While most studies dealing with waste reduction at the consumer level focus on recycling, this paper rather concentrates on precycling strategies and purchasing behaviors in order to understand how to promote waste reduction at the source. More specifically, the purpose of this work is to grasp consumers’ perceptions of overpackaging and understand the mechanisms underlying their choice of overpackaged versus non-overpackaged food products. Based on the different themes that emerged from a qualitative study, a quantitative research was conducted among French (...) interviewees in order to identify relevant groups of consumers. Five profiles emerged from the cluster analysis: the supporters, the self-sacrificing, the detractors, the indifferent, and the self-centered. Finally, an experiment was conducted that highlights the influence of range positioning and salience of non-overpackaging on consumer choice. Implications for public policy makers and companies are discussed. (shrink)

Governmental policies are encouraging companies to reduce the environmental impact of their packaging and particularly overpackaging, which raises a broad range of ethical considerations. However, experiments comparing an overpackaged product with a non-overpackaged product have shown that eliminating overpackaging may have a negative influence on brand image and consumer purchase intention. In this paper, we draw on attribution theory to examine the influence of the absence of overpackaging on consumers’ response, depending on their environmental consciousness and the absence of overpackaging (...) on the competing product. An experiment conducted on 218 consumers demonstrates that non-overpackaging for a target product only adversely affects purchase intention among non-environmentally conscious consumers when competing products are overpackaged. These results lead to optimistic recommendations for marketing managers and public policy makers to help them solve the ethical dilemma linked to overpackaging. (shrink)

As artificial intelligence technologies become increasingly prominent in our daily lives, media coverage of the ethical considerations of these technologies has followed suit. Since previous research has shown that media coverage can drive public discourse about novel technologies, studying how the ethical issues of AI are portrayed in the media may lead to greater insight into the potential ramifications of this public discourse, particularly with regard to development and regulation of AI. This paper expands upon previous research by systematically analyzing (...) and categorizing the media portrayal of the ethical issues of AI to better understand how media coverage of these issues may shape public debate about AI. Our results suggest that the media has a fairly realistic and practical focus in its coverage of the ethics of AI, but that the coverage is still shallow. A multifaceted approach to handling the social, ethical and policy issues of AI technology is needed, including increasing the accessibility of correct information to the public in the form of fact sheets and ethical value statements on trusted webpages, collaboration and inclusion of ethics and AI experts in both research and public debate, and consistent government policies or regulatory frameworks for AI technology. (shrink)

This article explores Leila Ahmed’s A Border Passage, and Nawal El Saadawi’s Memoirs from the Women’s Prison, A Daughter of Isis, and Walking Through Fire. It contrasts their works and argues that location and genderawareness play an important role in the writing of autobiographies. The focus is on showing how El Saadawi’s positioning as a feminist activist in Egypt and Ahmed’s location in the USA determine the texts’ themes and shape the construction of the autobiographical “I.”.

This edited volume presents a comprehensive history of modern logic from the Middle Ages through the end of the twentieth century.

... which is merely intensional frosting on a more important extensional L. Haaparanta and J. Hintikka (eds.), Frege Synthesized, 3—8. O 1986 byD. ...

Background: Compassionate care is an international priority of healthcare professionals. There is little understanding about how workplace issues impact provision of compassionate care in nursing practice. Therefore, it is important to address the workplace issues and organizational factors which may hinder compassionate care delivery within nursing practice. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore workplace and organizational barriers to compassionate care from the nurses’ perspective. Research design: The study used a qualitative exploratory design, and data were analyzed by (...) conventional content analysis. Participants and research context: A total of 15 nurses working in different fields of nursing were recruited from four hospitals at northwest of Iran. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. Semistructured interviews were conducted for data collection. Ethical consideration: Ethical approval of this study was gained from the Ethical Review Board of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Findings: The main theme which emerged from data analysis was “unsupportive organizational culture.” This theme had two main categories including “excessive workload alongside inadequate staffing” and “the lack of value on compassionate care.” Discussion: Organizational barriers to development of compassionate in clinical practice were identified in this study. A closer examination of these barriers is required to move compassionate practice from an individual responsibility to a collective responsibility that is owned and shared by organizations. Conclusion: For compassionate care to flourish, policy makers, managers, and healthcare providers must foster an organizational atmosphere conducive to compassionate care. (shrink)

Dung’s (1995) argumentation framework takes as input two abstract entities: a set of arguments and a binary relation encoding attacks between these arguments. It returns acceptable sets of arguments, called extensions, w.r.t. a given semantics. While the abstract nature of this setting is seen as a great advantage, it induces a big gap with the application that it is used to. This raises some questions about the compatibility of the setting with a logical formalism (i.e., whether it is possible to (...) instantiate it properly from a logical knowledge base), and about the significance of the various semantics in the application context. In this paper we tackle the above questions. We first propose to fill in the previous gap by extending Dung’s (1995) framework. The idea is to consider all the ingredients involved in an argumentation process. We start with the notion of an abstract monotonic logic which consists of a language (defining the formulas) and a consequence operator. We show how to build, in a systematic way, arguments from a knowledge base formalised in such a logic. We then recall some basic postulates that any instantiation should satisfy. We study how to choose an attack relation so that the instantiation satisfies the postulates. We show that symmetric attack relations are generally not suitable. However, we identify at least one ‘appropriate’ attack relation. Next, we investigate under stable, semi-stable, preferred, grounded and ideal semantics the outputs of logic-based instantiations that satisfy the postulates. For each semantics, we delimit the number of extensions an argumentation system may have, characterise the extensions in terms of subsets of the knowledge base, and finally characterise the set of conclusions that are drawn from the knowledge base. The study reveals that stable, semi-stable and preferred semantics either lead to counter-intuitive results or provide no added value w.r.t. naive semantics. Besides, naive semantics either leads to arbitrary results or generalises the coherence-based approach initially developed by Rescher and Manor (1970). Ideal and grounded semantics either coincide and generalise the free consequence relation developed by Benferhat, Dubois, and Prade (1997), or return arbitrary results. Consequently, Dung’s (1995) framework seems problematic when applied over deductive logical formalisms. (shrink)

It is difficult to understand the meaning of ‘dignity’ in human rights, bioethics and nursing literature because the word is used so vaguely. Unless dignity’s meaning is spelt out it can disappear beneath more tangible priorities. In this article we define dignity and show how this can help health workers to maintain the dignity of people in their care.

The paper "Environmental Ethics and Cultural Values related to the Philosophical Approaches to Eco-Axiology" examines the complex interplay of ethical concerns about the environment, cultural viewpoints, and human values. This research explores eco-axiology, the philosophical study of values in connection to the natural world, observing at how moral precepts influence how people interact with the natural world. For measuring, the research study used SPSS software and generated results, including descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA test analysis, which also explains the pair (...) sample analysis between them. The contrast between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism is examined, emphasizing the range of moral viewpoints and the influence of cultural norms on environmental ethics. The usefulness of environmental ethics in solving urgent environmental issues like climate change and biodiversity loss is highlighted, along with its practical implications in policymaking, education, corporate practices, and individual behavior. The research found a positive and significant relationship between environmental ethics and cultural values. Ultimately, this discussion is a call to action, imploring people to practice moral stewardship and substitute a more peaceful coexistence with nature for the sake of both the current and the future generations. (shrink)

En el presente artículo abordamos la relación filosófica entre Spinoza y Leibniz, y planteamos la hipótesis de que Leibniz tuvo un período amistoso con éste, en el que llegó a sostener ideas spinozistas. En particular, analizamos la concepción monista de la substancia que creemos puede encontrarse en algunos de los escritos metafísicos del período 1675-1676, hoy conocidos como De summa rerum. Planteamos que la relación entre lo uno y lo múltiple, uno de los problemas con mayor pregnancia en el sistema (...) leibniziano, encontrará en la filosofía de Spinoza una formulación de gran atractivo para el joven filósofo. Asimismo, atenderemos a algunas de las diferentes lecturas que pueden encontrarse sobre la influencia spinoziana en Leibniz. (shrink)

This paper discusses recent changes to state legal frameworks for mandatory vaccination in the context of school and healthcare worker vaccination. It then discusses state laws that allow pharmacists the authority to vaccinate.

Many organizations must adjust their supply chains and business environments to remain competitive and retain market share. However, despite the benefits of such developments for organizations, they can lead to supply chain disruptions in many cases. An essential aspect of modern organizations is closed-loop supply chain management, which reduces risk by coordinating processes. This paper presents a mathematical model of a closed-loop green supply chain under uncertain conditions. A detailed description of the model and current assumptions for a specific industry (...) are provided. Consequently, the model is developed with several relevant objectives for the design of the network. Our proposed model has the following characteristics: being multiobjective, multiproduct, and multiperiodic. Our analysis indicates that the applied model can be used both to increase profitability and to reduce environmental damage. The problem was made more uncertain using fuzzy logic. Torabi and Hassini method is combined with Jiménez’s proposed method to solve the problem. (shrink)

Este artigo insere-se numa reflexão teórico-epistémica e metodológica sobre as formas biográficas no âmbito de um projeto de investigação centrado na experiência de mulheres que vivem com cancro da mama. Em termos metodológicos, recuperamos o valor heurístico da narrativa e da técnica da entrevista como um dos recursos de investigação mais férteis para o estudo da experiência. Por sua vez, recorremos às narrativas, produto do processo de interlocução com 25 mulheres que têm ou tiveram cancro da mama, para analisar determinados (...) processos que participam nas instâncias narrativas, bem como para enfatizar o carácter social na produção da subjetividade. O artigo contribui para considerar as formas biográficas e o seu particular contributo para os estudos da socioantropologia da saúde, a centralidade da narrativa na sua capacidade configurativo-temporal e o lugar que a experiência da doença pode assumir como rutura biográfica no quadro de uma globalidade biográfica, face a contextos e cenários socioculturais. Estes aspectos actuam e orientam os posicionamentos subjectivos nos modos de narrar-se para dar conta de si, como uma narração incompleta, imersa em descontinuidades e opacidades no processo de configuração biográfica. (shrink)

Today, the US pursues the global capture of data (understood as a significant engine of growth) by way of bi- and plurilateral trade agreements. However, the project of securing the global free flow of data has been pursued ever since the dawn of digital telecommunication in the 1960s and the US has made significant legal efforts to institutionalise it. These efforts have two phases: In the first 1970s and 80s “freedom of information” phase, the legal justification (and contestation) of the (...) global free flow of data hinged on imagining data as information, and its exchange as a practice of liberty. The second phase began in the late 1990s and continues today. In this phase, the free flow of data is aligned with a free-trade agenda in the context of first e-commerce and, starting in the 2000s, through attempts at creating a global public domain of personal data for the platform economy. The global free flow of data is an intrinsic aspect of informational capitalism. Assuming a constitutive, but not commanding role for law in informational capitalism, we conclude that the US attempt at ensuring free flow for its informational corporations is neither an entirely contingent nor a necessary outcome. It is a product of legal imagination. (shrink)

Iran is the only Muslim country that has legislation on embryo donation, adopted in 2003. With an estimated 10–15% of couples in the country that are infertile, there are not any legal or religious barriers that prohibit an infertile couple from taking advantage of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs). Although all forms of ARTs available in Iran have been legitimized by religious authorities, there is a lack of legislation in all ARTs except embryo donation. By highlighting ethical issues in embryo donation, (...) the paper presents a critical review of the Act of Embryo Donation in Iran. The paper argues that the Act does not provide enough safeguards for the future child and assurance for the safety of the donated embryos. It also does not restrict embryo donation to surplus embryos from infertile couples and is silent about the number of embryos that could be donated by each couple as well as the number of recipients for donated embryos by a couple. The Act is also silent about the issues of genetic linkage (nasab) and heritage which are challenging issues, especially in a conservative Islamic society. As a result, the future child may not inherit from their birth parents, as it is not required by the Act, or from the genetically related parents under the anonymity policy. Finally there is no standard national protocol or guidelines to evaluate the safety of the donated embryos. The paper concludes that despite its benefits, the Act lacks clarity, and it is subject to misunderstanding and confusion. (shrink)

Background: It is essential to pay attention to and respect the dignity of nurses to maintain them in their profession while they deliver skilled nursing care. Little is known, however, about how a sense of dignity influences the practitioner. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe nurses’ experiences of threats to their dignity occurring within clinical settings, which generates an intention to leave clinical practice. Research design and method: The study was performed using qualitative content analysis. The participants (...) were 21 clinical nurses with work experience who were employed across a range of clinical posts. Data obtained from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed and interpreted using a content analysis approach. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and was guided by the ethical principles of voluntary enrolment, anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality. Findings: Within data analysis, three main themes and nine categories were extracted as follows: (1) lack of professional pride (physician’s dominance, intangible nature of nursing, and negative attitude toward clinical nurses); (2) oppressive work environment (high workload, disrespect, discrimination, and lack of support); and (3) suppression of progressivism (lack of appreciation and attention to meritocracy). Discussion: Almost all of the participants have experienced some degree of disrespect and violation of dignity. In general, attempts made by the participants to show their objection to the threats and to support and protect their dignity have not been effective and in fact made them more inclined to leave the clinical work. Conclusion: According to the views of nurses themselves, identification of the factors threatening nurses’ dignity can be one of the appropriate solutions for the broader and deeper investigation of this phenomenon and can help promote and support nurses’ dignity and their retention within the profession. (shrink)

Trataremos aquí sobre la relación entre Spinoza y Butler en lo que respecta a la constitución afectiva de todo cuerpo. Veremos cómo para Butler vida del individuo se presenta en condiciones de precariedad y vulnerabilidad y, para Spinoza, en un estado constante de fluctuación anímica en el que las causas externas nos afectan de una manera que muchas veces pueden implicar nuestra propia descomposición. Veremos cómo ambas filosofías convergen en este punto. Asimismo, atenderemos a la interpretación butleriana del concepto de (...) conatus y “deseo” spinoziano entendido como la naturaleza propia de todo individuo humano. (shrink)

S’appuyant sur les biographies de sœur Jacinta – responsable de la fondation du premier couvent carmélite féminin de l’Amérique portugaise – et sur les lettres intimes qu’elle écrivit à ses confesseurs, cette étude examine la manière dont son image de religieuse exemplaire a été construite selon le modèle féminin de sainteté catholique qui dominait au XVIIIe siècle. On souligne aussi les différents procédés propres à l’hagiographie décelables dans ces écrits, ce qui suggère que les auteurs ont tenté de construire une (...) aura de sainteté autour de Jacinta. (shrink)

Beginning with one of the most remarkable characteristics of cyber art, ‘interactivity’, in a context of generalized hybridization of the procedures and technological devices available in the current hyper-technological era, this article will highlight the festive dimension within contemporary artistic practices, especially in its technological and digital components. In order to take both its ‘creationist’ and ‘reflexionist’ aspects into consideration, the proposed interpretation will adopt as its starting point the questions introduced by classical anthropology about festivity: What establishes community in (...) cyber art? Which kind of community is established there and what is sacrificed in digital or cybernetic art? These questions are articulated with the discussion proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer and Richard Schechner about the task of building the reflexive play that is found in the work of art as such. The purpose is to gradually present, throughout the article, the peculiarity of the experience of ‘the festive’ in computing and numerical arts. (shrink)

Drawing on Security, Territory, Population and The Birth of Biopolitics, this article aims, firstly, to consolidate our understanding of Foucault’s engagement with law by fleshing out his approach to law and by clarifying that he distinguishes between different kinds of law on the basis of the objectives that law serves and the regime of truth that it embodies. Secondly, using this understanding, the article proceeds to illustrate how the objectives and the regime of truth of the EU internal market law (...) have been displaced in the last few decades. It is argued that this body of law has increasingly come to perform the tasks of law in neoliberal government as pointed out by Foucault in these lectures, namely of expanding the domain of market values and mechanisms, and of restricting the exercise of legitimate government by opposing the rule of law to planning. In this regard, particular attention is paid to the way in which justiciable rights function as a technology of neoliberal rule within the internal market. (shrink)

O processo de conversão ao Cristianismo, em sua versão ortodoxa, dos povos bárbaros assentados em território do Antigo Império Romano, durante os séculos V e VIl, evidencia o empenho das autoridades religiosas capazes de forjar variadas estratégias na busca do seu intento. Nesse sentido, destaca-se a atuação de Martinho de Braga pelo seu sistemático trabalho de evangelização, do que fez parte a redação de variadas obras. Entre estas desejamos sublinhar De Formula Vitae Honestae, obra de caráter político e moral dirigida (...) aos príncipes do referido reino, reproduzida inúmeras vezes na Idade Média a partir do século XII e inserida no conjunto de escritos conhecidos como espelho dos príncipes. (shrink)

In this article I will argue that futile medical and nursing care is not only inefficacious but that it may be harmful to the patient and also to health professionals, who may be diminished both as clinicians and as persons if they are not able to give appropriate care to dying patients and their families. I discuss futile care in intensive care units because the opportunities and the temptation to provide futile care in these settings is higher than, for instance, (...) in internal medicine and nursing home care. I argue, following two nurse ethicists, Carol Taylor and Colleen Scanlon, that, even if nurses are not the initiators of futile care, they play an important role in its prevention because of their clinical expertise. They can do this by convening ‘patient care conferences’ when they recognize the need to bring together the various parties that have conflicting expectations. These conferences would then result in appropriate palliative care. The nurses providing this care would demonstrate their understanding of the process whereby living becomes the process of dying. (shrink)