ABSTRACT In this article I discuss Bernardine Evaristo’s Girl, Woman, Other as a transmodern narrative that gives voice to a marginalised group of black women living in Britain. Written in a hybrid style that combines prose and poetry and eschewing punctuation and long sentences, the novel interweaves sundry stories from the late nineteenth to the twenty-first century set in countries ranging from Africa, the Caribbean, and America to Britain. This networked structure exposes transtemporal and transnational patterns of diversity, connectedness and (...) relationality, as well as the distinctive genealogy of black British women and their maternal empowerment. I argue that the resilience of the characters in the face of social, racial and gender marginalisation springs from their empathic relatedness and solidarity. This emphasis on the importance of care for the other highlights the need for improving not only women’s rights and socioeconomic opportunities but of benefiting humanity on a broader scale. (shrink)

This work gives a new argument for ‘Empirical Philosophy of Mathematical Practice’. It analyses different modalities on how empirical information can influence philosophical endeavours. We evoke the classical dichotomy between “armchair” philosophy and empirical/experimental philosophy, and claim that the latter should in turn be subdivided in three distinct styles: Apostate speculator, Informed analyst, and Freeway explorer. This is a shift of focus from the source of the information towards its use by philosophers. We present several examples from philosophy of mind/science (...) and ethics on one side and a case study from philosophy of mathematics on the other. We argue that empirically informed philosophy of mathematics is different from the rest in a way that encourages a Freeway explorer approach, because intuitions about mathematical objects are often unavailable for non-mathematicians. This consideration is supported by a case study in set theory. (shrink)

Public entities around the world are increasingly deploying artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making systems to provide public services or to use their enforcement powers. The rationale for the public sector to use these systems is similar to private sector: increase efficiency and speed of transactions and lower the costs. However, public entities are first and foremost established to meet the needs of the members of society and protect the safety, fundamental rights, and wellbeing of those they serve. Currently AI systems (...) are deployed by the public sector at various administrative levels without robust due diligence, monitoring, or transparency. This paper critically maps out the challenges in procurement of AI systems by public entities and the long-term implications necessitating AI-specific procurement guidelines and processes. This dual-prong exploration includes the new complexities and risks introduced by AI systems, and the institutional capabilities impacting the decision-making process. AI-specific public procurement guidelines are urgently needed to protect fundamental rights and due process. (shrink)

Cosmetic surgery and techno-medical manufacturing of the body are booming. The transformative potential of cosmetic surgery is used to shape and enhance physical appearance, gender identity and sexuality. Among the cosmetic procedures that have become popular is intimate surgery for women, which is oriented towards an ideal shape of the vulva. Almost in parallel with this trend, vulva-positive websites highlighting the diversity of the vulva are becoming ever more widespread in order to enlighten women and contribute to women’s health. This (...) Art-Science Interaction consists of two parts that are in conversation with one another. Artist Merve Şahinol presents in her part “VULVA STUDY. hidden but not undiscovered” photographs of clay vulvas she modeled during therapy sessions to use in talks with women who are challenged by their own perception of their body image. She shares her thoughts and experience of the modeling and learning process in form of prose. In “Manufacturing the Vulva”, sociologist Melike Şahinol explores the rhizomatic dilemma between self/body awareness and empowerment, and the normalization and beauty constraints of manufacturing the vulva. This contribution emphasizes the awareness of the vulva as well as the lack of specific analyses of post-surgery embodiment experiences that include the “new” corporeal experience of sexuality and the fact that these experiences in general have been addressed but not sufficiently analyzed. (shrink)

Uzak doğu toplumlarının tarihinde yabancı dinlere karşı diğer toplumların tarihine nazaran daha esnek ve senkretik bir yaklaşım benimsenmiş olduğu kabul edilir. Bu coğrafyadaki topluluklar yeni gelen dinleri genellikle yumuşak güç kullanarak dönüştürüp kendi benliğine uygun hale getirmiştir. Budizm’in Çin’e, ardından Japonya’ya gelişi ve sonrasında bu toplulukların rengine boyanması bu esnek ve senkretik yaklaşımın birçok örneğinden biridir. Ayrıca Çin’de Konfüçyanist, Taoist ve Budist dini geleneklerinin üçünün bir arada uygulanmasına yönelik teori ve pratiklerin ortaya çıkmış olması da bu yaklaşımın göstergesidir. Aynı şekilde (...) Japonya’da yüzyıllar boyunca Şintoizm ve Budizmin birlikte uygulanması, Şinto kamileri ile Budist Buddha ve bodhisatvalarının aynı yüce varlıklar olarak kabul edilmesi de aynı bağlamda karşılaşılan birincil örneklerdendir. Fakat yabancı dinlere yönelik bu esnek ve senkretik yaklaşımın istisnaları da yok değildir. Bu istisnalardan biri Tokugava shoğunluğu döneminde ‘yabancı din’ Hristiyanlığa yönelik yaklaşım ve politikalar sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Shoğunluğun Hristiyanlık öğretisine ve yerli ve yabancı Hristiyanlara karşı peyderpey sertleşen ve kapsamı genişleyen agresif politikaları Japon tarihinde örneğine az rastlanılan ‘yer altına inmiş din’, ‘gizlenen cemaat’ olgusunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Shoğunluğun Hristiyanlığa yönelik sert politikaları ve yasakları Japon Hristiyanlarını inançlarını gizleyerek yaşamaya itmiş ve Japon Hristiyanlar Tokugava şoğunluğu sonuna değin iki buçuk asır boyunca inançlarını saklayarak varlıklarını devam ettirmiştir. Tokugava döneminin sonlanmasıyla birlikte Hristiyanlığa yönelik devlet politikası değişip misyon hareketlerine izin verilmesinin ardından Hristiyan kiliseleri Japonya’ya tekrardan gelmiş, fakat iki buçuk asır boyunca inançlarını gizli olarak devam ettiren Japon Hristiyanlarından bir grup Hristiyan kiliseleri ile birleşmeyi reddetmiş ve ayrı bir cemaat olarak günümüze değin varlığını devam ettiren Kakure Kirishitan cemaatini oluşturmuştur. Japon toplum ve kültürünün temel özelliklerinden biri olan karşılaştığı ‘yabancı’ ve yeni unsurları adapta etme-uyarlama-dönüştürme eğiliminin bir örneği olarak Kakure Kirishitan cemaati ve kutsal metinleri Tenchi bu çalışmanın ana konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel kaynağı ‘Budist Kitab-ı Mukaddes’ olarak da isimlendirilebilecek olan Kakure Kirishitan cemaatinin kutsal metni Tenchi’dir. Temel iddiası ise Kakure Kirishitan cemaatinin Hristiyanlığa yönelik sert ve acımasız devlet politikaları karşısında varlığını devam ettirebilmesini mümkün kılan temel etkenin Japon kimlik ve kültüründe var olan uyarlama eğilimi olduğu ve Kakure Kirishitan cemaatinin kutsal metni olarak kabul edilen Tenchi’nin de Budizm başta olmak üzere Japon din ve geleneklerinden belirli öğelerin Hristiyanlık öğretileriyle birleştirilerek temelde -zorunluluk arz eden şart ve koşullar yadsınmamak kaydıyla- bu uyarlama eğiliminin sonucu olarak ortaya çıktığıdır. Sonuç olarak Japon toplum ve kültürünün genel kimlik ve davranış tarzına ters bir şekilde dine yönelik uygulanan yasak ve baskı politikası Japon tarihinde örneğine az rastlanan yer altına inmiş din-cemaat olarak Kakure Kirishitan cemaatini ortaya çıkarmış ve ironik bir şekilde bu cemaat varlığını temelde Japon kimlik ve kültüründe bulunan bu esnek ve senkretik eğilim sayesinde devam ettirebilmiştir. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic affected education institutions just like several other sectors. These institutions, which are among the places where people are found collectively, were the first places that were closed for precaution. Some problems of distance education conducted in online platforms which were assumed upon the termination of face-to-face education emerged in time. Especially in this urgent solution, where the workload of teachers has increased, some application difficulties have been identified in foreign language teaching. From this point of view, considering (...) the foreign language education policy and planning, this study deals with the distance education practices of English teachers, the difficulties they encounter in the process, and their solution proposals. The research, which was designed as a qualitative study, was conducted with a case study design. The participants of the research are 13 English teachers working at the secondary school level in different districts of Northern Cyprus determined by the homogeneous sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews developed by the researchers. The qualitative data were analyzed with descriptive analysis. As a result of the interviews with the teachers, it has been determined that there are problems related to technology, students, online classes, and planning in English teaching carried out with distance education applications. Accordingly, the teachers offered their recommendations that could be a solution to the existing problems. (shrink)

Sosyal politikalar dezavantajlı gruplara fayda sağlamak amacıyla oluşturulmaktadır. Ancak bazı durumlarda bu politikalara duyulan güven düzeyinin düşük olması bir takım olumsuz sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. Zihinsel engelli çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin yaşadıkları ölüm kaygısı bu olumsuz sonuca bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmada zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan annelerin sosyal politikalara duydukları güvenin çocuklarından önce ölme kaygısına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada yalnızca zihinsel engelli çocuğu anneler ile görüşülmesinin temel sebebi, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2011) verilerine göre zihinsel engelli çocuğun bakımını yüksek bir oranla (%81) (...) annelerin üstlenmesidir. Ayrıca ülkemizde engel türlerinin oranları incelendiğinde, yine Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK, 2011) verilerine göre en büyük grubu %29,2 ile zihinsel engelliler teşkil etmektedir.Çalışmada Kasım 2017 - Ocak 2018 tarihleri arasında, İstanbul ilinde ikamet eden beş anne ile yapılan ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile elde edilen verilerden ulaşılan bulgular sunulmuştur. Görüşmeler esnasında ses kaydı alınmış, sonra yazıya geçirilmiş ve ardından sorular temelinde oluşturulan başlıklar altında veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Sosyal politikalara güven eksikliğinin zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan annelerin ölüm kaygılarının nedenleri arasında olduğu; çocuklarından önce ölme korkusu nedeniyle de “Çocuğumu benden sonraya bırakma Allah’ım” diye dua ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Kaygı veren bu durumun temel sebepleri üzerinde durulmuş, sosyal politikalar ile ilişkisi incelenerek sorunun çözümü ve giderilmesi için çeşitli öneriler getirilmiştir. (shrink)

Destân-ı İbrâhîm, Anadolu İslamî Türk edebiyatının teşekkül devresine ait manzum hikâyelerden biridir. Mesnevi nazım şekliyle yazılan bu eser, Hz. Peygamber’in, cariyesi Mâriye bint Şem‘ûn el-Kıbtiyye’den (öl. 16/637) dünyaya gelen oğlu İbrahim’in (öl. 10/632 [?]) vefatını konu edinmektedir. Eserin, yurt içi ve yurt dışı kütüphanelerinde çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır. Bu durum eserin halk tarafından sevildiğinin, yazıldığı dönemden itibaren ilgi ve alaka gördüğünün en önemli göstergesidir. Bu nüshalardan bazıları farklı araştırmacılar tarafından incelenmiş ve yayınlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada eserin daha önce herhangi bir (...) çalışmaya konu edilmemiş, Ankara Millî Kütüphanedeki 06 Mil Yz A 2664/7 numaralı nüshası incelenmiştir. Zikredilen nüsha, eserin şimdiye kadar tespit edilmiş en hacimli nüshasıdır. Bu yönüyle hem daha önce incelenen nüshalardaki kurgu ve tahkiye problemini ortadan kaldırmakta hem de şaire dair yeni bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir. Halkı eğitmek, dinî bilinci yerleştirmek maksadıyla yazılan bu eserde, hedef kitleye ve yazılış gayesine uygun bir şekilde, tasannudan uzak, sade ve samimi bir üslup tercih edilmiştir. Eser, sohbet meclislerinde bir toplantı süresince okunup tamamlanmaya uygun hacmiyle de dönemin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktadır. Türk düşünce tarihi açısından oldukça ehemmiyetli olan eser, telif edildiği dönemin dil özelliklerini günümüze aktarması açısından da kıymetlidir. Eser, yazıldığı dönem olan Eski Anadolu Türkçesinin ses ve şekil özelliklerini taşımaktadır. Dil ve kültür tarihimize ışık tutan bu eserin, yeni ve muhkem nüshalarının tespiti alana dair çalışmalara mühim katkılar sağlayacaktır. Çalışma, giriş ve üç bölüm şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Girişte, eserin yazıldığı döneme ve müellifine dair bilgiler verilmiştir. “Eser Hakkında Genel Bilgiler” başlığını taşıyan birinci bölüm iki alt başlığa ayrılmış; önce eserin dil, şekil ve söyleyiş özellikleri incelenmiş, ardından eserin muhtevasına yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölüm çalışmanın konusunu teşkil eden Ankara Millî Kütüphanedeki 06 Mil Yz A 2664/7 numaralı nüshaya hasredilmiştir. “Nüsha Hakkında Genel Bilgiler” başlığını taşıyan bu bölüm kendi içinde iki alt başlığa ayrılarak önce nüshanın ayrıntılı tavsifi yapılmış, ardından bu nüshanın literatüre katkılarına temas edilmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde bahsi geçen nüshanın transkripsiyonlu metnine yer verilmiştir. (shrink)

Eğitim; bireylere hayatları boyunca ihtiyaç duyacakları bilgi ve becerileri sistematik bir şekilde öğretmektir. Din eğitimi ise bireyin mensubu olduğu dinin inanç, ibadet, muamelat ve bu dinin arzuladığı ahlaki öğretiler hakkında bilgi sahibi olup bunları uygulamasının beklenmesidir. Din eğitimi bireylerin ihtiyaçları ve gelişimsel basamağına uygun olarak verilmektedir. Bireyin yaşı, zihinsel bilgi basamağı, cinsiyeti, eğitim durumu vb. özellikler alacağı eğitimi etkilemektedir. Engel durumu da bireyin sahip olduğu özelliklerden biridir. Bu durum bireyin özelliği olmakla birlikte bireyi sınırlandırır. Bireyin bu sınırlılıkları psikolojik, fiziksel ve (...) sosyal olarak bütün özelliklerini etkiler. Engelli Bireylerin Din ve Değerler Eğitimi adlı eserde bireylerin sahip oldukları bu sınırlılıkları göz önünde bulundurarak engelli bireylerin din eğitimi açısından ihtiyaçları belirtilmiştir. Eserde bireyler ile yapılmış olan görüşmelere yer verilmiş ve bireylerin dini konulara bakış açıları yansıtılmıştır. Engelli bireylere din eğitimi verilirken dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar belirtilmiştir. İslam’ın, Kur’ an- ı Kerim’in ve Hz. Muhammed’ in engelli bireylere bakışı ve bireylerin bulundukları durumlara örnekler verilmiştir. (shrink)

Background. Attending to goal-relevant information can leave us metaphorically ‘blind’ or ‘deaf’ to the next relevant information while searching among distracters. This temporal cost lasting for about a half a second on the human selective attention has been long explored using the attentional blink paradigm. Although there is evidence that certain visual stimuli relating to one’s area of expertise can be less susceptible to attentional blink effects, it remains unexplored whether the dynamics of temporal selective attention vary with expertise and (...) objects types in the auditory modality. Methods. Using the auditory version of the attentional blink paradigm, the present study investigates whether certain auditory objects relating to musical and perceptual expertise could have an impact on the transient costs of selective attention. In this study, expert cellists and novice participants were asked to first identify a target sound, and then to detect instrumental timbres of cello or organ, or human voice as a second target in a rapid auditory stream. Results. The results showed moderate evidence against the attentional blink effect for voices independent of participants’ musical expertise. Experts outperformed novices in their overall accuracy levels of target identification and detection, reflecting a clear benefit of musical expertise. Importanly, the musicianship advantage disappeared when the human voices served as the second target in the stream. Discussion. The results are discussed in terms of stimulus salience, the advantage of voice processing, as well as perceptual and musical expertise in relation to attention and working memory performances. (shrink)

When one attempts to understand and grasp the seemingly simple fact of pain within the realm of human being, it may be inevitable for one to be caught by the question “why do I suffer from pain?” This question, like every other “why” question, belongs to a basic human attitude which cannot accept what is as it is. Considering pain as a manifestation of such an attitude is also determining it as intolerable and reading the experience of pain as an (...) act of rebellion. However, in order to grasp and make sense of the experience of pain, one should first determine against what this act of rebellion is. To this end, this paper tries to articulate the experience of pain within the Hegelian system by focusing on pain’s relation to pleasure, life, death, desire and self-consciousness and infers that any form of reaction to pain is an act of rebellion against death. (shrink)

In the words of Robert Allinson, people are reminded of the generalized folk saying that every Chinese person is a Confucian, a Taoist, or a Buddhist. Confucius's teachings influenced later Chinese society on dramatic level. The Confucians used the term Tao in the sense of social order, and as a foundational ethical principle. Confucius used the term te to signify the virtue in the sense of correct living according to Tao, the right way. Wu‐wei is the ability to act with (...) minimum effort by going with the natural flow of things, in short, being in tune with Tao and its expression as Te. Despite Buddhism having stricter discipline and more profound doctrines, in the eyes of the Han Chinese the points of contact were so numerous that Buddhism was but another sect of religious Taoism. (shrink)

This book develops some of the most important themes of Sen's works over the last decade. He argues in a rich and subtle approach that we should be concerned with people's capabilities rather than their resources or welfare.

Bu çalışmada, Almanya’da İslamofobi’nin artışında etkenler tespit edilmekte, bu etkenlerden biri olarak görülen Neo-selefî yapıların bu etkideki rolü analiz edilmektedir. İslamofobi, İslam dininden ve Müslümanlardan korkma, nefret etme, endişe duyma veya önyargılı olma olarak tanımlanabilir. Müslümanlardan korkma veya Müslümanlara düşmanlık besleme anlamında İslamofobi’nin kökenleri İslam’ın ilk dönemlerine kadar uzanmaktadır. Tarihi kökenlere bakıldığında bu düşmanlığın Kudüs’ün, Endülüs’ün ve Hristiyan dünyanın hüküm sürdüğü diğer toprakların Müslümanlar tarafından fethedilme süreçlerine kadar gittiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise son 20-30 yıllık süreç içerisinde görülen İslamofobi’nin artışındaki (...) etkenlere odaklanılmıştır. Burada dönüm noktasını Amerika’da bir grup terörist tarafından gerçekleştirilen 11 Eylül 2001 saldırıları oluşturmaktadır. Bu saldırı, İslamofobi endüstrisi tarafından bütün Müslümanların terörizm ile ilişkilendirilmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Almanya, İslamofobi’nin en belirgin şekilde arttığı ülkelerden biridir. İslamofobi’nin artışı, Müslüman toplulukların günlük yaşamlarında karşılaştıkları ayrımcılık ve dışlanmayı artırırken, toplumsal uyum ve entegrasyon çabalarını zayıflatmaktadır. Bu olgunun Almanya’daki etkilerini anlamak, sadece Müslüman toplulukların karşılaştıkları zorlukları değil, aynı zamanda toplumun geneline yayılan etkileri de ortaya koymak açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma ile amaçlanan, batılı ülkeler genelinde İslamofobi’nin artışındaki etkileri tespit ederken, özellikle Almanya ölçeğinde bu etkenler içerisinde yer aldığını düşündüğümüz Neo-selefî grupların nefret ve şiddet içeren eylem ve söylemlerinin bu artıştaki etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Bu selefî söylemlerin kelâmî bağlamı da konu çerçevesinde önem arz etmektedir. Neo-selefî grupların söylem, eylem ve faaliyetlerinin, batılı ülkelerde yaşayan yerel halklar nezdinde nasıl karşılandığı, korku ve endişe uyandırıp uyandırmadığı, Müslümanların ötekileştirilip dışlanarak potansiyel bir düşman olarak algılanıp algılanmadığı gibi hususlar analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, literatür taraması ve analitik yöntemler kullanılmıştır. İslamofobi, Selefîlik ve Neo-selefîlik kavramları kelâmî perspektifle detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmış, sonrasında ise İslamofobi’nin artışındaki temel etkenler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tespit edilen etkenlerin analiz ve değerlendirmesi yapıldıktan sonra, özel olarak Almanya’da faaliyet gösteren radikal Neo-selefî grupların liderlerinin / vaizlerinin söylemleri çerçevesinde, toplumda bu gruplara yönelik algı tespit edilmeye çalışılmış ve bu olumsuz İslam imajının İslamofobi’nin artışındaki etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada, Almanya’da Neo-selefî grupların söylem ve faaliyetlerinin, İslamofobi’nin artışında önemli bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Neo- selefî yapıların radikal ve dışlayıcı söylemleri, Almanya’da yaşayan Müslümanların toplumsal entegrasyonunu zorlaştırmakta ve yerel halk arasında Müslümanlara yönelik korku ve önyargıları beslemektedir. Özellikle Pierre Vogel ve Hasan Dabbağ gibi Neo-Selafi vaizlerin, sosyal medya ve diğer platformlar üzerinden yürüttükleri nefret söylemleri, Almanya’da İslamofobi’nin artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, Müslümanların genel olarak terörizmle ilişkilendirilmesine ve toplumsal kutuplaşmanın artmasına neden olmaktadır. (shrink)

Volume 27, Issue 2, June 2020, Page 179-184.

We give an overview of Lakatos’ life, his philosophy of mathematics and science, as well as of this issue. Firstly, we briefly delineate Lakatos’ key contributions to philosophy: his anti-formalist philosophy of mathematics, and his methodology of scientific research programmes in the philosophy of science. Secondly, we outline the themes and structure of the masterclass Lakatos’ Undone Work – The Practical Turn and the Division of Philosophy of Mathematics and Philosophy of Science​, which gave rise to this special issue. Lastly, (...) we provide a summary of the contributions to this issue. (shrink)

I am most grateful to Elizabeth Anderson (2000), Philip Pettit (2000) and Thomas Scanlon (2000) for making such insightful and penetrating comments on my work and the related literature. I have reason enough to be happy, having been powerfully defended in some respects and engagingly challenged in others. I must also take this opportunity of thanking Martha Nussbaum, for not only chairing the session in which these papers were presented followed by a splendid discussion (which she led), but also for (...) taking the initiative, in the first place, to arrange the session. (shrink)

There has been much scholarly attention given to the role of women in the labor market throughout the years. While there are plenty of evaluations of ideas and perspectives regarding work-life concepts, there is limited understanding regarding the theoretical foundation of work-life concerns specifically about mothers. This study aims to provide an overview of theories used to investigate the work-life issues of working mothers. The data were collected from the Web of Science database. A total of 63 research studies examining (...) the work-life challenges faced by employed women were evaluated based on theoretical frameworks. It was seen that identity theory and gender perspective are dominant perspectives in the current literature. In addition, the prevailing work-life perspectives adopted in the studies are work-life balance and work-life conflict. The study offers a detailed examination of the various theoretical perspectives employed in understanding the work-life difficulties encountered by employed mothers. (shrink)

There are different narratives on mathematics as part of our world, some of which are more appropriate than others. Such narratives might be of the form ‘Mathematics is useful’, ‘Mathematics is beautiful’, or ‘Mathematicians aim at theorem-credit’. These narratives play a crucial role in mathematics education and in society as they are influencing people’s willingness to engage with the subject or the way they interpret mathematical results in relation to real-world questions; the latter yielding important normative considerations. Our strategy is (...) to frame current narratives of mathematics from a virtue-theoretic perspective. We identify the practice of mathematizing, put forward by Freudenthal’s ‘Realistic mathematics education’, as virtuous and use it to evaluate different narratives. We show that this can help to render the narratives more adequately, and to provide implications for societal organization. (shrink)

There are two basic paradigms in social sciences. The first of these is positivism, which is based on explanation-oriented thought; the other is the understanding/interpretive paradigm that emerged as an alternative to positivism. As a theory of meaning that finds its place in many socio-cultural fields, the hermeneutic approach is among the paradigms based on understanding/interpretation. The hermeneutic approach appears at the point of comprehending the invisible, beyond the observable. In this context, examining Mevlevi Rites in a hermeneutical context as (...) a part of Turkish culture from a socio-cultural perspective is important in terms of revealing the meaning of the Rites. The Mevlevi order is based on the principle of unity of exictence in sufi thought and at the same time it is based on an esoteric belief system. In this sense, Mevlevism and Mevlevi Rites, which reflect the belief system mentioned, have meanings beyond the obvious. Particularly, music, which is the dominant element in the ceremony, draws attention as a character that has the capacity to direct the performance. In this direction, the performances during the ritual start with music and the continuity of the ritual is ensured by being managed with music. Therefore, in Mevlevi order, music serves as a tool that accompanies ecstasy. Every movement, every practice, and every stage, every phenomenon and every act of the Mevlevi Rites, which is an integral part of the performance, contains metaphorical meanings. In this context, in the research, which is limited to the theological dimension of the hermeneutic paradigm, the spiritual meanings of the Mevlevi rites were determined by the literature study, the documents related to the subject were examined, the descriptive analysis of the data obtained was made and the findings were revealed. (shrink)

We discuss conceptual change and progress within mathematics, in particular how tools, structural concepts and representations are transferred between fields that appear to be unconnected or remote from each other. The theoretical background is provided by the frame concept, which is used in linguistics, cognitive science and artificial intelligence to model how explicitly given information is combined with expectations deriving from background knowledge. In mathematical proofs, we distinguish two kinds of frames, namely structural frames and ontological frames. The interaction between (...) both kinds of frames can drive mathematical interpretation. We first discuss two examples where structural frames (formulaic notation) drive ontological development (the discovery or exploration of mathematical objects). The development of Boole’s Boolean algebra may at first appear as a metaphorical treatment of the (then) new area of logic. In the analysis, we discuss how different (aspects of) certain algebraic frames change in the transfer, how arising difficulties are solved and overall argue that Boole uses the numerical algebra frame as a research template for the discovery of a system for calculations in logic. Following Ifrah, we analyse the discovery of zero as an extension to the number ontology as driven by the development of notation. Both structural and ontological frames are extended and simplified as notation progresses. Finally, we discuss two examples from infinite combinatorics, viz. topological graph theory, and one foundational issue. In both examples, the two simultaneous frames about one object are maintained independently. They motivate different research questions, but may also fruitfully interact: shifting between multiple synchronously maintained perspectives acts as a motor of innovation. The analysis shows how a frame-based approach allows to model how different perspectives drive mathematical innovation because they highlight different aspects, questions and heuristics. (shrink)

Hans Belting, _Florence and Baghdad: Renaissance Art and Arab Science_, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 303 pp.

Contemporary Arabic speculative fiction, particularly following the Arab Spring uprisings, is often interpreted as part of an emerging trend of Arab dystopias responding to political upheaval. These texts' ecological concerns, which produce diverse conceptions of futurity, are understudied. This article examines how urban futures are envisioned in an Egyptian speculative fiction text, Ahmed Naji's _Istikhdām al-ḥayāh_ (2014; _Using Life_, 2017). Putting _Using Life_ in dialogue with discussions on Gulf futurism and Arabfuturisms, the article first examines the text's depiction of hegemonic (...) techno-futurist visions, aimed at manifesting a global utopian future through urban design and development projects. The author argues that this futurist discourse, which has affinities with Gulf futurism, operates through the dual enframing of nature and history, and then demonstrates how the text resists this techno-futurist vision through an assemblage aesthetics that echoes Sulaiman Majali's Arabfuturism(s) manifesto. The novel's assemblage aesthetics, which is central to its conception of counter-futures, redefines the human relationship to urban ecologies and to literature through an emphasis on embodiment. (shrink)

The idea and practice of art, which started to change in the modern period, continued its metamorphosis in the post-modern period. Contemporary art, which was handled by many philosophers and thinkers, was called trans-aesthetic by Jean Baudrillard. According to Baudrillard, art has lost its meaning by penetrating every aspect of life in the post-modern age. In other words, art has become the transfer of images that mean nothing by becoming trans-aesthetic. At this stage, no object can be said to be (...) beautiful or ugly. (shrink)

Policy-makers often rely on scientists to inform their decisions. When advising policy-makers, what should scientists say? One view says that scientists ought to say what they have a high credence in. Another view says that scientists ought to say what they expect to lead to good policy outcomes. We explore a third view: scientists ought to say what they expect to make the policy-makers’ credences accurate.

Illustrations: 1 B/w Illustration Description: Pranab Kumar Sen, Professor Emeritus, Jadavpur University in whose honour this volume has been prepared was one of the leading philosophers of our country and a highly respected teacher. It carries thirty-five articles which deal with different branches of philosophy,viz., philosophical logic, philosophy of language, ontology, theory of knowledge, Kant exegesis, moral philosophy, social philosophy, philosophy of art. As Sen's philosophical interests and expertise were wide the authors had ample freedom in their choice of topics. (...) This volume will be of interest to those who are acquainted with sophisticated literature in analytic philosophy, scholars working in different branches of philosophy and also general readers of modern philosophy. (shrink)

The mole and Avogadro’s number are two important concepts of science that provide a link between the properties of individual atoms or molecules and the properties of bulk matter. It is clear that an early theorist of the idea of these two concepts was Avogadro. However, the research literature shows that there is a controversy about the subjects of when and by whom the mole concept was first introduced into science and when and by whom Avogadro’s number was first calculated. (...) Based on this point, the following five matters are taken into consideration in this paper. First, in order to base the subject matter on a strong ground, the historical development of understanding the particulate nature of matter is presented. Second, in 1811, Amedeo Avogadro built the theoretical foundations of the mole concept and the number 6.022 × 1023 mol−1. Third, in 1865, Johann Josef Loschmidt first estimated the number of molecules in a cubic centimetre of a gas under normal conditions as 1.83 × 1018. Fourth, in 1881, August Horstmann first introduced the concept of gram-molecular weight in the sense of today’s mole concept into chemistry and, in 1900, Wilhelm Ostwald first used the term mole instead of the term ‘gram-molecular weight’. Lastly, in 1889, Károly Than first determined the gram-molecular volume of gases under normal conditions as 22,330 cm3. Accordingly, the first value for Avogadro’s number in science history should be 4.09 × 1022 molecules/gram-molecular weight, which is calculated by multiplying Loschmidt’s 1.83 × 1018 molecules/cm3 by Than’s 22,330 cm3/gram-molecular weight. Hence, Avogadro is the originator of the ideas of the mole and the number 6.022 × 1023 mol−1, Horstmann first introduced the mole concept into science/chemistry, and Loschmidt and Than are the scientists who first calculated Avogadro’s number. However, in the science research literature, it is widely expressed that the mole concept was first introduced into chemistry by Ostwald in 1900 and that Avogadro’s number was first calculated by Jean Baptiste Perrin in 1908. As a result, in this study, it is particularly emphasised that Horstmann first introduced the mole concept into science/chemistry and the first value of Avogadro’s number in the history of science was 4.09 × 1022 molecules/gram-molecular weight and Loschmidt and Than together first calculated this number. (shrink)

Amartya Sen; XII*—Plural Utility, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 81, Issue 1, 1 June 1981, Pages 193–216, https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/.

And in this book the distinguished scholar Amartya Sen offers a powerful critique of the theory of social justice that, in its grip on social and political ...

Drawing on cognitive moral development and moral identity theories, this study empirically examines the moral antecedents and consequences of authentic leadership. Machiavellianism, an individual difference variable relating to the use of the ‘end justifies the means’ principle, is predicted to affect the link between morality and leadership. Analyses of multi-source, multi-method data comprised case studies, simulations, role-playing exercises, and survey questionnaires were completed by 70 managers in a large public agency, and provide support for our hypotheses. Our findings reveal that (...) Machiavellianism offsets the positive relationship between moral reasoning and authentic leadership. Specifically, we show that when Machiavellianism is high, both the positive relationship between moral reasoning and authentic leadership, and the positive relationship between authentic leadership and moral actions, are reversed. This study offers new insights on the underlying processes contributing to the emergence of leaders’ authentic behavior and moral action. Implications for the moral development of leaders, and directions for improved leadership training are provided. (shrink)

This study aims to explore the factors contributing to the perceived preparedness of graduate students for responsible conduct of research (RCR). A convergent mixed design was used, and both interview and quantitative data were collected, analyzed, and integrated to understand the role of individual and institutional factors in the perceived RCR preparedness of graduate students. Both interview and quantitative data converge on the role of mentor instruction and institutional policies in developing RCR preparedness. The findings also suggested that greater exposure (...) of students to ethical norms and practices is critical in nurturing RCR. (shrink)

Teknoloji, bireyleri ve toplumları etkileyen önemli bir unsurdur. Buna bağlı olarak gelişen sosyal medyanın bugün hayatımızda kapsadığı alan yadsınamaz bir gerçeklik teşkil etmektedir. Bu alan her yeni kuşakla birlikte daha da büyüyerek etkilerini göstermektedir. Bu dijital ortam; öğrenmelerin, taklit etmelerin, rol model almaların ve hedeflerin kaynağı hâline gelmiştir. Sosyal medyanın yoğun kullanımı her alanda olduğu gibi bireylerdeki inanç, tutum ve dini değerlerin şekillenmesinde de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, özellikle son dönemde din ile sosyal medya konularına odaklanan çalışmaların arttığı (...) görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, sosyal medya kullanımının, dini düşünce ve ahlaki tutumlardaki dönüşümünü problem edinen ve bunun giderilmesinde din eğitiminin önemini ele alan Süleyman Gümrükçüoğlu’nun Din Eğitiminin Sosyal Medya Kullanımına Etkisi adlı eseri incelenmiştir. (shrink)

In this work we argue that there is no strong demarcation between pure and applied mathematics. We show this first by stressing non-deductive components within pure mathematics, like axiomatization and theory-building in general. We also stress the “purer” components of applied mathematics, like the theory of the models that are concerned with practical purposes. We further show that some mathematical theories can be viewed through either a pure or applied lens. These different lenses are tied to different communities, which endorse (...) different evaluative standards for theories. We evaluate the distinction between pure and applied mathematics from a late Wittgensteinian perspective. We note that the classical exegesis of the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, due to Maddy, leads to a clear-cut but misguided demarcation. We then turn our attention to a more niche interpretation of Wittgenstein by Dawson, which captures aspects of the aforementioned distinction more accurately. Building on this newer, maverick interpretation of the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, and endorsing an extended notion of meaning as use which includes social, mundane uses, we elaborate a fuzzy, but more realistic, demarcation. This demarcation, relying on family resemblance, is based on how direct and intended technical applications are, the kind of evaluative standards featured, and the range of rhetorical purposes at stake. (shrink)

Frames are a concept in knowledge representation that explains how the receiver, using background information, completes the information conveyed by the sender. This concept is used in different disciplines, most notably in cognitive linguistics and artificial intelligence. This paper argues that frames can serve as the basis for describing mathematical proofs. The usefulness of the concept is illustrated by giving a partial formalisation of proof frames, specifically focusing on induction proofs, and relevant parts of the mathematical theory within which the (...) proofs are conducted; for the latter, we look at natural numbers and trees specifically. (shrink)

Frames are a concept in knowledge representation that explains how the receiver, using background information, completes the information conveyed by the sender. This concept is used in different disciplines, most notably in cognitive linguistics and artificial intelligence. This paper argues that frames can serve as the basis for describing mathematical proofs. The usefulness of the concept is illustrated by giving a partial formalisation of proof frames, specifically focusing on induction proofs, and relevant parts of the mathematical theory within which the (...) proofs are conducted; for the latter, we look at natural numbers and trees specifically. (shrink)

We give an overview of Lakatos’ life, his philosophy of mathematics and science, as well as of this issue. Firstly, we briefly delineate Lakatos’ key contributions to philosophy: his anti-formalist philosophy of mathematics, and his methodology of scientific research programmes in the philosophy of science. Secondly, we outline the themes and structure of the masterclass Lakatos’ Undone Work – The Practical Turn and the Division of Philosophy of Mathematics and Philosophy of Science, which gave rise to this special issue. Lastly, (...) we provide a summary of the contributions to this issue. (shrink)