. Buenos Aires: Miño y Dávila, 2022, 132 páginas. Valentín Díaz. Tensión y materia. El método del Barroco en Walter Benjamin. Buenos Aires: 17grises, 2023, 456 páginas.

Resumen: En este artículo propongo una lectura del cuerpo humano como “efecto” de heterogéneas y múltiples prácticas, como la escribanía, la catequesis, la violencia física, el “mito literario” del conquistador y el “mito del fin de las antiguas culturas”. Planteo que dichas prácticas están articuladas con lo que he llamado “dispositivo expedición-conquista”, cuyo papel más importante es el de configurar las representaciones antagónicas del cuerpo entre el conquistador y el indígena en la conquista, de modo particular en México, en tiempos (...) de Hernán Cortés y Moctezuma.: In this article I propose a reading of the body as “effect” of heterogeneous and multiple practices, such as the clerkship, catechesis, physical violence, “literary myth” of the conqueror and the “myth of the end of the ancient cultures”. I argue that such practices are articulated with what I have called “expedition-conquest device” which plays the role of the antagonistic set representations of the body between the conqueror and the conquered indigenous in a particular way in Mexico, in times of Hernán Cortés and Moctezuma. (shrink)

En La semiosis social 2 (2013), Eliseo Verón utiliza metáforas biológicas para explicar diferentes recorridos que los espectadores realizan en el marco de una exposición en el Centro Pompidou en 1984. Si pensamos en un museo de arte contemporáneo del presente, podemos advertir al menos tres grandes cambios en lo que respecta a los elementos de análisis que utilizó Verón. Por un lado, el objeto en ese caso era la fotografía analógica. Por otro lado, las características de ese objeto exigían (...) una estrategia de montaje que respondiera a la lógica del museo moderno. Finalmente, las condiciones de recepción responden a una puesta en circulación de cuerpos significantes. Frente a la consolidación del bioarte como ámbito de producción poética junto-con especies no humanas (López del Rincón 2015, Stubrin 2021), nos preguntamos en este artículo sobre las nuevas necesidades metodológicas que la semiótica podría actualizar recuperando aportes del campo de la biosemiótica. (shrink)

Postmodernism may seem a particularly inappropriate term when used in conjunction with a region that is usually thought of as having only recently, and then unevenly, acceded to modernity. Yet in the last several years the concept has risen to the top of the agenda of cultural and political debate in Latin America. This collection explores the Latin American engagement with postmodernism, less to present a regional variant of the concept than to situate it in a transnational framework. Recognizing that (...) postmodernism in Latin America can only inaccurately be thought of as having traveled from an advanced capitalist "center" to arrive at a still dependent neocolonial "periphery," the contributors share the assumption that postmodernism is itself about the dynamics of interaction between local and metropolitan cultures in a global system in which the center-periphery model has begun to break down. These essays examine the ways in which postmodernism not only designates the effects of this transnationalism in Latin America, but also registers the cultural and political impact on an increasingly simultaneous global culture of a Latin America struggling with its own set of postcolonial contingencies, particularly the crisis of its political left, the dominance of neoliberal economic models, and the new challenges and possibilities opened by democratization. With new essays on the dynamics of Brazilian culture, the relationship between postmodernism and Latin American feminism, postmodernism and imperialism, and the implications of postmodernist theory for social policy, as well as the text of the Declaration from the Lacandon Jungle of the Zapatatista National Liberation Army, this expanded edition of boundary 2 will interest not only Latin Americanists, but scholars in all disciplines concerned with theories of the postmodern. Contributors. Xavier Albó, José Joaquín Brunner, Fernando Calderón, Enrique Dussel, Néstor García Canclini, Martín Hopenhayn, Neil Larsen, the Latin American Subaltern Studies Group, Norbert Lechner, María Milagros López, Raquel Olea, Aníbal Quijano, Nelly Richard, Carlos Rincón, Silviano Santiago, Beatriz Sarlo, Roberto Schwarz, and Hernán Vidal. (shrink)

RESUMEN La medicina tradicional herbolaria desde su evolución hasta la contemporaneidad ha sido objeto de uso para la medicina convencional. Por eso el objetivo del trabajo es describir el comportamiento de la medicina tradicional herbolaria en los sistemas de salud convencionales. Se realizó la búsqueda y análisis documental de numerosas fuentes sobre la temática pertenecientes a las bases de datos SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, Science Direct, Clinical Key, Cumed, Lilacslo. Se concluye que la actualidad social registra manifestaciones alentadoras en el (...) campo de la aceptación de la herbolaria como medicina complementaria por el equipo de salud y un renovado interés en el ámbito mundial por estudiar los efectos que tienen las plantas sobre la salud. ABSTRACT The traditional herbalist medicine from its evolution to the contemporaneity has been an object use for the conventional medicine. That's why the objective of the work is to describe the behavior of the traditional herbalist medicine in the conventional health systems. A search and documentary analysis of numerous sources on the subject-matter belonging to the databases SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, Science Direct, Clinical Key, Cumed, Lilacslo was carried out. It is concluded that the social actuality registers encouraging declarations in the field of the acceptance of the herbalist as complementary medicine for the team of health and a renewed interest in the world ambience to study the effects that have the plants on the health. (shrink)

This article advances three claims. The first is that the standard instrumentalist case for minimal age and sanity requirements for voting is weak and inconclusive in such a way that the evaluation of such requirements should be made exclusively on the basis of procedural fairness considerations. The second claim is that fairness requires the inclusion of all and only those persons who have the franchise capacity: the minimum necessary cognitive and moral powers to experience the benefits of enfranchisement. The third (...) and final claim is that current age and sanity prerequisites for voting in most places fail to comply with the demands of fairness and ought to be revised. (shrink)

Altruism and solidarity are concepts that are closely related to organ donation for transplantation. On the one hand, they are typically used for encouraging people to donate. On the other hand, they also underpin the regulations in force in each country to different extents. They are often used indistinctly and equivocally, despite the different ethical implications of each concept. This paper aims to clarify to what extent we can speak of altruism and solidarity in the predominant models of organ donation. (...) It also raises the ethical question of whether these categories are adequate as a basis for such models, bearing in mind that organs are a scarce resource and that a shortage of them may mean that fewer lives are saved or improved. (shrink)

The development of assistive robotics and anthropomorphic AI allows machines to increasingly enter into the daily lives of human beings and gradually become part of their lives. Robots have made a strong entry in the field of assistive behaviour. In this chapter, we will ask to what extent technology can satisfy people’s personal needs and desires as compared to human agents in the field of care. The industry of assistive technology burst out of the gate at the beginning of the (...) century with very strong innovation and development and is currently attracting large sources of public and private investment and public attention. We believe that a better-defined and more fundamental philosophical-ethical analysis of the values at stake in care robots is needed. To this end, we will focus on the current status of care robots (types of care robots, their functioning and their design) and we will provide a philosophical-ethical analysis that offers a solid framework for the debate surrounding the potential risks and benefits of implementing assistive robots in people’s daily lives. (shrink)

Critical aspects in the field of education are currently related to low levels of socioemotional competences and high rates of school dropouts. However, there are no standard practices or guidelines for helping countries to assess and train social and emotional competences. To overcome this limitation, the project Learning to be (L2B) aims to propose a comprehensive model of the assessment and development of social and emotional competences that bring together policymakers, researchers, teachers, school authorities and learners from different participating countries: (...) Finland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Slovenia, and Spain. The project attempts to create an international framework for regulating activities and supporting teachers working on the social and emotional competences of the students and to provide tools which can be used across countries. The aim of the paper is to describe how L2B has been developed in Spain by analyzing the contributions of the international framework and extracting the specific needs in the Spanish context. Specifically, we describe two products of the project: a) the process for creating a toolkit, a tool focused on creating activities and materials for helping teachers develop social and emotional competences of students and b) the results of an exploratory study in Spain in which social and emotional competences are assessed and compared to the international framework. First, we explain the definition of social and emotional competences used for creating the toolkit. Second, we analyze responses of Spanish students to questionnaires administered before applying the toolkit in the schools. The paper describes social and emotional competences in Spain and evaluates the overlap between relevant variables in Spain and those used for developing the toolkit, the international tool. Specific needs in Spain are discussed, as well as the contribution of the project for promoting the improved development of students’ social and emotional competences, improving learning outcomes and stronger social cohesion in schools and local communities, as well as the utility of the results for creating new educational policies. (shrink)

Over the last several years, predictive processing approaches to computational neuropsychiatry have been gaining explanatory traction. According to these accounts, some of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia arise from aberrant precision-weighting during hierarchical Bayesian inference. In contrast to computational approaches, the phenomenological tradition in psychiatry holds that disruptions or alterations of the self (Ichstörungen) lie at the core of schizophrenia. In this article, we aim to integrate these approaches. We align ourselves with the phenomenological insight that self-disturbances lie at the (...) core of schizophrenia and with the hierarchical conception of the self-model that emerges from the predictive processing architecture. We suggest that disruptions of the “hard core” of the narrative self-model might be partially involved in the generation of aberrant experiences and hyperreflexivity, and in some aspects of the sense of self-alienation and ambiguity that is characteristic of the phenomenology of schizophrenia. (shrink)

Se parte de la hipótesis que el Estado nacional cubano es el resultado de la acción de una serie de elites que siempre se han considerado revolucionarias. La construcción del Estado cubano abarca tres experiencias que explican el ejercicio del poder político por elites específicas en el siglo XX. Es la capacidad de agencia de estas elites la que explica la historia política del Estado, independientemente de las intervenciones externas de las que puede ser objeto. Lo que definimos como Revolución (...) cubana, es un proceso que puede distinguirse en dos fases, la insurreccional entendida como la toma del poder político, y la construcción de los mecanismos que permiten la reproducción de la nueva elite como elite de poder, es decir, a través del aparato del Estado. En este proceso particular se observa la importancia de un líder carismático como Fidel Castro, quien logra aglutinar a un conjunto de personas en torno de su liderazgo. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we argue that killing a Conditional Threat usually involves an unnecessary act of self-defense, so killing this aggressor is usually morally impermissible. We defend this thesis by showing that this case is fundamentally similar to a case involving an Unconditional Threat in which the victim can flee to safety although this involves incurring a minor cost. Second, we analyze the thresholds of maximal harm that victims are required to bear before they are (...) permitted to defend themselves by harming their aggressors related to the conditions of necessity and of proportionality. We argue that the maximal harm a victim is required to bear sanctioned by the condition of necessity is, all else being equal, lower than the maximal harm that a victim must bear sanctioned by the condition of proportionality. This result is relevant for determining in which cases victims may use lethal force against Conditional Threats, both in the individual case and also in the case of war. (shrink)

El artículo aborda la pregunta por la tarea de la memoria histórica en Colombia desde una perspectiva filosófica, concentrada en los retos epistemológicos y éticos derivados de la elaboración e implementación de iniciativas de memoria en contex- tos de experiencia traumática. Se busca presentar y analizar estos retos desde las consecuencias conceptuales que los contextos traumáticos le plantean a los procesos de elaboración de memoria y a la práctica de escucha de testimonios provenientes de experiencias traumáticas. Se examinan los modos (...) para comprender, desde la filosofía, un aspecto de la tarea de la memoria que puede pasar desapercibido, con el propósito de imaginar e identificar cursos de acción y estrategias de escucha más responsables, inclusivas y plurales. (shrink)

Roger Boscovich, belonging to XVIII century, halfway from Newton to Faraday, is traditionally considered as a newtonian philosopher. Nevertheless, following Berkson’s suggestion, he could be a Field Theory forerunner. In this work, we will try to go on with the idea of this suggestion in order to show this possible Boscovich’s contribution.

The objective of this study is to determine the contribution made by knowledge of letters, phonological awareness, phonological memory, and alphanumeric and non-alphanumeric rapid automatized naming at the ages of six and seven to the ability of Spanish children to read words at 7 years of age. A total of 116 Spanish-speaking school children took part in the study, from schools located in an average socio-cultural setting, without special educational needs. The reading ability of these pupils was evaluated at the (...) age of seven, and cognitive variables were assessed at 6 and 7 years of age. Descriptive-exploratory analyses, bivariate analyses, and multivariate regressions were performed. The results show that cognitive variables measured at these ages contribute differently to the ability to read words at 7 years of age. Rapid naming does not seem to influence word reading; knowledge of letters no longer influences word reading as children grow older; and phonological awareness and phonological memory maintain their contribution to the explanation of word reading. These results indicate that reading in Spanish depends on different cognitive variables and that this relationship varies according to age. The findings have key educational implications in terms of teaching reading skills and the prevention of specific learning difficulties in Spanish Primary Education. (shrink)

Introducción: El examen estatal escrito evalúa la competencia del egresado y debe cumplir los requisitos de su confección y de su análisis informar las deficiencias en el proceso docente educativo para su perfeccionamiento. Objetivo: Caracterizar el examen estatal ordinario escrito y los resultados obtenidos en la Facultad de Estomatología. Camagüey durante el período 2011-2012. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del examen estatal ordinario escrito aplicado a 146 estudiantes. Se elaboró una base de datos con las calificaciones obtenidas, índice académico (...) y una guía con las variables tipo de examen, de preguntas, nivel de asimilación, claridad de formulación, correspondencia con los objetivos de la carrera, clave de calificación y cumplimiento de los criterios de Guilbert, analizados por grupo de expertos. Resultados: En los resultados se aproximó la nota de los excelentes (27,4 %) con el índice académico de los altos rendimientos (28,1 %). La mediana general fue de 86,3. Los temas más explorados fueron Endodoncia (18,8 %), Prótesis y Odontopediatría (10,4 %). Las preguntas con más valor fueron de temas curativos. El nivel de asimilación fue reproductivo y el 35,4 % de preguntas tipo selección múltiple complemento agrupado. Existieron dificultades de diseño del examen y autopreparación de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Los resultados se aproximaron a los rendimientos académicos. No hubo equidad entre el número, valor de las preguntas por temas y nivel de asimilación. Los errores se asociaron en frecuencia al diseño y redacción de algunas preguntas, insuficiente estudio y en menor grado a la falta de sistematicidad en el proceso docente, que permitieron determinar las deficiencias para su intervención. Introduction: The State written exam evaluates the competence of seniors and must meet the requirements of its preparation and analysis in order to report deficiencies in the educational teaching process for its further development. Objective: To characterize the written regular state exam and the results obtained at the Faculty of Stomatology. Camaguey during the period of 2011-2012. Methods: A descriptive study of the written regular state exam was conducted to 146 students. A data base was developed with the grades obtained, academic index and a guide with the exam- type variables, questions, level of assimilation, clarity of formulation, correspondence with the objectives of the career, key qualification and compliance with the criteria of Guilbert, all analyzed by groups of experts. Results: In the results the excellent notes (27.4%) approached to the academic index of high yield (28.1%). The general average was 86,3. The most explored themes were Endodontics (18.8%), Prosthesis and Pediatric Odontology (10.4%). healing topics were the questions with more value. The level of assimilation was reproductive and 35.4% of multiple choice type questions complement clustered. There were difficulties according to the test design and the students' self study. Conclusions: The results were close to academic performance. There was no equality between the number, value of the questions by topic and level of assimilation. Errors were often associated with the design and wording of some questions, insufficient study and in a lesser extent to the lack of systematic fashion in the teaching process, which allowed to determine deficiencies for its intervention. (shrink)

La instalación El archivo de los abuelos, 1995, es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación que el artista Christian Boltanski realizó junto con los estudiantes de la Universidad de Leuphana, Luneburgo (Alemania) en la misma institución. El archivo reúne efectos personales de los abuelos de los estudiantes de aquella generación. Se trata de una pieza significativa dentro de la obra del francés porque no se atiene a las características habituales de sus obras de archivo, a las que denomino «meta-archivos» (...) por su carácter posmoderno de desestabilización del concepto mismo de archivo, y consecuentemente, del de documento y del de historia. El proyecto hizo patente el silencio sobre el Tercer Reich imperante en la época dentro de las familias, e hizo que este pasado reprimido resurgiese. Asimismo, puso de manifiesto los orígenes nazis del campus universitario. Por estos motivos, pese a poder considerarse un «meta-archivo fallido», es una obra de arte relevante y pertinente a nivel socio-cultural, y dentro de la obra de Boltanski, al arrojar luz sobre sus tácitos modus operandi y objetivos habituales precisamente por no cumplirlos. (shrink)

In gender studies on nineteenth century Argentine literature, a woman writer has been vindicated: Juana Manuela Gorriti. Considered a succesful intellectual because she was the first who entered the literary market, she is faced to another contemporary intelectual figure, Juana Manso. Novelist, teacher and politically close to Sarmiento´s ideas, Manso was insulted by the most conservative sectors of bourgeoisie. Despite Gorriti, in the contemporary feminist analysis Manso is seen like an unsuccessful intelectual. This essay tries to explain the unlike luck (...) of both, in past an present, taking in consideration political differences between them. (shrink)

This article addresses the challenges of dialogue with the religious pluralism. The fundamental question is: How to dialogue with the religions in Brazil and the continent? Although we know that the great religions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism and Islam, are a minority in our reality. However, according to data presented by the various institut of research, the number of Catholics has been decreasing and increasing Pentecostals. Even, there is an increasing indifference and religious disbelief. We know that the dialogue (...) with the Pentecostal world is very challenging indeed happens only individually with some Pentecostal churches and / or pastors. (shrink)

Científicos del sistema Tierra han demostrado que el planeta es un sistema adaptativo-complejo y que algunos procesos naturales ya no operan en condiciones seguras para preservar la vida. Destaca que poco se ha hecho por explorar las implicaciones en la arena jurídica para responder ante los retos que estas condiciones presuponen para la vida humana y para nuestra supervivencia como especie. Aquí se sostiene que, para mantener el buen funcionamiento planetario, se requiere de una articulación efectiva entre el razonamiento jurídico, (...) su argumentación y la ciencia del sistema Tierra. Al hacer una exploración de la literatura jurídica y del sistema Tierra, este artículo tiene como objetivo exponer el primer esfuerzo sobre cómo debería adaptarse el razonamiento jurídico y su argumentación a un enfoque del sistema Tierra, utilizando para ello diferentes casos de estudio, resoluciones y tesis jurisprudenciales. Al hacerlo, se exhibe la necesidad de erradicar concepciones erróneas subyacentes al antropocentrismo jurídico, para ajustar la interpretación y aplicación del derecho a realidades ecológicas científicamente más precisas. (shrink)

We used to think it was the job of a historian of Spanish science to combat the negative evaluations of Hispanic cultures that came to be known as the Black Legend. Paradoxically, attempts to amend dominant narratives of the history of science (such as the Scientific Revolution) so that they might accommodate Spain bolstered the very stories we meant to dismantle. Caring about the Black Legend deformed the history we were trying to write and never convinced the people we hoped (...) to sway. In this article, we provide an overview of the historiographic tendencies that most shaped our careers – responses to the Black Legend, such as contributionist history and bibliometrics – and explain why we have chosen to move on. (shrink)

The claim of the freedom of the will (understood as an individual who is transcendent to Nature) in the name of XXth century scientific knowledge, against the perspective of XVIIIth-XIXth century scientific materialism, is analysed and refuted in the present paper. The hypothesis of reductionism finds no obstacle within contemporary natural sciences. Determinism in classical physics is irrefutable, unless classical physics is itself refuted. From quantum mechanics, some authors argue that free will is possible because there is an ontological indeterminism (...) in the natural laws, and that the mind is responsible for the wave function collapse of matter, which leads to a choice among the different possibilities for the body. However, here I defend the opposite thesis because indeterminism does not imply free will, and because the considerations about an autonomous mind sending orders to the body is against neuroscience or evolutionary theories about human beings. The quantum theory of measurement can be interpreted without the intervention of human minds, but other fields of science cannot contemplate the mentalist scenario. A fatalistic or materialist view, which denies the possibility of a free will, makes much more sense in scientific terms. (shrink)

La obra de Jean Améry es uno de los intentos más notables de reflexión filosófica crítica y sistemática realizada por un superviviente del Holocausto. Jean Améry ejemplifica a través de su propia persona y de su escritura un _ethos_ inflexible de humanismo radical, frente a un mundo transformado por el totalitarismo en ámbito de extrañamiento. En este artículo queremos acercarnos a su pensamiento desde la perspectiva de la original teorización del resentimiento que en él se desarrolla. Una reflexión sobre la (...) condición humana y sobre la exigencia de justicia y reparación entendida como ontología negativa de la condición humana y como una moralidad que teoriza el futuro como una suerte de imposibilidad. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas un sector de la Iglesia católica latinoamericana ha impulsado la idea de conformar una Iglesia con rostro indígena, en la cual los indígenas se incorporen a la estructura eclesiástica a través de algunos cargos como catequista o diácono. Algunos incluso han propuesto la ordenación de sacerdotes indígenas que, de acuerdo a la cosmovisión de los indígenas, deben ser casados. El presente artículo tiene el objetivo revisar, desde la perspectiva de la historización de los conceptos propuesta por (...) Ellacuría, el aporte teóricopráctico realizados por la Compañía de Jesús, en particular tres religiosos ignacianos —Xavier Albó, Manuel Marzal y Bartomeu Melià— a dicho proceso. Como se verá a lo largo del texto, ha sido un camino lleno de avances y retrocesos. En el ámbito teórico, los jesuitas han defendido la idea de que la inculturación es el mejor camino para que la Iglesia logre una verdadera inserción en la realidad de las comunidades indígenas. En el terreno práctico se explora la experiencia de los diáconos indígenas en dos regiones: en la zona aymara de los Andes —especialmente en Bolivia— y en la Misión de Bachajón, Chiapas. Ambas experiencias con resultados disimiles, pero que enriquecen el caminar de la Iglesia con rostro indígena. (shrink)