Although chimpanzees have been reported to understand to some extent others' visual perception, previous studies using food requesting tasks are divided on whether or not chimpanzees understand the role of eye gaze. One plausible reason for this discrepancy may be the familiarity of the testing situation. Previous food requesting tasks with negative results used an unfamiliar situation that may be difficult for some chimpanzees to recognize as a requesting situation, whereas those with positive results used a familiar situation. The present (...) study tested chimpanzees' understanding of others' attentional states by comparing two requesting situations: an unfamiliar situation in which food was put on a table, and a familiar situation in which chimpanzees requested food held by an experimenter. Chimpanzees showed evidence of understanding the experimenter's attentional variations and the role of eye gaze only in the latter task. This suggests that an unfamiliar requesting situation may keep subjects from expressing their understanding of others' attentional states even though they are sensitive to them. Keywords: Understanding attention; Social cognition; Chimpanzees. (shrink)

The Christian philosopher Muto Kazuo contributed substantially to the predominantly Buddhist “Kyoto School of Philosophy.” Through critical exchange with its representatives, he opened up new perceptions of Christian faith, enabled mutual understanding between Buddhism and Christianity, and challenged the Western dialectical method.

Fuzzy logic has become an important tool for a number of different applications ranging from the control of engineering systems to artificial intelligence. In this concise introduction, the author presents a succinct guide to the basic ideas of fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets, fuzzy relations, and fuzzy reasoning, and shows how they may be applied. The book culminates in a chapter which describes fuzzy logic control: the design of intelligent control systems using fuzzy if-then rules which make use of human knowledge (...) and experience to behave in a manner similar to a human controller. Throughout, the level of mathematical knowledge required is kept basic and the concepts are illustrated with numerous diagrams to aid in comprehension. As a result, all those curious to know more about fuzzy concepts and their real-world application will find this a good place to start. (shrink)

The existence of White Hole (WH) has been suggested by Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equation as a time-reversed Black Hole (BH), besides there has not been observational evidence for their existence yet. Our idea of the “inverse universe”, in which we introduce the time-reversed kinematics as another geometric state, can explain that WH should appear in such a geometry after a matter falls into a BH. In this work, we present a new operation for WH conversion from BH, (...) and by using it the nearly infinity point on the universe, for instance the inside of BH, is geometrically connected to the inside of WH on the inverse universe. Such a conversion is useful to provide the simple solution to the problem of “information loss” in BH. Furthermore, we find another conversion point as the prior geometric state to the Big Bang, and we propose a new cosmology of cyclic universe. (shrink)

京都を知る，アルゴリズムを知る。アルゴリズムとはそもそも，何か物事を行うときの“具体的手順”のことである。私たちは日々，意識するかしないかに関わらず，次々とアルゴリズムの設計をしながら生活をしている。 本書は，岩間一雄教授が京都の町を題材にアルゴリズムの思考を伝える，読み物的手法をとった数学書である。読者はその奥深い世界へと誘われてゆくだろう。 巻末には本書で取り上げた京都関連の名所・行事などの索引があり，逆引きで読んでいくことができる。 【目次】 1．斜め横断 2．アイドルタイム 3．人事部長の悩み 4．チームワーク 5．神様との勝負 6．アルゴリズムからメカニズムへ 7．一番でなくとも 8．千年に1回も起こらない 9．自分のページランクを上げたい 10．対話のアルゴリズム 11．ビットコインの素晴らしさ 12．P対NP問題：ノーベル賞以上？ 13．アルゴリズムから見た進化論.

日本古来の神々の色、陰陽五行説の色、武将たちに愛された色、雅な平安の色、粋な大江戸の色彩から、昭和の流行色まで、ビジュアルで辿る日本の色を探る旅。.