We examine the notion of primitive satisfaction in logical matrices. Theorem II. 1, being the matrix counterpart of Baker's well-known result for congruently distributive varieties of algebras (cf [1], Thm. 1.5), links the notions of primitive and standard satisfaction. As a corollary we give the matrix version of Jónsson's Lemma, proved earlier in [4]. Then we investigate propositional logics with disjunction. The main result, Theorem III. 2, states a necessary and sufficient condition for such logics to be finitely based.

This paper concerns the relations binding British idealist thought to nineteenth and twentieth century disputes in political philosophy. Two of them in particular are considered: the disputes between liberalism and conservatism, and the disputes between liberals and communitarians. The paper explores the conciliatory, individualist-communitarian character of idealist thought. The first step of the argument is the characterization of liberal-conservative/ liberal-communitarian standpoints. Then some of the fundamental elements of idealist social and political thought are analyzed: the social recognition thesis, the concepts (...) of common good and positive liberty. On this basis, the following features are considered crucial to the acceptance of the liberal- communitarian/conservative character of the idealists' theories: teleology; the metaphysical foundation of politics; contextualism; a tension between ethical relativism and universalism; the criticism of the concept of negative freedom; and individualism. (shrink)

We are facing a crisis of trust in expertise today. Fewer and fewer people trust experts, and more and more politicians openly ignore expert consensus. 'Democracy in the Post-Truth Era' asks what might happen to democracy if we reject the fundamental liberal assumption that people are capable of making informed choices. The book explores the potential impact on society if people, including politicians, never appreciate the relevance of expert opinions. What if people cannot choose between supporters and opponents of key (...) issues such as the causes of climate change, effectiveness of vaccines and ways of combating economic and social crises? Applying social epistemology to these questions, the book considers whether democracy can be defended in the post-truth era. (shrink)

Analizy przeprowadzone w artykule pozwalają na wyciągnięcie wniosków, ważnych dla filozofa przyrody. Między filozofią a naukami przyrodniczymi istnieje interakcja, którą można określić jako współprzenikanie się obu tych dziedzin wiedzy. To współoddziaływanie filozofii z nauką podobne jest do niedomykającego się koła. Trudno jest owo współprzenikanie jednoznacznie scharakteryzować, ale można wskazać pewne idee towarzyszące mu. Uświadomienie sobie filozoficznego uwikłania teorii naukowej powoduje często rozszerzenie jej rozumienia oraz ujawnia, jak wiele informacji zawartych jest w teorii naukowej na temat głębokiej struktury świata. Sformułowanie „filozofia (...) w nauce” można by uznać za charakterystyczne dla współczesnego ujmowania związku filozofii z naukami przyrodniczymi. Należy pamiętać, że wspólna droga filozofii i nauk przyrodniczych pozwala osiągać interesujące poznawczo wyniki, ważne dla rozumienia świata zewnętrznego. Współprzenikanie się filozofii z nauk jest procesem dynamicznym i twórczym. Tak filozofia, jak i nauka, ulegają ciągłym zmianom, które w istotny sposób wpływają na rozwijanie się procesu współprzenikania. Trudno jest przewidywać, w którą stronę ten proces będzie ewoluował. Ważne jest jednak, jak twierdzi M. Heller, aby w tym twórczym procesie dostrzec, że największym sukcesem nauk empirycznych, trwającym do dziś, jest coraz lepsze ugruntowanie się przekonania, że Wszechświat stopniowo, choć tylko w przybliżeniu, ujawnia nam tajemnice swojej struktury. -------------- Zgłoszono: 12/09/2020. Zrecenzowano: 10/10/2020. Zaakceptowano do publikacji: 29/10/2020. (shrink)

The paper is conceived as a first study on the Suszko operator. The purpose of this paper is to indicate the existence of close relations holding between the properties of the Suszko operator and the structural properties of the model class for various sentential logics. The emphasis is put on generality both of the results and methods of tackling the problems that arise in the theory of this operator. The attempt is made here to develop the theory for non-protoalgebraic logics.

The present paper is thought as a formal study of distributive closure systems which arise in the domain of sentential logics. Special stress is laid on the notion of a C-filter, playing the role analogous to that of a congruence in universal algebra. A sentential logic C is called filter distributive if the lattice of C-filters in every algebra similar to the language of C is distributive. Theorem IV.2 in Section IV gives a method of axiomatization of those filter distributive (...) logics for which the class Matr (C) prime of C-prime matrices (models) is axiomatizable. In Section V, the attention is focused on axiomatic strengthenings of filter distributive logics. The theorems placed there may be regarded, to some extent, as the matrix counterparts of Baker's well-known theorem from universal algebra [9, § 62, Theorem 2]. (shrink)

Paul Edwards' October 1989 essay, ‘Heidegger's Quest for Being’ illustrates the wisdom of the dictum that the only legitimate criticism of a philosopher's position is a constructive criticism. His negative critique amounts to no more than expressions of distaste, dislike, and displeasure, and nothing of philosophical interest follows from his assertions, as the discourse is primarily an argument ad hominem . He grossly misinterprets Heidegger on some elemental and fundamental matters as well. In particular, he sorely misinterprets what he refers (...) to as the ‘Quest for Being’, which only further contributes to the objectionable character of the essay. (shrink)

The article deals with compatible families of Boolean algebras. We define the notion of a partial Boolean algebra in a broader sense (PBA(bs)) and then we show that there is a mutual correspondence between PBA(bs) and compatible families of Boolean algebras (Theorem (1.8)). We examine in detail the interdependence between PBA(bs) and the following classes: partial Boolean algebras in the sense of Kochen and Specker (§ 2), ortholattices (§ 3, § 5), and orthomodular posets (§ 4), respectively.

The article is concerned with the peculiarities of the ethos characteristic for the scholars, conceived as an identifiable professional category. Scholars form groups and circles consolidated by their efforts to create and establish scientific knowledge.

As a specific type of operational behaviour intended to furnish solutions of social problems social engineering functions in virtue of certain moral norms and evaluations. The directives and methods of social engineering are conceived and applied in accordance with a moral point of view held by the social engineer. This moral point of view, with its characteristic values, goals, norms and evaluations, influences the selection of the ways and means that he makes to realize his project. The social engineer is (...) both a specialist who designs and applies certain norms, and a moralist who identifies, explains and justifies the motives and objectives underlying them. The directives of the adherent to a moral system and those of the engineer with a certain professional specialization constitute independent variables in his mind. (shrink)

To create an astronomical software, one should use the most effective method to produce the quickest hardware calculation. However, the not so effective object oriented paradigm seems to have bigger influence on the astronomical domain. We discuss the status quo of its methodology. The traditional, Turing computation model does not have so distinct influence on knowledge creation because it is hardware-oriented. An object oriented programming language is more influential on discovery, because it works directly in the scientific domain.

Ogłoszenie papieskiej encykliki „Fides et ratio" ożywiło dawny spór o stosunek wiary i rozumu. Pewnym przyczynkiem do dyskusji precyzującym stanowisko, które zmierza de godzenia pozornej sprzeczności wymogów wiary i rozumu może być analiza dziewiętnastowiecznej polemiki Newmana z Lockiem. Filozofia religii obydwu myślicieli jest osadzona w szerszym teoriopoznawczym horyzoncie, co pozwala pokazać, iż rozwiązania dylematów wiary i rozumu należy szukać u samych podstaw ludzkiego bycia i poznania, w warstwie metafizycznej i epistemologicznej.

By a sentential logic we understand a pair, where S is a sentential language, i.e. an absolutely free algebra freely generated by an infinite set p, q, r,... of sentential variables and endowed with countably many finitary connectives §1, §2,... and C is a consequence operation on S, the underlying set of S, satisfying the condition of structurality: eC ⊆ C, for every endomorphism e of S and for every X ⊆ S. If no confusion is likely we shall identify (...) a logic with its consequence operation C. A logic C is standard if C = [ {C : Y ⊆ X & Y is finite}, for all X ⊆ S. (shrink)

ABSTRACTAlthough the British Idealists did not provide a systematic account of language as a distinct philosophical phenomenon, language is nonetheless a fundamental element of Idealist social and political philosophy. This is seen mostly in the Idealist treatment of the concept of general will, which resulted in a Hegelian theory of community, constituted by shared understandings and a shared account of the common good and common interest. This article contains analysis of the relations between language and socio-political institutions in British Idealist (...) writings. The narrative focuses on Thomas Hill Green and Bernard Bosanquet – two major political thinkers representing the said philosophical tradition. The argument proceeds as follows: firstly, possible linguistic interpretations of the Idealist philosophical tradition are introduced. Then the author turns to Green’s conception of general will as the foundation of socio-political order and political sovereignty. In the third section, he... (shrink)

Although it became customary to warn against confusing postmodernism with deconstructionism, it seems plausible to suggest that their central agendas are not dissimilar. Moreover, from the philosophical point of view, it is the idea of the 'deconstruction of meaning' that can be said to constitute the foundation of postmodernism understood here as an intellectual movement. It is true that grounded in the poststructuralist language analysis, deconstructionism seeks primarily to challenge the attempts inherent in the Western philosophical tradition to establish ultimate (...) meaning in a text. However, as one might have anticipated, the deconstruction of meaning of texts provided a basis for a large scale project leading to deconstruction of all 'truths', as conceived in the mainstream philosophical tradition. And it did it by questioning the coherence of the very concept of 'truth'. Eclectic as postmodernism is, it can be recognized by the fundamental assumption that there is no common denominator that guarantees the one-ness of the world, or the possibility of objective or neutral thought. This assumption would suffice to make one expect that postmodernism will challenge the very foundations of any metaphysical or religious system of beliefs. And so it does. In this paper I would like to ellucidate just one way this challange may be construed, poiting to the example of Don Cupitt, the leading exponent of the 'antirealist' critique of the discourse of theism. (shrink)