La parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR) es una de las principales causas de muerte en los países industrializados. La reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) por testigos aumenta la supervivencia pero no hay formación en RCP en España en el sistema educativo.Este trabajo analiza la implementación de un programa de formación para profesores de Educación Secundaria por parte de sanitarios y, posteriormente, la adquisición de competencias por parte del alumnado comparando según el docente que los ha formado (profesor/a o sanitario), en un instituto de (...) Granada (España), objetivando una adquisición de competencias adecuada a todos los niveles y mejor cuando el docente es profesor/a. (shrink)

Neste trabalho, apresenta-se a análise das matrículas e da implementação da Lei Federal n. 12.711/2012, conhecida como Lei de Cotas e Ações Afirmativas, para ingresso nos Cursos Técnicos de Agropecuária e Informática na forma Integrada ao Ensino Médio, no Instituto Federal do Tocantins (IFTO) – Campus Dianópolis, no período de 2014 a 2018. A partir do estudo dessa Lei, do Decreto n. 7.824/2012, da Portaria Normativa do Ministério da Educação (MEC) n. 18/2012 e dos editais publicados pelo Instituto, (...) foi realizado um levantamento do número de estudantes beneficiados pela Lei nos processos seletivos para ingresso nesses cursos, por meio dos dados do Sistema Integrado de Gestão Acadêmica (Siga/IFTO). Ao analisar os editais e as matrículas, concluiu-se que, apesar da oferta de vagas prevista na Lei n. 12.711/2012, apenas nos anos de 2014 e 2015 houve alunos aprovados. Nos demais anos analisados, os estudantes não alcançaram a nota mínima para aprovação no vestibular. Assim, os alunos ingressantes pelo sistema de cotas, em 2014, compuseram a maioria dos que concluíram os cursos. (shrink)

El presente libro, La estética y el arte a debate I, compila los resultados fundamentales del trabajo del VIII Coloquio Internacional de Estética y Arte, celebrado en La Habana entre el 9 y el 11 de diciembre de 2013. El coloquio, convocado y auspiciado por diversas instituciones cubanas y mexicanas, fue expresión de los fructíferos vínculos de colaboración entre la Maestría y el Cuerpo Académico de Estética y Arte de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) y el Grupo de (...) Investigación sobre Estética, Cultura y Arte (GISECA) del Instituto de Filosofía de La Habana, ambos como parte de la Red de Investigaciones en Arte (RIA). -/- Con un nivel de convocatoria sin precedentes, el coloquio reunió, en las instalaciones del Hotel Neptuno-Tritón de la ciudad de La Habana, a más de un centenar de ponentes especializados en el arte y la estética –provenientes de Colombia, Ecuador, Francia, España, Cuba y México–, cuya valiosa participación determinó el alto nivel académico y la gran variedad de perspectivas teóricas y culturales del evento. -/- Las temáticas centrales giraron en torno a las nuevas prácticas artísticas, los desafíos que enfrentan la estética y la historia del arte, los debates actuales sobre la cultura, y muchas otras propuestas encaminadas a promover la reflexión y discusión de los aspectos académicos, artísticos y culturales más relevantes para esta área del conocimiento, además de estimular un intercambio de enfoques e ideas. (shrink)

Carta escrita por Gilda de Mello e Souza, remetida ao colega Oswaldo Porchat, que se encontrava em Berkeley, quando a ditadura civil-militar brasileira, recrudescida desde a implantação, em agosto de 1968, do AI-5, representava uma verdadeira ameaça a estudantes e docentes da Universidade de São Paulo, especialmente se lhe fizessem qualquer tipo de oposição. Porchat trocou uma sequência de cartas com Gilda nessa época, nas quais relata sua desilusão com a Faculdade de Filosofia, e com os acontecimentos políticos no (...) Brasil. Ao mesmo tempo, confessa estar encantado com a descoberta de novos elementos da Lógica, e com a atmosfera mais amena dos Estados Unidos. Porchat sabe que Gilda enfrenta momentos difíceis, tendo de assumir a Presidência do curso em meio à tentativa do reitor Miguel Reale de submetê-lo a um interventor. Enfrentando a dúvida sobre se valeria a pena retornar ao Brasil naquele momento, Porchat escreve à amiga. A carta a seguir expressa, dentro do que era possível na época, quando as correspondências eram vigiadas, o parecer de Gilda sobre as indagações do amigo, sobre os rumos da ditadura, e sobre o que ela pensava de sua própria atitude de resistência naquele contexto. A carta original, assim como a sequência de correspondências da qual faz parte, está depositada no Fundo Gilda de Mello e Souza, no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros (IEB/USP). Agradeço à família de Gilda, especialmente a Ana Luisa Escorel e a Laura Escorel, pela disponibilização desse documento para a presente publicação. (shrink)

RESUMO Este artigo propõe pensar sobre as vicissitudes do cuidado na rede pública de atenção psicossocial e sobre a fundamentação de uma perspectiva ético-dialógica de trabalho a partir de contribuições bakhtinianas. A reflexão se entretece na análise de impasses e possibilidades para a práxis em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Região Metropolitana I do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O estudo é resultado da pesquisa de mestrado vinculada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Pública da Escola Nacional de Saúde (...) Pública Sergio Arouca da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com os profissionais e observação participante no cotidiano da instituição. A partir das análises realizadas sob o prisma do Construcionismo Social e do recurso de análise de práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos, verificamos a presença de posicionamentos contraditórios expressos em percepções que se mostraram ao mesmo tempo consonantes e conflitantes com pressupostos ético-dialógicos. ABSTRACT This paper proposes to think about the vicissitudes of care in the public psychosocial care network and about the fundamentals of an ethical-dialogical perspective of work with grounds in the Bakhtinian contributions. The reflection is interwoven in the analysis of the impasses and possibilities for the praxis in one Centro de Atenção Psicossocial - [Psychosocial Care Center - PCC] in the metropolitan area of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study is the result of a Master’s Degree research, linked to the Public Health Postgraduate Program of the Sergio Arouca National Public Health School of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation were carried out with professionals during the institutional routine. From the analyses performed under the perspective of Social Constructionism and using the resource of analysis of discursive practices and meaning production, we verified the presence of contradicting positions expressed in perceptions that are both aligned and conflicting with dialogical ethics assumptions. (shrink)

Mezcla de ensayo, comentario y memoria, recoge trabajos orgánicamente ensamblados sobre la acción de profesores franceses en la enseñanza de la filosofía en São Paulo durante la década de los años 60. Se destaca la obra de autores brasileños como Bento Padro Jr., Oswaldo Porchat, José Arthur Giannotti y Ruy Fausto. Un capítulo se dedica al historiador de la filosofía en Brasil, Joao Cruz Costa"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.

This paper takes a cognitive perspective to assess the significance of some Late Palaeolithic artefacts (sculptures and engraved objects) for philosophicalconcepts of art. We examine cognitive capacities that are necessary to produceand recognize objects that are denoted as art. These include the ability toattribute and infer design (design stance), the ability to distinguish between themateriality of an object and its meaning (symbol-mindedness), and an aesthetic sensitivity to some perceptual stimuli. We investigate to what extent thesecognitive processes played a role in (...) the production and appreciation of somerecently discovered Palaeolithic artefacts. (shrink)

When conflicts regarding industrial operations erupt between countries, relationships between corporations and stakeholders may be affected. We combine insights from stakeholder theory and studies on government and corporate social responsibility to investigate how intergovernmental politics shapes stakeholder engagement. Relying on attribution theory and a qualitative analysis of the Finnish Metsä-Botnia (hereafter Botnia) company during the intergovernmental conflict between Uruguay and Argentina, we explore the mediating role of political attributions—defined as the stakeholder network actors’ inferences regarding governmental motives—in the process by (...) which intergovernmental politics shapes stakeholder engagement. We induce three types of political attributions: instrumentalizing, which points to the undeclared instrumental motives of governments; radicalizing, which refers to the beliefs that governments immoderately intensify confrontation; and acting in bad faith, which relates to the perceptions that governments act in inconsistent and/or morally inappropriate ways. Our results show how these attributions combine in specific configurations to explain how intergovernmental politics shapes stakeholder engagement throughout the conflict. Our study theorizes the role of governments as stakeholders in stakeholder engagement and expands organizational studies of attribution to the stakeholder and global levels. (shrink)

This article argues that corporate social responsibility may contribute to product differentiation in export markets and thus improve export performance. We test this argument by observing a period of decreasing export competitiveness in a leading emerging economy. Using a large-scale survey design with 252 questionnaires completed by mediumand large-sized Brazilian exporters, we used structural equations modelling to test our hypotheses. The results suggest that CSR product differentiation predicts export performance better than product quality differentiation and almost as well as product (...) innovation differentiation. Multi- group analysis further revealed that the positive and significant effect of CSR product differentiation on export performance is likely to be contingent on the number and type of countries that are targeted. Our study contributes to the literature on CSR and export performance by developing and empirically validating a model that explains under which conditions CSR-based product differentiation may lead to improved export performance. (shrink)

To organise future behaviour, it is important to remember both the central and contextual aspects of a situation. We examined the impact of contextual threat or safety, learned through verbal instructions, on face identity recognition. In two studies (N = 140), 72 face–context compounds were presented each once within an encoding session, and an unexpected item/source recognition task was performed afterwards (including 24 new faces). Hierarchical multinomial processing tree modelling served to estimate individual parameters of item (face identity) and source (...) memory (threat or safety context) as well as guessing behaviour. Results show that language was highly effective in establishing threatening and safe context conditions. In Study 1, a fleeting picture stream (1 s per picture) led to poor item and source recognition. Prolonged presentation times (Study 2 with 6 s per picture) improved face memory but no contextual modulation was observed. Thus, incidental face learning was surprisingly poor and rapidly changing contextual settings might have interfered with the accurate encoding of face identity information and item–source binding. (shrink)

Plagiarism is a prevalent form of academic dishonesty in the undergraduate instructional context. Although students engage in plagiarism with some frequency, instructors often do little to help students understand the significance of plagiarism or to create assignments that reduce its likelihood. This study reports survey, coding, and TurnItIn software results from an evaluation of an instructional activity designed to help students improve their understanding of plagiarism, the consequences of plagiarizing, strategies to help them engage in ethical writing, and key citation (...) elements. Results indicate students had a greater understanding of plagiarism, increased efficacy, and fewer instances of plagiarism as determined by TurnItIn plagiarism software after exposure to an instructional activity on plagiarism. Not surprisingly, when instructors prioritize academic honesty in their classrooms, train students on how to integrate others’ works, cite sources appropriately, and use plagiarism detection software, students are less likely to plagiarize. The discussion includes suggestions for instructors to help them create a plagiarism-free environment. (shrink)

To survive and be successful in today's setting of globalisation and complexity, companies are obliged to think in wider strategic terms, developing active and enterprising strategies that include social, political and ecological elements, besides the economic ones. The analysis of the relationship between companies and society is especially interesting when these companies operate in international markets. Countries demand that large corporations contribute to local, regional and national development in such a way that their resources are exchanged for a significant increase (...) in their citizens' quality of life. Faced with that fact, the aim of this work is to establish what actions the subsidiaries will take in order to offer a response to the needs of their stakeholders in the host countries. Secondly, we attempt to identify the factors explaining the different levels of social response of the subsidiaries established in a particular country by different parent companies. The empirical study was carried out on a sample of Spanish subsidiaries in the two manufacturing industries with most foreign investment (the chemical and automobile industries) and the results obtained both confirmed the validity of the tool used to measure social response and permitted us to determine which factors influence the institutionalisation of social responsiveness. (shrink)

Humans have a tendency to reason teleologically. This tendency is more pronounced under time pressure, in people with little formal schooling and in patients with Alzheimer’s. This has led some cognitive scientists of religion, notably Kelemen, to call intuitive teleological reasoning promiscuous, by which they mean teleology is applied to domains where it is unwarranted. We examine these claims using Kant’s idea of the transcendental illusion in the first Critique and his views on the regulative function of teleological reasoning in (...) the third Critique. We examine whether a Kantian framework can help resolve the tension between the apparent promiscuity of intuitive teleology and its role in human reasoning about biological organisms and natural kinds. (shrink)

The artistic design stance is an important part of art appreciation, but it remains unclear how it can be applied to artworks for which art historical context is no longer available, such as Ice Age art. We propose that some of the designer's intentions can be gathered noninferentially through direct experience with prehistoric artworks.

The Mondragon Corporation, a group of cooperatives, is a thriving example of how cooperatives can succeed. The authors describe six features of the corporation and five 'successful cooperative actions' that they consider to be crucial in explaining its accomplishments. Both the specific features and the successful actions are contrasted with those of standard capitalist companies, to show how this case is unique in the field of corporate organization and management. Through a combination of democratic principles, the values of solidarity, and (...) strong competitiveness, Mondragon has simultaneously achieved both efficiency and equity and has become an alternative to the organizational and governance models of traditional capitalist firms. (shrink)

In his discussion of our idea of time in the Treatise, Hume makes the perplexing claim that unchanging objects cannot be said to endure. While Hume is targeting the Newtonian conception of absolute time, it is not at all clear how his denial that unchanging objects are in time fits with this target. Moreover, Hume diagnoses our belief that unchanging objects endure as the product of a psychological fiction, but his account of this fiction is also riddled with puzzling claims (...) about our experience of unchanging objects. In this paper, we argue that Hume’s claims are a lot less baffling and indeed, much more sophisticated than they appear. We do so by considering his arguments as a response to Locke’s specific approach to the concept of absolute time. (shrink)

O estresse percebido afeta diretamente a sensação de bem-estar e sabe-se que o trabalho é uma das principais fontes de estresse. Neste artigo, objetivou-se analisar a percepção de estresse e bem-estar entre trabalhadores da cidade de Franca (SP) em comparação com o restante do Brasil. Participaram 291 trabalhadores, sendo 110 de Franca (Grupo Franca – GF) e 181 do restante do Brasil (Grupo Brasil – GB). Do total amostral, a maioria foi de mulheres (67,4%) em idade economicamente ativa (75,6%), sem (...) filhos (52,92%), com ensino superior ou pós-graduação (74%), trabalhando em comércio e serviços (61,5%) e em regime celetista (55%). Os participantes responderam, on-line, a dois instrumentos para avaliar a percepção de estresse e bem-estar. Utilizou-se o teste t e correlação de Pearson para análises das variáveis estudadas. Observou-se que o bem-estar indica significativa (p ≤ 0,001) correlação negativa com a percepção de estresse na amostra como um todo (GF r = -0,40 e GB r = -0,50) e, apesar de não terem sido identificadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos, a cidade de Franca não apresentou correlação significativa com os fatores estressores relativos à carga e ao ambiente de trabalho. Todos os demais fatores estressores (financeiro, social, cognições, família, saúde e relaxamento) apresentaram correlações maiores no GB do que no GF. Os dados sugerem que, apesar de o estresse afetar diretamente a sensação de bem-estar, a vivência fora dos grandes centros urbanos, em cidades menores, parece proporcionar uma relação mais adequada com o trabalho. (shrink)

Birth cohort studies can be used not only to generate population-level quantitative data, but also to recompose persons. The crux is how we understand data and persons. Recomposition entails scavenging for various (including unrecognised) data. It foregrounds the perspective and subjectivity of survey participants, but without forgetting the partiality and incompleteness of the accounts that it may generate. Although interested in the singularity of individuals, it attends to the historical and relational embeddedness of personhood. It examines the multiple and complex (...) temporalities that suffuse people’s lives, hence departing from linear notions of the life course. It implies involvement, as well as reflexivity, on the part of researchers. It embraces the heterogeneity and transformations over time of scientific archives and the interpretive possibilities, as well as incompleteness, of birth cohort studies data. Interested in the unfolding of lives over time, it also shines light on meaningful biographical moments. (shrink)

In a previous issue of Tijdschrift voor Filosofie, Filip Buekens argues that evolutionary psychology (EP), or some interpretations thereof, have a corrosive impact on our ‘manifest self-image’. Buekens wants to defend and protect the global adequacy of this manifest self-image in the face of what he calls evolutionary revisionism. Although we largely agree with Buekens’ central argument, we criticize his analysis on several accounts, making some constructive proposals to strengthen his case. First, Buekens’ argument fails to target EP, because his (...) notion of the ‘constitutive conditions’ of our attitudes is too wide and too extensive. Second, his defense of the global adequacy of our attitudes does not allow for sufficient differentiation to analyze the problem of potential self-refutation with respect to EP. Third, his account of knowledge about constitutive conditions, and its impact on our self-image, is problematic. We provide a more detailed explanation for the pervasiveness of evolutionary revisionism and other misconceptions about EP. Finally, we consider in what sense EP may legitimately affect our self-image, and whether it can truly inspire corrections of our view of human nature. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer el diálogo entre la obra de Chillida y el pensamiento de Zambrano. A partir de la colaboración del escultor en 1989 en el Catálogo de la exposiciónhomenaje a María Zambrano, con motivo de la concesión del Premio Cervantes a la filósofa española, se presenta una concisa crónica a partir de las escasas pero significativas colaboraciones y referencias que existen sobre Chillida y Zambrano que arrojan cierta luz sobre la relación que existe entre (...) sus respectivos universos creativos. Con el objetivo de seguir la trama de este vínculo profundo entre ambos, se toma como referencia la estrecha relación que los dos mantuvieron con José Ángel Valente, tratando de mostrar la impronta que su amistad tuvo en la creación de ese hilo invisible que une a Chillida y Zambrano. (shrink)

La autora nos ubica en las discusiones más recientes de la filosofía política y de la ética. Su objetivo es plantear la posibilidad de encontrar una interrelación entre ambas sin que ello suponga un retorno a las ideas aristotélicas.

Time and technology permeate the fabric of teamwork across a variety of settings to affect outcomes which have a wide range of consequences. However, there is a limited understanding about the interplay between these factors for teams, especially as applied to artificial intelligence (AI) technology. With the increasing integration of AI into human teams, we need to understand how environmental factors such as time scarcity interact with AI technology to affect team behaviors. To address this gap in the literature, we (...) investigated the interaction between the availability of intelligent technology and time scarcity in teams. Drawing from the theoretical perspective of computers are social actors and extant research on the use of heuristics and human–AI interaction, this study uses behavioral data from 56 teams who participated in a between-subjects 2 (intelligent assistant available × control/no intelligent assistant) × 2 (time scarcity × control/no time scarcity) lab experiment. Results show that teams working under time scarcity used the intelligent assistant more often and underperformed on a creative task compared to teams without the temporal constraints. Further, teams who had an intelligent assistant available to them had fewer interactions between members compared to teams who did not have the technology. Implications for research and applications are discussed. (shrink)

Nuestro objetivo es unir la Teoría de las Inteligencias Múltiples a la metodología organizativa del trabajo por rincones en las aulas del segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil. Llevando a cabo una investigación- revisión de los distintos conceptos abordados y una investigación en la acción, a través de grupo focal con muestra in- tencional de grupos de expertos, para conseguir una propuesta integradora, donde se propone un modelo de educación en el que el niño sea sujeto activo de su propio aprendizaje (...) y se potencie su talento innato junto con el desarrollo de las distintas habilidades. (shrink)

Cultural transmission theorists have proposed there is an inherent tradeoff between social learning strategies [SLS s] that rely on direct observation of a cultural variant’s payoffs (i.e., direct bias) and those that rely on a model’s cues of success or prestige (i.e., indirect bias). While the former relies on higher-quality informational goods, a model’s success or prestige cues may be easier to access. This paper reviews mathematical models that have purported to capture indirect bias, and shows they fail to capture (...) this tradeoff, instead making assumptions that reduce their transmission dynamics to those of a direct bias. I include a simple agent-based model to illustrate that their formal equivalence, and therefore our ability to conclude that success and prestige bias are adaptive SLS s, depends on a high correlation between success/prestige cues and a model’s payoffs. This suggests the importance of empirically ascertaining how learners evaluate a model’s fitness, and how they mitigate the risks of biasing their learning on payoff-correlates rather than payoffs themselves. Exploring the cognition underlying these decisions may shed light on maladaptive social learning. (shrink)

El duelo es un proceso psicológico duro de sobrellevar ante la muerte por la aparición del Covid-19 en el Perú. Cuando las personas infectadas morían a consecuencia de la infección, eran incineradas por cuenta del hospital, y a los familiares se les entregaba una caja pequeña en la que se les decía que estaban las cenizas de su difunto. Las entrevistas realizadas a niños de 11 años de edad, padres de familia y psicólogos de hospitales; revelaron cuadros de ansiedad o (...) angustia, debido al temor generalizado. Los factores de protección social y escolar fueron poco sostenibles para sobrellevar la pena. (shrink)

No Brasil, a vida nas cidades, o habitar e as diversas formas de se relacionar e de produzir o espaço entre os citadinos vêm adquirindo novas configurações nas últimas décadas. A partir disso, a cidade na contemporaneidade apresenta-se como um importante elemento analítico pela dinâmica histórica, econômica, política, cultural e espacial que lhe é inerente. Como efeito dos processos espaciais, novas paisagens, formas, estruturas e conteúdos eclodem no tecido urbano, transformando e impactando a vida social em suas diversas escalas. Partindo (...) disso, este artigo analisa o processo de fragmentação espacial na cidade de Montes Claros/MG sob a perspectiva da mobilidade urbana. Para essa finalidade, realizou-se o levantamento, e, posterior análise das recentes obras de mobilidade realizadas pelo poder público na cidade após o ano de 2018, com registro iconográfico. Todavia, esta ação do poder público deve ser compreendida de forma ampla e crítica, pois, evidenciou-se, a partir de aspectos da mobilidade urbana, características gerais de fragmentação espacial nesta cidade média. Tal processo se materializa, entre outros condicionantes, pela segmentação do tecido urbano, em razão, especialmente, dos usos sociais distintos do espaço. A metodologia adotada foi quali-quantitativa, com análise teórica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo. (shrink)

En el siguiente artículo se propone una lectura de L’aperto: l’uomo e l’animale de Giorgio Agamben a partir de aspectos que han sido dejados de lado, como su vínculo con el resto de la obra agambeniana, la singular teorización de un mesianismo ni animal ni humano y antiespecista, su aporte a los estudios críticos animales, pero sobre todo, se trata de prestar atención al detalle, pues como señalaba Aby Warburg, el buen Dios se esconde en el detalle. El detalle que (...) ha pasado desapercibido es el último epígrafe del libro adjudicado a Furio Jesi en el que se lee: «Esoterismo significa: articulaciones de modos de no-conocimiento». En el artículo se expone el esoterismo de Rainer Maria Rilke según Furio Jesi y cómo él resulta determinante en la filosofía agambeniana para pensar una vía de salida a la máquina antropológica. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic challenged countries, regions, schools, and individuals. School closures due to lockdowns forced changes in the teaching practices and the learning support provided to children at home. This study aimed to provide insights on the changes between the first and the second lockdowns in Portugal, concerning remote teaching practices and family support to children's education. A self-report questionnaire was filled by 144 parents of third grade students. The results show that, between the two lockdowns, there was a significant (...) decrease in the amount of support provided at home to school assignments and activities, as well as in the amount of time spent by students in TV broadcasted lessons and in reading training supported by the family. Inversely, families reported a significant increase in the amount of time spent by students in independent reading activities and in the time spent in training reading guided by teachers. The number of synchronous lessons with a teacher and the number of times students trained reading during a synchronous lesson also increased in the second lockdown. Additionally, in the second lockdown, parents perceived synchronous lessons to be more effective at improving their child's reading skills and perceived themselves as more capable of supporting their child in reading acquisition. These findings are used to discuss school responses and remote teaching and learning practices during the COVID-19 pandemic. (shrink)

Situationists in moral philosophy infer from empirical studies in social psychology that human beings lack cross-situational behavioral consistency: that is, for the most part, we human beings are not able to act in the same trait-relevant way across a range of distinct types of situations, because those situational differences trigger differences in behavior. In this paper we defend the following thesis: one who accepts this conclusion (that is, one who judges that human beings in general are not possessed of behavioral (...) consistency) cannot make a promise in good faith. This has important consequences for the ethical institution of promising and its associated reactive attitudes. (shrink)

We investigate, within the framework of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory ZF, the interrelations between weak forms of the Axiom of Choice AC restricted to sets of reals.