La enseñanza de la filosofía se ha venido constituyendo como un campo teórico y metodológico en el último tiempo. Las continuas amenazas que sobre este saber milenario que se han hecho desde diversas acciones políticas han concitado una especial defensa del saber y de su posibilidad de ser enseñada en escuelas y universidades. Esta defensa se manifiesta no solo en las luchas políticas y normativas en diversos países, sino también en la creación de asignaturas, programas, proyectos de investigación, redes de (...) maestros y conceptos. El informe de la UNESCO la filosofía como escuela de libertad (UNESCO, 2011)publicado en francés en el año 2007 produjo un completo estado de la cuestión sobre enseñanza de la filosofía a nivel mundial, hoy 12 anos después la situación sigue consolidándose como preocupación y a la vez con esperanza entre las restricciones de gobierno neoliberales y conservadores que ubican a la filosofía como algo inútil y peligroso en la formación de las nuevas generaciones y las nuevas formas y manifestaciones de prácticas filosóficas contemporáneas. Diversos estudios han demostrado como la reflexión sobre enseñanza de la filosofía en Colombia ha venido ganado espacio en publicaciones especializadas en filosofía (Díaz & Espinel, 2019; Pulido, Espinel, & Gómez, 2018), educación e incluso se han dedicado números monográficos para abordar la problemática. Esta sensación ha sido reconocida por la revista Cuestiones de filosofía que dedica este fascículo a contribuir con la discusión latinoamericana al respecto. (shrink)

Resumen En el texto se expone un proceso de modelación basado en dos consideraciones (Sec. 2): que los modelos son autónomos y que sus metas directas son al menos tres: estar bien construidos, adecuarse al mundo empírico y ser capaces de realizar tareas subrogatorias. Para ello, se esbozan varios ingredientes fundamentales de la tarea modeladora en la lingüística basada en evidencias, así como los de un marco formal elegido para representar aquellos. La tercera sección está dedicada a aplicar el presente (...) análisis al caso de las redes complejas con el fin de que conceptos clave como la validez, la fiabilidad y la replicabilidad de la modelación, así como el concepto de diseño experimental en RC, se puedan observar desde un prisma representacional. La sección cuarta refleja las capacidades aplicativas de (RC), especialmente en el caso del aprendizaje del lenguaje en casos atípicos y a menudo socialmente marginados. A modo de cierre, la conclusión resume la puesta en práctica de la herramienta RC. Abstract A modeling process is initially outlined based on two considerations (Sec. 2), namely that models themselves are autonomous and that their direct goals are at least threefold: to be well constructed, to fit the empirical world, and to be able to perform subrogative tasks. This section outlines the fundamental elements of the modeling task in evidence-based linguistics, as well as those of a formal framework chosen to represent the former. The third section is devoted to applying the present theoretical analysis to the case of complex networks (CN), so that key concepts such as validity, reliability and replicability of modeling, as well as the concept of experimental design in complex networks, can be viewed from a representational perspective. The fourth section reflects the application capabilities of CN, especially in the case of language learning in atypical and often socially marginalized cases. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the implementation of the CN-tool. (shrink)

Reflections about religion developed in Wittgenstein’s early personal writings are notably influenced by Kierkegaard’s Fear and Trembling, particularly concerning the construction of an anthropology of the believer. Religious individual bases his existence in his position before God and in his faith. This basis exceeds ethical generality, and shows how religion is developed beyond the limits of reason and knowledge, in an existential dimension where faith is liken to love. This will imply the rejection of any religious doctrine and the inexpressible (...) quality of faith. (shrink)

Abstract:Analyzes the ways in which the queer Latinx experience is permeated by the processes of political struggle that each nation has gone through since the beginning of Cold War. In this endeavor, the essay considers how such struggles have engendered gestures that link individuals through a kind of kinship—one that needs no words in order to act as a resistance platform. Therefore, the essay traces how queer people in Puerto Rico, Nicaragua, Cuba, Venezuela, and the Ecuadorian diaspora negotiate with power; (...) whether they do it by pushing a political agenda, or by turning to silence in order to deceive their oppressors. (shrink)

A general mathematical framework, based on countable partitions of Natural Numbers [1], is presented, that allows to provide a Semantics to propositional languages. It has the particularity of allowing both the valuations and the interpretation Sets for the connectives to discriminate complexity of the formulas. This allows different adequacy criteria to be used to assess formulas associated with the same connective, but that differ in their complexity. The presented method can be adapted potentially infinite number of connectives and truth values, (...) therefore, it can be considered a general framework to provide semantics to several of the known logic systems (eg, LC, L3 LP, FDE). The presented semantics allow to converge to different standard semantics if the separation complexity procedure is annulled. Therefore, it can be understood as a framework that allows greater precision (in complexity terms) with respect to formula satisfaction. Naturally, because of how it is built, it can be incorporated into non-deterministic semantics. The presented procedure also allows generating valuations that grant a different truth value to each formula of propositional language. As a positive side effect, our method allows a constructive proof of the equipotence between N and N^n for all Natural n. (shrink)

In this paper, I defend a non-mechanistic interpretation of Kant's philosophy of nature. My interpretation contradicts the robust tradition of reading Kant as a mechanist about nature – or as someone who endorses the view that we can know the internally purposive causality characteristic of organisms has no place in nature. By attending closely to Kant's remarks about the possibility of internal purposiveness in nature and to key premises from Kant's arguments in the Antinomy of Teleological Judgment, we shall see (...) that it is not only plausible, but preferable, to believe that internally purposive things (i.e., organisms) exist in nature. Making room for such a belief leaves Kant with a philosophy of nature that simultaneously aligns with and surpasses the philosophies of nature offered up by his Early Modern predecessors. (shrink)

Los textos publicados sobre el poshumanismo han ido creciendo en los últimos años, asimismo, la recepción del fenómeno se ha hecho cada vez más matizada y los análisis diversos. Tampoco han faltado las metáforas usadas para acercar el fenómeno, un tanto nuevo y desconocido, a otros más familiares. Entre estas metáforas, una de las primeras y, a nuestro juicio, más interesantes es la de Frankenstein. No obstante, su amplio uso, consideramos que falta un análisis más detallado de los motivos antropológicos (...) y las estrategias narrativas que encierra el uso de esta metáfora como critica al poshumanismo. El artículo busca desarrollar dicho análisis. (shrink)

In connection with some known results on uncountable cardinal sequences for superatomic Boolean algebras, we shall describe some open questions for superatomic Boolean algebras concerning singular cardinals.

En el presente trabajo, analizamos el cuento El Inmortal de Borges prestándole principal atención a las situaciones donde se entrelazan, o se tratan sin diferenciar demasiado, cuestiones vinculadas con la animalidad y la divinidad. Sostenemos que esta especie de confusión o falta de precisión al tratar cuestiones que se alejan tanto de la identidad personal y del Yo, como la inmortalidad, no es un elemento casual ni sin fundamento, sino que puede ser analizado filosóficamente adentrándonos la otredad animal. El Inmortal (...) nos manifiesta que la filosofía podría no haber sido lo suficientemente precisa al tratar la otredad, permitiendo que animalidad y divinidad, o más bien ciertas propiedades características de cada una, puedan amalgamarse dentro de los lindes de este concepto. Que el cuento de Borges haga convivir de forma tan característica la inacción con la inmortalidad hace de esta obra un objeto de reflexión obligatorio para todos los interesados en el concepto de otredad. (shrink)

In this work, we discuss the failure of the principle of truth functionality in the quantum formalism. By exploiting this failure, we import the formalism of N-matrix theory and non-deterministic semantics to the foundations of quantum mechanics. This is done by describing quantum states as particular valuations associated with infinite non-deterministic truth tables. This allows us to introduce a natural interpretation of quantum states in terms of a non-deterministic semantics. We also provide a similar construction for arbitrary probabilistic theories based (...) in orthomodular lattices, allowing to study post-quantum models using logical techniques. (shrink)

Juan Manuel Burgos presents his own version of personalism, which is nevertheless well rooted in the personalist tradition. He has been developing his project for years and is among a group of world-renowned personalists who study the complexity and mystery of the human person. His new book deals with the relationship between personalism and metaphysics. He poses the question of whether personalism can be considered a first philosophy. The answer is positive: it is indeed a sectorial first philosophy, which (...) may or may not be supported by traditional metaphysical projects, especially Thomistic ones. Not every personalist has to agree with its final thesis, although its position is well-founded and deserves much scholarly attention. It provokes further questions and opens up new areas of personalist discussion. This book confirms that personalism is a dynamic and growing school of thought that goes beyond describing the mere phenomena of the person and seeks deeper reasons for his being. I highly recommend this book as a new step to help us better understand the reality of the human person. (shrink)

En lo escrito por Byung-Chul Han hasta el momento existe una variedad de temas en su catálogo, aunque la gran mayoría giran en torno a la crítica al neoliberalismo tecnoautoritario contemporáneo. Desde su dimensión crítico-teórica, la cual se encarna en textos como Sociedad del cansancio, Enjambre, Sociedad de la transparencia, etc., como en su dimensión propositivo-práctica, presente en escritos como Aroma del tiempo, Expulsión de lo distinto, Psicopolítica, etc., la obra de Han es un solo cuerpo orgánico que se comunica (...) consigo mismo y que responde al intento del autor por delimitar la sociedad del rendimiento y de proponer una revolución del tiempo que sirva de freno de mano, por usar una metáfora de Walter Benjamin, para detener el acelerado devenir del mundo neoliberal cada vez más digitalizado. Sin embargo, existen dos dimensiones que son ignoradas la mayoría de las veces por quienes leen a este autor: la dimensión oriental, la cual se desenvuelve en obras como Filosofía del budismo zen, Ausencia o Shanzhai, y, finalmente, la dimensión tanatológica, en la cual se pueden ubicar textos como Muerte y alteridad y Sociedad paliativa (aunque esta última tiene lugar también en la dimensión crítico-teórica); la obra acá reseñada se ubica en esta categoría de escritos que se enfocan en la muerte como problema filosófico. (shrink)

This paper studies Rom 13:1-10, analyzing the inner connection between Paul’s exhortation to submit to governing authorities and his admonition to love one another. It addresses interpretative and exegetical issues, including possible textual interpolations and the meanings of key terms. The analysis demonstrates that Paul’s argument hinges on the incrementum (αὔξησις) of underlying rationales, moving from general and external incentives to personal and internal motivations. This study highlights that the coherence of the passage relies on understanding both its imperatives and (...) motivations, ultimately suggesting a deeper moral imperative. (shrink)

The three funtions of vegetative life could serve to understand three gnoseological positions. Knowledge as if -als ob- it were nutrition, growth and generation, these three positions have been held by Kant, scholasticism and idealism respectively.

Since at least 1945, the Franco regime conditioned its existence on the ability to adapt to the demands of the postwar Western world, in various political and social aspects. The most visible changes in the Franco regime were both the progressive disappearance of purely fascist elements and the assumption of a Catholic and anti–communist role that made the face of the Regime more affable, which corresponded to a rapprochement with the recent American ally. However, these transformations must be seen in (...) a broader context, encompassing a historiographic perspective that gives them full meaning. The thesis defended here is that the economic–political line that Francoism followed, especially from the 50s was legitimized by a concrete discourse –hegemonic in the Western part of Europe– which is based on an hegemonic vision: the history of cold war economic liberalism, as well as the idea of ​​modernization that derives from it. (shrink)

[Recipient of the 2024 Inter-American Philosophy Award] Philosophers have recently debated whether the social identity category "Latinx" picks out a race (Alcoff 2006), an ethnicity (Gracia 2008), or something else altogether (Arango and Burgos 2021). Rather than defending one or several of these ways of understanding US Latinx as a political or social group, my paper focuses on the personal social identity turmoil young US Latinx people feel and explores the history of inter-American thought to seek a remedy for it. (...) Three prominent American philosophers – José Martí, Alain Locke, and Emilio Uranga – combine to teach us that, while the US Latinx strives for belonging, they find themselves in a situation of unbelonging. The tension that results from the desire to belong but the reality of unbelonging produces a deep-seated anxiety that has come to characterize the US Latinx condition. I suggest that an effective tool for coping with this anxiety, affirming our identity, and building community is the activity of doing inter-American, Latin American, and Latinx Philosophy. (shrink)

This commentary criticizes nonverbal methods of assessing theory-of-mind on the basis of prior training of the critical response because they would encourage simple, nonmentalistic, associative solutions even in subjects with mentalistic capacities. I propose instead a new experimental paradigm based upon the use of spontaneous responses in less artificial situations. This method has already provided positive evidence of some level of ToM understanding in nonhuman primates.

En este artículo se examinan las referencias a Escoto de la obra poliana, y se discute en especial el voluntarismo escotísta que reduce el horizonte humano a su actividad esencial.

Resumen: Las ciencias sociales y políticas latinoamericanas, por su rol en la geopolítica del conocimiento, han puesto más el acento en la comprobación empírica de las formulaciones teóricas y conceptuales exógenas, que en descubrir cómo describir a partir de la innovación conceptual. Una de las excepciones a este desarrollo periférico fue la vocación intelectual de los latinoamericanistas por comprender el cambio de régimen desde el autoritarismo a la democracia denominado “transitología”. En este dominio disciplinar, uno de los aportes para comprender (...) los cerrojos y herencias autoritarias proviene de los trabajos de Manuel Antonio Garretón y la noción de “enclaves”, la cual ha sido ampliamente utilizada, pero escasamente analizada en términos epistemológicos y metodológicos. Para ello, en un primer momento, analizaremos la génesis e itinerario en la formulación de dicho concepto; luego, daremos cuenta de la tarea intelectual para adjetivar el concepto raíz y dar lugar a una clasificación en torno a los tipos de enclaves; y, por último, observaremos el uso y reformulación posterior que ha tenido el concepto en la ciencia política latinoamericana para extender el dominio de aplicabilidad del concepto.: The Latin American social and political sciences, due to their role in the geopolitics of knowledge, have placed more emphasis on the empirical verification of exogenous theoretical and conceptual formulations, than on discovering how to describe from conceptual innovation. One of the exceptions to this peripheral development was the intellectual vocation of Latin Americanists to understand the change of regime from authoritarianism to democracy, called “transitology”. In this disciplinary domain, one of the intellectual contributions to understand authoritarian locks and inheritances comes from the works of Manuel Antonio Garretón and the notion of "enclaves", which has been widely used but scarcely analyzed in epistemological and methodological terms. To do this, at first, we will analyze the genesis and itinerary in the formulation of this concept; then, we will give an account of the intellectual task to adjective the root concept and give rise to a classification around the types of enclaves; and, finally, we will observe the use and subsequent reformulation that the concept has had in Latin American political science to extend the domain of its applicability. (shrink)

Las versiones hermenéuticas de la identidad que defienden autores como Alasdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor y Paul Ricoeur, se enfrentan a otras versiones Hermenéuticas como la Richar Rorty, quien se adhieren a una noción de contingencia radical; y a ciertas concepciones reduccionistas de la tradición analítica, como las defendidas por Derek Parfit, quien pretenden explicar la identidad humana sobre la base exclusiva de acontecimientos impersonales. Pese a las coincidencias entre las posiciones de Rorty y Parfit en lo que respecta a su (...) enfrentamiento a las ontologías positivas, sus posiciones no son equiparables. De la noción de contingencia radical de la identidad humana, Rorty pretende extraer consecuencias éticas para determinar el estatuto de los agentes. Parfit, en cambio, utiliza su “descubrimiento” para separar de modo radical la supuesta conexión entre identidad y moralidad. La pretensión del autor oxoniense de establecer paralelismos entre su versión utilitarista basada en la indeterminación y la vacuidad de nuestra identidad y la noción budista de “no-yo”, nos obliga a abordar críticamente las posturas reduccionistas y no reduccionistas de dicha tradición. (shrink)

This article carries out a systematic exposition of the concept of the body in Jean-Luc Nancy, with all the risks of reduction that such an exposition entails. First it is necessary to return to Western philosophy’s founding text on living corporality, that is, Aristotle’s treatise on the soul. The oppositions that can be established between the Greek thinker’s psyche (soul) and Nancy’s dead Psyche are not so radical as may at first be thought: In both it is a question of (...) thinking the soul as the difference, the retreat or departure in which the exposition of bodies consists. The article continues with an analysis of touch and the self and concludes with an elaboration of the idea of the body within the general program of the deconstruction of Christianity. (shrink)

Dynamic Assessment (DA) has been shown to have more predictive value than conventional tests for academic performance. However, in relation to reading difficulties, further research is needed to determine the predictive validity of DA for specific aspects of the different processes involved in reading and the differential validity of DA for different subgroups of students with an academic disadvantage. This paper analyzes the implementation of a DA device that evaluates processes involved in reading (EDPL) among 60 students with reading comprehension (...) difficulties between 9 and 16 years of age, of whom 20 have intellectual disabilities, 24 have reading-related learning disabilities, and 16 have socio-cultural disadvantages. We specifically analyze the predictive validity of the EDPL device over attitude towards reading, and the use of dialogue/participation strategies in reading activities in the classroom during the implementation stage. We also analyze if the EDPL device provides additional information to that obtained with a conventionally applied personal-social adjustment scale (APSL). Results showed that dynamic scores, obtained from the implementation of the EDPL device, significantly predict the studied variables. Moreover, dynamic scores showed a significant incremental validity in relation to predictions based on an APSL scale. In relation to differential validity, the results indicated the superior predictive validity for DA for students with intellectual disabilities and reading disabilities than for students with socio-cultural disadvantages. Furthermore, the role of metacognition and its relation to the processes of personal-social adjustment in explaining the results is discussed. (shrink)

Some partitions of Natural Number set are built through recursive processesgenerating in this manner countable examples of countable and disjoint sets whose unionis a set also countable. This process is constructive, so the Axiom of choice is not used.We provide a PC program that generates one of these special partitions and shows howto generate infinite of them. This line of reasoning can have multiple applications in Settheory and Model theory. We proved that the number of ways to make these partitionsof (...) natural numbers is not countable, there are more of these partitions (named doublycountable) than natural numbers. For each natural number greater than 1, we show aneffective procedure that generates these partitions -/- . (shrink)