In this article, we suggest a new reading of the Fincken Ritter, a pamphlet published anonymously in 1560. Due to its impossible content as well as its wild juxtaposition of genre traditions, motifs, and topoi, this text is commonly classified as nonsense poetry. In contrast to previous scholarship, which predominantly focused on aspects of decomposition of meaning, we argue that a new perspective opens up when looking at the body as a central motif: The corporeality of the eponymous hero grants (...) vividness to the presentation, derivation, and practicing of inherent logics at the level of narrative devices. Not only has the hero to prove himself in a topsy-turvey world before he can be born. The narration also develops step by step, and in close inspection of traditional models, it creates a world with its own rules and laws. This argument is developed at three moments of the multifaceted corporeality: The hero’s quest for food suggests a reinterpretation of the model of metabolism as a connection to preexisting material and tradition. In the hero’s drastic disfigurements, the first-person narrative gains authorial latitude between experiencing and narrating the self. Finally, models of text reproduction and circulation are envisioned through bodies of sound. All three body exercises aim to explore the relationship between narratorial position and the world that depends on it. Thus, the hero’s figura becomes a figure of poetological reflection for the whole text. (shrink)

Although existing scholarship offers critical insights into the working mechanisms of project-based research funding, little is known about the actual practice of writing grant proposals. Our study seeks to add a longitudinal dimension to the ongoing debate on the implications of competitive research funding by focusing on the incremental adjustment of the funder/fundee relationship around a common discursive practice that consists in describing and evaluating research projects: How has the perception of what constitutes a legitimate funding claim changed over time (...) and why? By investigating the normative framework enacted in the justification strategies of applicants, we shed light on the historical coevolution of the increasing competition for project funding, the epistemic culture of applicants, and grant writing rhetoric. To do this, we mobilize a comprehensive data set consisting of archival data from Europe’s oldest and largest funding agency, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, as well as a corpus of 80 successful grant proposals written between 1975 and 2005. We find that the 1990s mark an important normative consolidation of what we consider to be a legitimate funding claim: Ensuring the success of the project and the project’s results becomes a major concern in applicant rhetoric. This time period coincides with a substantive rise in the level of competition for project funding. Yet, even though justification strategies might seem to address the same issues in grant proposals across the disciplines under investigation, the normative framework to which applicants refer differs according to the applicant’s epistemic culture. (shrink)

Dissertação: GOMES, Káthia Silva. Sob o sol de satã no interior mineiro: Fé e Liberdade em Bernanos. 2014. Dissertação – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Religião, Belo Horizonte.

Formal principles governing best practices in classification and definition have for too long been neglected in the construction of biomedical ontologies, in ways which have important negative consequences for data integration and ontology alignment. We argue that the use of such principles in ontology construction can serve as a valuable tool in error-detection and also in supporting reliable manual curation. We argue also that such principles are a prerequisite for the successful application of advanced data integration techniques such as ontology-based (...) multi-database querying, automated ontology alignment and ontology-based text-mining. These theses are illustrated by means of a case study of the Gene Ontology, a project of increasing importance within the field of biomedical data integration. (shrink)

Mental time travel and theory of mind develop, both phylo- and ontogenetically, at the same stage. We argue that this synchrony is due to the emergence of a shared competence, namely, the ability to become aware of frames of reference.

Excerpt from Geistige Werte: Ein Vermächtnis Deutscher Philosophie Das Sein ist ewig; denn Gesetze Bewahren die lebendigen Schätze, Aus welchen sich das All geschmückt. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the (...) original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

This article examines the antecedents and background of the antithesis between art and beauty. It also considers if this confrontation, typical in modern aesthetics, provides necessary conceptual categories to comprehend the situation of art in the communication era, characteristic of a generalised aesthetisation. Departing from the ideas posed by Yves Michaud, Mateu Cabot, Didi-Huberman and Mario Perniola, the author dismantles the false opposition between art and beauty; she proposes a strategy to avoid an antithetical position and exhorts the readers to (...) recover a different experience from beauty. (shrink)

This article describes the slight impact of Lysenkoism upon Polish botany. I begin with an account of the development of plant genetics in Poland, as well as the attitude of scientists and the Polish intelligentsia toward Marxist philosophy prior to the World War II. Next I provide a short history of the introduction and demise of Lysenkoism in Polish science, with a focus on events in botany, in context with key events in Polish science from 1939 to 1958. The article (...) outlines the little effects of Lysenkoism upon botanists and their research, as well as how botanists for the most part rejected what was often termed the "new biology." My paper shows that though Lysenko's theories received political support, and were actively promoted by a small circle of scientists and Communist party activists, they were never accepted by most botanists. Once the political climate in Poland altered after the events of 1956, Lysenko's theories were immediately abandoned. (shrink)

The notion of development has been permeated by concepts and methods from positivistic science. As a result, many development initiatives are reductionistic, myopic, and with little or impact on the improvement of the quality of life and the sustainability of communities and societies. This article marks the beginning of a transdisciplinary inquiry among the authors, motivated by direct interest in the issue of development, per se, and in particular, Mexico's development. Our inquiry departs from and weaves together our various areas (...) of expertise and experience, including: systems theory, general evolution theory, economic development, technology transfer, social innovation, sustainable development, environmental behavior, social systems design, and education. The article reviews the concept of development from an evolutionary and systemic perspective. It outlines the foundations of evolutionary development in terms of theory, philosophy, and methodology and provides a conceptual framework for future research aimed at the articulation of a practical model for evolutionary development. (shrink)

This article-as part of a broader evolutionary inquiry toward human fulfillment, societal wellbeing, and environmental sustainability-explores new frontiers for business. In a rapidly changing global environment, corporations can become evolutionary change agents for the creation of a sustainable global civilization by fostering financial, social, and environmental results. The contemporary metaphors used to describe the business world can be limited in times when an emergent paradigm calls for new visions and actions. An evolutionary understanding, grounded in evolutionary systems theory, can open (...) possibilities for leadership and innovation toward sustainability. Complex systems, such as organizations, need to learn to learn in harmony with the dynamics of their milieu in order to co-evolve and create value. The paper concludes with a reflection on the implications of the evolutionary paradigm for business education. (shrink)

La ética ambiental, últimamente se ha visto consultada y retomada, gracias a las diferentes situaciones problemáticas respecto a los ecosistemas y a los cambios que se han dado alrededor del planeta, ya que es recurrente que cada vez sean más y frecuentes, los cambios climáticos y fenómenos naturales que antes no se daban en determinados territorios.Gran parte de las problemáticas tienen que ver con las labores que realizamos los seres humanos, si no es que toda la responsabilidad recae en nosotros, (...) con ello nos referimos a que todo el desequilibrio climático que se tiene hoy en día, es causa de la poca estima que tenemos respecto con el ambiente, la contaminación de suelo, agua y aire; que si bien se nos enseña a separar la basura de nada sirve si al final se reúne toda en los deshechos o rellenos, por otra parte la poca autorreflexión de los seres humanos en cuanto a ello, así como el daño que ello les provoca a las especies de todo tipo, llevándolas al peligro, y por último a la extinción, empero no sólo las especies animales se ven afectadas, sino también la flora de los ecosistemas va desapareciendo con la invasión del ser humano y el poco respeto a la naturaleza, cada vez las sociedades crecen más y con ello, por ende, el crecimiento de la ciudad o mancha urbana.Todo lo anterior nos remite a que se piense desde un ámbito ético, es decir, nuestra relación con el medio ambiente, por lo que nuestro objetivo es plantear las principales problemáticas acerca del tema y de la ética ambiental desde una perspectiva filosófica que, si bien ya es parte, de todo esto, nos cuestionamos: ¿qué se puede hacer respecto a la contaminación?, ¿qué se debería cambiar? ¿para qué? ¿a dónde llegar? ¿cómo lograrlo? es por ello que se tomará en cuenta el trabajo de los filósofos desde una perspectiva de la ética, para poder proponer soluciones o tratar de detener las problemáticas, para causar cambios de algunos hábitos a partir de la reflexión del individuo, es cierto que cada individuo; tiene una rutina e inconscientemente se vuelve parte de la contaminación, de todas las acciones que ejecutamos en el día usamos diferentes instrumentos que provienen de la naturaleza, y es obvio que no se puede llegar a ser un ermitaño, del bosque o del campo, estando acostumbrado a las comodidades de la ciudad, lo que se busca aquí es la reflexión de las actividades que desempeñamos todos los día y poder cambiarlas o si es posible frenarlas de algún modo (si no es necesaria la actividad dentro de la vida), para ser más amigables y responsables del planeta, ya que es éste el fin de la ética ambiental: ponerla en práctica, aplicar las teorías que sean benefactoras del medio ambiente. (shrink)

"La nota bibliográfica no presenta resumen".

El artículo investiga las distancias o cercanías entre literatura, filosofía y psicoanálisis estudiando la metáfora de la sublimación. En primer lugar, traza los vínculos de Nietzsche y Freud con la Retórica de Aristóteles, es decir, los muestra deudores de aquella tradición literaria y retórica que, según Aristóteles, se sirve de un tipo de discurso afín a las cuestiones humanas, signadas por la posibilidad y la deliberación, antes que por la necesidad y la demostración. En segundo lugar, especifica cómo para Nietzsche (...) y para Freud la literatura no puede ser entendida ya bajo el paradigma que el propio Aristóteles comparte, esto es, la idea de que la literatura enseña o place. Tanto en Nietzsche como en Freud la literatura es una forma de sublimación y no un discurso que puede ser visto a la luz de los modelos tradicionales de la enseñanza moral o de la restringida esfera del deleite estético. Ahora bien, al servirse ambos de esa metáfora para dar cuenta del proceso que la literatura pone en obra, radicalizan, de distinta manera, una experiencia moderna: la conciencia de la paulatina elaboración de las construcciones culturales. Y entienden que dichas construcciones suponen un complejo proceso de transformación de determinados elementos, más específicos y delineados en Freud, más abiertos y dúctiles en Nietzsche. En especial se destaca la concordancia con Aristóteles para tomar la literatura como un discurso afín a las acciones humanas, pero se señala el significativo giro que la experiencia moderna comporta, pues la metáfora elegida subraya comprender el ámbito de lo humano bajo el signo de la transformación. (shrink)

Tomando en cuenta el título completo de "El nacimiento de la tragedia del espíritu de la música " título que alude al problema filológico de los orígenes- puede comprenderse mejor la concepción nietzscheana del arte y su crítica de las teorías estéticas tradicionales. El planteamiento aristotélico que subyace a estas teorías parte de la separación entre obra, autor y público, es decir del principio artístico de lo "apolíne".Tal separación no es válida en el caso de la tragedia. Nietzsche rompe con (...) la tradición aristotélica que convierte a la tragedia en un "drama para la lectura", poniendo énfasis en la totalidad del espectáculo dramático. (shrink)

El artículo analiza y discute la diferencia, expuesta por Kant en la Críticadel juicio, entre los juicios "reflexionantes" y los juicios "determinantes".En él se sostiene que esta diferencia no sólo es importante para resol ver elproblema hermenéutico de la unidad de la tercera crítica. También lo esporque, con ella, Kant propone una revisión del proyecto de su filosofíacrítica, que pone al descubierto el rol ambiguo del "sujeto trascendental" yabre una nueva perspectiva para la comprensión de la naturaleza corno elmundo amplio (...) de la aisthesis. (shrink)

What general conclusions can be drawn about the reception of zymase, its relation to the larger shift from a protoplasm to an enzyme theory of life, and its status as a social phenomenon?The most striking and to me unexpected pattern is the close correlation between attitude toward zymase and professional background. The disbelief of the fermentation technologists, Will, Delbrück, Wehmer, and even Stavenhagen, was as sharp and unanimous as the enthusiasm of the immunologists and enzymologists, Duclaux, Roux, Fernback, and Bertrand, (...) and of Pfeffer, the experimental plant physiologist. Other skeptics—Voit, Kupffer, and Fischer—were conservatives in traditional fields. In all these cases it seems clear that professional commitments and outlook profoundly influenced the reception of zymase.In some cases there is a correlation with a specific earlier statement favoring the protoplasm theory or predicting a fermentation enzyme. Reynolds Green is a striking case of both. In 1893 he stated his belief that life processes in higher plants and fungi were identical, both being mediated by protoplasm.109 Thus he claimed that digestion was not carried out by enzymes, as in higher animals, but by the whole protoplasm, and so too fermentation in yeast: “All the metabolic processes must be carried out in the unicellular organism in the same mass of protoplasm.”110 But Green also insisted that there was no essential difference between “organized” and “unorganized ferments”; enzymes were simply more highly differentiated and specialized forms of primitive protoplasm. He spoke of “the alcoholic ferment” (that is, enzyme), and of intracellular enzymes—very advanced beliefs for 1893. Thus it is understandable why Green saw no reason to doubt his first negative results with yeast juice, and rushed into print. But it is also understandable that he persisted and soon became an outspoken advocate of Buchner's view; like Wroblewski and Pfeffer, he had already accepted the idea of an intracellular fermentation enzyme.The physiological chemists also fit the pattern in a special way. Physiological chemistry is generally regarded as the source of biochemistry; indeed, many early biochemists were trained in physiological chemistry, and imbibed there a progressive interest in enzymes and metabolism. It is not surprising, therefore, that on the whole Neumeister, Madfadyen, Wroblewski, and Loew accepted cell-free fermentation. But what is surprising, and significant, is the diversity of opinion in this group, from Abeles' living protoplasm to Wroblewski's organized array of active proteins. The feelings of the physiological chemists were mixed, and there was enough of the old protoplasm view in Macfadyen's and even Wroblewski's views to allow Buchner to see them as attacks on zymase. The ideas of physiological chemistry were also changing; the idea of protoplasm was already adjusting to the new interest in enzymes in the early 1890's. But in contrast to immunochemistry, the change in physiological chemistry was gradual, uneven, undramatic, and relatively invisible. For the new biochemistry, the tradition of physiological chemistry was the source of traditional conservatism as well as of new ideas of enzymes.In general, then, I claim that it was not experimental facts that determined attitudes toward zymase so much as previous commitments, experience, and expectations. Initially, at least, zymase was less a determinant of opinion than a touchstone of pre-existing opinion. Like a prism, it revealed the spectrum of existing attitudes toward vital phenomena.Also relevant here is the fact that the experimental evidence was entirely ambiguous; the interpretation of Buchner's experiments with antiseptics or dried yeast depended entirely on how far one was willing to stretch the scope of the terms “protoplasm” and “enzyme”. Likewise, how important one judged the instability of zymase to be, or the low level of in vitro activity, depended largely on one's point of view. There was no crucial experiment, no certain proof. Logically zymase could be regarded as protoplasm. A. Fischer did so in 1900;111 Macfadyen was still wavering in 1907;112 and Beijerinck was holding out as late as 1916.113 There were undoubtedly others. Besides the special case of Reynolds Green and the technologists, there are no recorded cases of conversion.But if there was no evidence to convert a dedicated protoplasmist, there was plenty to encourage a dedicated belief in the enzyme theory, and that, I believe, is precisely what happened. The arguments of Buchner et al in support of zymase had the greatest effect not on the protoplasmists but on those who were already predisposed toward the biochemical view. The zymase debate enabled the emerging group of biochemists to recognizethemselves as a group with a community of out-look and objectives; it brought the issue of protoplasm vs. enzyme into the open and gave it a specific and concrete issue on which to turn. The debate sharpened the biochemists' awareness that their point of view was becoming the new mainstream of biochemical thought.All this of course had an important secondary effect on those who opposed the new view, or who were not immediately concerned with it. After the zymase debate, it would have been almost impossible to ignore the new ideas; the dramatic and wide publicity the debate enjoyed would have made it difficult not to take sides. Buchner's successful defense of zymase itself became an important influence on opinion; the new movement had to be looked at with respect. But the primary effect of the debate, I assert, was on those who were already inclined to the new view. The outcome was not a mass conversion of individuals, nor the ejection of one idea by another. The sides probably did not change much; the real change was in the way each side regarded itself and its place in history. The zymase debate may perhaps best be regarded as a process of selection. Buchner's party became aware of itself as the new progressive point of view, while those holding the traditional view could no longer expound it publicly without appearing obstinate or old-fashioned. Thus the way was clear for the gradually wider establishment of the new ideas, especially among the new generation of biochemists. In this specific sense, the acceptance of zymase was a social phenomenon.This way of looking at the zymase debate also illuminates its coincidence with the emergence of biochemistry as a profession. The new professional trappings and organizations were the social manifestation of the new self-awareness gained from the zymase controversy. One of the most important effects on those disposed toward the new view was the awareness of an intellectual community and of the need to give that community social forms. The almost mythical importance of Buchner's “victory” over the old protoplasm theory that later became current is readily understandable. It was a useful ideology for a group anxious to assert the novelty of their approach, a novelty which they in fact felt quite keenly.But if the primary effect of the zymase controversy was on those predisposed to accept zymase, then obviously the success of zymase depended on the fact that change had already begun to occur. Indeed, one of the most striking, and again unexpected, results of this study is the extent to which the importance of enzymes was already recognized in the early 1890's. The new immunology clearly pointed the way. Macfadyen and Hans Buchner were looking for active proteins inside the cell in 1893. Reynolds Green, Wroblewski, and Pfeffer had all anticipated the discovery of a fermentation enzyme. Other discoveries in enzymology in the 1890's pointed the same way.114 Moreover, it is clear from this study that the old protoplams theory was adapting to the new discoveries concerning the importance of enzymes. The sidechains of the old protoplasm molecule were simply reinterpreted as enzymes, as in Wroblewski's theory, for example, or in Paul Ehrlich's extremely influential “sidechain theory” of antibody formation (1897). Despite the later views of Hopkins et al., the old protoplasm and the new enzyme theories were not irreconcilable; a continuity of development had already begun when zymase came so dramatically on the scene. Buchner himself observed that the difference between the two views had become largely verbal; in retrospect we might say, not verbal, but social and historical. The gap between the continuous change in ideas and the contemporary feeling of sharply discontnuous change is a measure of the elusive but real social and historical implications of the zymase debate, of the demise of an old establishment, and the emergence of a new.In retrospect, then, it is clear that a trend was already under way in various quarters when zymase appeared. But it was still a collection of isolated and dispersed events. The zymase controversy made the trend visible and gave it a dramatic unity. The debate influenced those who had already begun to change. It was so effective because things had begun to change and because it coincided with the direction of that trend. (shrink)