Through the analysis of Conrad-Martius Metaphysical Dialogues, our aim is show the relevance of the concept of spirit (Geist) and soul (Seele) to clarify the constitution of the human being. In order to understand Conrad-Martius’ phenomenological description, it is necessary to explain Husserl’s and Stein’s approaches to the same argument. Briefly their position is described at the beginning of the essay and then the main points of Conrad-Martius’ book are pinpointed. Human being is understandable in the complex of the degrees (...) of nature, that is, with reference to the organic life—plants and animals. Mental-spirit life is the distinguishing element regarding the human being. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:...

Newman and Soloviev -- The influences of Tolstoy and Tchadaiev -- Early influences -- Soloviev as professor -- Soloviev as writer -- Soloviev as logician -- Soloviev as moralist -- The beginning of Soloviev's work as a theologian -- Soloviev's development as a theologian-questions put to the Russian hierarchy-his relations with Mgr. Strossmayer -- The conclusions of Soloviev the theologian -- Soloviev's asceticism.

Film is a powerful medium that can influence audience’s perceptions, values and ideals. As filmmaking evolved into a serious art form, it became a powerful tool for telling stories that require us to re-examine our ideology. While it remains popular to adapt a literary novel or text for the screen, filmmakers have more freedom to pick and choose the stories they want to tell. This freedom allows filmmakers to explore narratives that might otherwise go unheard, which include stories that feature (...) marginal figures, such as serial killers, as sympathetic protagonists, which is what director Patty Jenkins achieves in her 2003 film Monster. Charlize Theron’s transformation into and performance as Aileen Wuornos, and Jenkins’s presentation of the subject matter, make this film an example of rogue cinema. In addition, Aileen Wuornos is portrayed as a clear example of the rogue character. This character trope frequently defies social standards, suffers from past trauma, is psychologically complex, and is often exiled. As a prostitute and social outcast, Aileen Wuornos exists on the fringes of society and rejects the hegemonic power structure and later heteronormativity of society, which makes her a rogue figure. While there are several aspects to consider when analyzing Jenkins’s film, my intention is to argue that this film is an example of rogue cinema because of its content. In order to accomplish this task, I examine Theron’s bodily transformation and her performance as Wuornos. Furthermore, I look at how Jenkins handles the depiction of romantic love and gendered violence and argue that her treatment of this content renders this film rogue. (shrink)

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

One puzzling result in training-test paradigms is that effects of reward-associated stimuli on attention are often seen in test but not in training. We focus on one study, where reward-related performance benefits occur in the training and which was discussed contentiously. By using a similar design, we conceptually replicated the results. Moreover, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and processes resulting in these reward-related performance benefits. In two experiments, using search tasks and having participants perform the tasks either with or without (...) individually adjusted time pressure, we disentangled the mechanisms and processes contributing to the reward-related benefits. We found evidence that not only search efficiency is increased with increasing reward, but also that non-search factors contribute to the results. By also investigating response time distributions, we were able to show that reward-related performance effects increased as search time increased in demanding tasks but not in less demanding tasks. Theoretical implications of the results regarding how reward influences attentional processing are discussed. (shrink)

Résumé Michèle Le Dœuff est une philosophe qui a beaucoup contribué aux études beauvoiriennes, mais dont l’ apport a été sous-évalué. Pourtant, Le Dœuff a été la première à faire un travail critique, philosophique et féministe autour du Deuxième Sexe, d’ abord dans son célèbre article « Cheveux longs, idées courtes » (1977), puis de façon plus approfondie dans L’ Étude et le rouet (1989). Les études beauvoiriennes ont sans doute encore beaucoup à puiser dans l’ œuvre de Le Dœuff.

Every day, we are confronted with a vast amount of information that all competes for our attention. Some of this information might be associated with rewards (e.g., gambling) or losses (e.g., insurances). To what extent such information, even if irrelevant for our current task, not only attracts attention but also affects our actions is still a topic under examination. To address this issue, we applied a new experimental paradigm that combines visual search and a spatial compatibility task. Although colored stimuli (...) did not modulate the spatial compatibility effect more than gray stimuli, we found clear evidence that reward and loss associations attenuated this effect, presumably by affecting attention and response selection. Moreover, there are hints that differences in these associations are also reflected in a modulation of the spatial compatibility effect. We discuss theoretical implications of our results with respect to the influences of color, reward, and loss association on selective attention and response selection. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for "parity": equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

I defend the thesis that, if there are substances, substance causation (i.e., causation by substances) is the only sort of causation in the universe – or the only fundamental sort. Subsequently, I develop an account of substance causation that is partly grounded on a peculiar interpretation of absolute change (i.e., of entities' coming and ceasing to be) and qualitative change, on some ontological assumptions about modes (i.e., individual properties that ontologically depend on their bearers) and powers. Finally, I reply to (...) some objections against substance causation in general (e.g., C. D. Broad's objection against causes' being non-essentially-dated entities) and to some possible objections against my own account and I briefly explore three advantages given by the acceptance of the latter. (shrink)

: Michèle Le Dœuff speculates about why the parity movement enjoyed attention and sympathy in France over recent years. She discusses recent developments in "State-handled" feminism, and the resurgence of interest in feminist debate in France. Perhaps patriarchy is an institution more fundamental than the State?

Michèle Le Dœuff discusses the revival of feminism in France, including the phenomenon of state-sponsored feminism, such as government support for “parity”: equal numbers of women and men in government. Le Dœuff analyzes the strategically patchy application of this revival and remains wary about it. Turning to the work of seventeenth-century philosopher Gabrielle Suchon, Le Dœuff considers her concepts of freedom, servitude, and active citizenship, which may well, she argues, have influenced Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Le Dœuff favorably juxtaposes the active citizenship (...) defended by Suchon with the kind of citizenship implicitly supported by recent French government feminism. (shrink)

La communication plurilingue est aujourd’hui reconnue comme une nécessité, tant par les États que par les producteurs économiques, scientifiques et culturels. Elle alimente la pratique de la traduction conçue comme un outil pour accéder aux savoirs du monde entier. Or l’exercice de la traduction influence l’extension des notions, des représentations et des modes de pensée propres à la langue d’arrivée. Une condition nécessaire et suffisante à la définition du caractère vivant d’une langue réside donc non pas seulement dans l’exposition de (...) cette langue à la traduction mais dans l’accueil, par cette langue, des productions venues d’un ailleurs aussi divers que possible.Today, not only States but anyone involved in economic, scientific and cultural production recognise the necessity of multilingual communication, which has boosted the idea of translation as a tool that gives access to knowledge from everywhere in the world. But translation itself influences the dissemination of concepts, representations and patterns of thought that belong to the target language. The living nature of a language therefore resides not only in its exposure to translation but also in its capacity to integrate production of every kind from the greatest possible diversity of sources. (shrink)

Le printemps austral au Chili a été le théâtre d’un grand soulèvement qui a mis fin à la politique néolibérale de Piñera tout en critiquant le cadre constitutionnel, héritage de l’époque Pinochet. Au départ, le mouvement était une grève métropolitaine contre l’augmentation du prix du ticket des transports publics. Face à la répression qui a suivi la grève s’est transformée en un soulèvement des multitudes pour la démocratie et un nouveau système de protection sociale. Même les tentatives de médiation institutionnelles (...) ne semblent ne pas avoir de succès pour bloquer le mouvement qui tout de même rentre en hibernation à cause de la pandémie. Mais le résultat du plébiscite pour une nouvelle constituante qui montre que le pays s’émancipe du cadre pinochetiste. (shrink)

Le centre d’art du Palais de Tokyo a ouvert ses portes. Derrière une façade bien connue et monumentale, l’intérieur du bâtiment a pris la forme d’une immense « friche industrielle » : un plateau sans cloisons de 4 000 m2. « Les hauteurs d’étage sont redevenues amples, les volumétries apparaissent étonnantes, la lumière naturelle est omniprésente et généreuse...

En même temps qu'il est réputé pour son scepticisme linguistique, Kant reconnaît aux pronoms personnels une signification universelle. C'est ce statut d'exception qui éclaire le caractère décisif de l'usage de ces pronoms dans la critique kantienne du cogito. On peut faire apparaître un paradoxe immanent à cet usage au coeur de l'opération de désubstantialisation de la pensée, engagée par Kant dans la Déduction transcendantale et dans les Paralogismes: d'une part, la substitution des pronoms il et ça au pronom je dans (...) le fameux «je pense» permet la réduction de la pensée à sa stricte fonction logique mais, d'autre part, le jeu de substitution des pronoms n'entame pas la fonction d'instanciation d'un sujet "fût-il strictement grammatical" de la pensée dans la formulation du cogito. Cette tension paradoxale entre un sujet désubstantialisé et une «subjectivité», certes neutralisée mais restée néanmoins instanciée dans l'acte de penser, s'accuse dans la deuxième édition de la Critique de la raison pure, qui invente à partir du cogito une nouvelle catégorie d'existence. Kant semble ainsi poser une pierre d'attente pour une nouvelle conception de la subjectivité de la pensée, que nous nommons «le fait-sujet de la pensée responsable» et qui implique une pensée inédite de la constitution du je dans et par la puissance d¿interpellation de la raison. Cette analyse permet une relectura du premier paragraphe de l'Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique, elle conduit à reconsidérer de manière critique l'interprétation que donne Jacques Derrida du sujet kantien de la pensée dans L'animal que donc je suis et elle inaugure peut-être une nouvelle conception du sujet responsable. Though known for his linguistic scepticism, Kant grants a universal meaning to personal pronouns. It is this exception which accounts for the decisive role that the use of personal pronouns plays in the kantian criticism of the cogito. It can be shown that a paradox inherent to this use emerges at the core of the thought-desubstancializing operation developed by Kant in the Trascendental deduction and the Paralogisms: on one hand, the substitution of the pronoun "I" for the pronouns "he" and "it" in the famous "I think" allows the reduction of thought to its strict logical function, but, on the other hand, the play of pronoun substitution does not prevent the subject of thought "even tough strictly grammatical" from being instanciated in the formula of the cogito. This paradoxical strain between a desubstancialized subject and a "subjectivity" neutralized but nonetheless still instantiated in the act of thinking is to be noted in the second edition of the Critique of pure reason, which derives from the cogito a new category of existence. It seems, therefore, that Kant lays the first ground for a new conception of the subjectivity of thought, which we call "the fact-subject of responsible thought" and which implies a novel notion of the constitution of the "I" in and through the addressing force of reason. This analysis allows for a new understanding of the first paragraph of the Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view, leads us to critically re-consider Jacques Derrida's interpretation of the kantian subject of thought in L'animal que donc je suis , and initiates perhaps a new conception of responsible subject. (shrink)

Lorsqu'il commence à écrire les Rêveries à l'automne 1776, Rousseau est un vieil homme proche de la mort, presque pauvre, célèbre dans toute l'Europe et pourtant assuré que l'espèce humaine le rejette. Il continue cependant d'écrire et les Rêveries sont à ses yeux la suite des Confessions. Mais il ne s'agit plus désormais de raconter sa vie ni de s'expliquer aux autres pour dévoiler sa vraie nature. Dans une solitude propice à l'introspection, si des souvenirs épars remontent maintenant à sa (...) mémoire, c'est pour lui-même qu'il les consigne en même temps qu'il cherche à se mieux connaître et réfléchir plus largement sur les ressorts de notre esprit humain. Mais ces méditations sont aussi des promenades où la rêverie devient expansion de l'être, où le contact avec la nature est source de bonheur dans la pure conscience d'exister. Une nouvelle manière d'écrire s'inaugure donc, un libre parcours sans effort que la ligne mélodieuse d'une prose souvent poétique rend admirablement sensible. Ces Rêveries que Rousseau nous laisse lorsqu'il meurt à Ermenonville en juillet 1778, il se peut ainsi qu'elles ne nous soient pas adressées : elles nous sont en tout cas destinées. (shrink)

Le discours et son envers Le discours officiel de nos sociétés - celui que diffusent couramment les média - se veut rationnel, à l’image des révolutions technologiques qui bouleversent la planète. Il ne doit pas faire exagérément illusion : un nombre incalculable de personnes cherchent leur vérité ailleurs ; il y a peu, l’émission la plus populaire de la télévision russe était celle d’un voyant ; dans notre France qui se pense sans préjugés, les croyances dans la voyance, voire la (...) sorcellerie... (shrink)

Sexually dimorphic mate selection strategies were examined in 200 university students reporting their willingness to engage in casual sexual encounters with hypothetical individuals of the opposite sex. Using a questionnaire format, the possibility of forming a long-term relationship was manipulated, while risk of disease, pregnancy, and detection was eliminated across all conditions. In addition, potential partners varied in level of attractiveness, and in personality and behavioral characteristics. As expected, men reported a greater anticipated willingness to engage in sexual intercourse across (...) all conditions compared with women. The possibility of forming a long-term relationship elevated women’s, but not men’s, willingness for sexual intercourse. While a potential partner’s attractiveness had a significant positive overall effect on responses, reducing their relative attractiveness had a greater negative impact on men’s responses. Reference to the parental qualities of a potential partner significantly increased women’s, but not men’s, anticipated willingness for sexual intercourse. Describing a hypothetical partner as non-aggressive marginally increased women’s willingness and did not affect men’s responses. The wording of items relevant to this condition may have resulted in the potential partner sounding "wimpy" rather than nonaggressive, and this may have reduced the expected effect of this manipulation. The possibility that women may trade off personality and behavioral characteristics with attractiveness to a greater degree than men when assessing potential mates is considered. (shrink)

This article addresses the relations between philosophy and other disciplines from a historical and personal point of view, focusing on the post-war French university system. Historically, interdisciplinarity involving philosophy was practised in the French university long before it was named and promoted as such. The relationship was in the first instance one of recognition of outside achievement, followed by critique of certain unspoken and hitherto unchallenged presuppositions. The critique of the ideological foundations of science was sometimes a misplaced form of (...) ‘philosophism’, asserting a position of greater knowledge from which to ‘set someone to rights’, but the interrogation of assumptions concerning biology and gender constituted a necessary and progressive development in an ongoing dialogue. It is such a dialogue-based approach to philosophy, open to cooperation those from outside the field, that allows for an ethical development of the discipline in which the unforeseen may occur. (shrink)

antonio favaro was born in padua on 21 may 1847 to a cultivated family of lower nobility. after having accomplished his studies in mathematics at the university of padua in 1866, he went to turin, where he specialized as an engineer at the scuola d’applicazione in 1869. as early as 1872, he was appointed as extra-ordinary professor at the university of padua. for fifty years he taught graphical statics there. during different periods he also gave courses in infinitesimal calculus and (...) projective geometry. since 1878 favaro, as one of the first in an italian university, also taught history of mathematics. he died in padua on 30 september 1922, shortly after his retirement. (shrink)

This rich and varied collection of essays addresses some of the most fundamental human questions through the lenses of philosophy, literature, religion, politics, and theology. Peter Augustine Lawler and Dale McConkey have fashioned an interdisciplinary consideration of such perennial and enduring issues as the relationship between nature and history, nature and grace, reason and revelation, classical philosophy and Christianity, modernity and postmodernity, repentance and self-limitation, and philosophy and politics.

Avec le réveil d'une conscience de la richesse que chaque culture apporte au monde, le danger de la possible disparition des langues est apparu et a suscité de nombreux plaidoyers et de nouvelles orientations de recherche. Pourtant, la mort des langues à faible diffusion n'est pas liée à l'extension des grandes langues de communication. L'évolution des langues peut s'analyser selon les politiques des États mais elle dépend surtout de choix individuels qui expriment d'abord des liens communautaires : les langues locales (...) manifestent la volonté qu'ont des individus de se situer dans une relation à leurs ancêtres et à des groupes liés par des solidarités affectives et culturelles, faute d'avoir accès au pouvoir politique. Les choix individuels répondent ensuite au besoin de participer à la vie publique et/ou à la vie internationale, au développement durable. Ils reflètent, enfin, le désir de jouer avec une variété infinie de combinaisons de sens, de sons, et de formes qui fait de chaque langue un trésor qu'on ne saurait apprécier en termes strictement économiques. Principe d'utilité et principe de plaisir sont donc à l'oeuvre pour s'opposer durablement à la puissante capacité réductrice des hégémonies linguistiques. Ils devraient être également pris en compte par une politique de la diversité linguistique qui, tout en reconnaissant la variété des valeurs que porte toute langue, ne considérerait pas les évolutions en cours comme nécessairement réductrices, et n'attribuerait pas non plus des avantages exorbitants au fait de parler uniquement le français ou l'anglais. Ni anges, ni démons, les langues en ressortiraient plus fortes de leur mise en perspective historique et politique.The growing awareness that each culture brings unique riches to the world has revealed the danger of certain languages possibly becoming extinct which led to many calls for support and stimulated research to move in new directions. Yet the extinction of little-spoken languages is not due to the spread of the main languages used for communication. The evolution of any language can be seen as the result of national government policy, but is dependent, first and foremost, on the choices of individuals which express community bonds: local languages show the will of a group of individuals to place themselves in a relationship with their ancestors and with other groups bound by emotional and cultural ties as they have no access to political power. An individual's choice comes, secondly, as a response to the desire to be in the public and/or international arena, and to be part of sustainable development. Lastly, it reflects the desire to play around with the infinitely varied combinations of meanings, sounds and shapes that make each language a treasure, the value of which cannot be evaluated in mere economic terms. In other words, the concepts of usefulness and of pleasure are both involved in a long-lasting struggle against the mighty linguistic hegemonies that cause them to wane. These concepts should also be taken into account by a policy on linguistic diversity which, while recognising that each language carries a variety of values, would not see current developments as necessarily leading to the decline of other languages and would, likewise, not overly favour speaking only French or English. When taken neither as angels nor as devils, languages would come out all the stronger, viewed against their historical and political backgrounds. (shrink)

Un fait divers, l'apparition en 1764 d'un homme prétendument sauvage dans les forêts de Königsberg, fournit à Kant et Hamann l'occasion d'une confrontation de leurs points de vue sur l'intelligibilité de la naturalité et de la f actualité humaines. Parue dans la Gazette politique et littéraire de Königsberg sous la forme de deux articles, cette confrontation dépasse vite l'anecdote pour conduire à la divergence de deux voies, celle implicite de Hamann, l'interprétation théologique, et celle encore « en germe » de (...) Kant, l'application de la méthode expérimentale à l'anthropologie. A singular event — the appearance in 1764 of a so-called “savage man” in the forests of Königsberg — gave Kant and Hamann the opportunity to taste their points of view concerning the intelligibility of both naturality, and human factuality. This confrontation, which appeared in the Political and Literary Gazette of Königsberg in the form of two articles, goes rapidly over the anecdote to arrive at a parting of the ways — that of Hamann : the theological interpretation; and that of Kant the application of experimental methodology to anthropology. (shrink)

Michèle Le Dœuff speculates about why the parity movement enjoyed attention and sympathy in France over recent years. She discusses recent developments in "State-handled" feminism, and the resurgence of interest in feminist debate in France. Perhaps patriarchy is an institution more fundamental than the State?