Today, using a sophisticated publicity, corporations aim to generate an image of respect to the environment in consumer’s minds. These images do not necessarily match with reality. It is called “Greenwashing” when a company amplifies selectively information with an environmental positive connotation aiming to produce a distorted image with a “green” bias. This article pretends to analyze these phenomena and to evaluate their existence, importance and influence on consumer’s decisions through the design of a methodology and piloting it with a (...) population of students. The results point out that the images transmitted by the publicity of five selected corporations contrasts with examples of poor management, and this manipulation affects the perception of the surveyed students. Students of environmental sciences present a slightly higher resistance against Greenwashing because of their formation, but the majority incorporates the official discourse based on corporate public relationship. (shrink)

Rückert. - Gottfried Keller. - Berthold Auerbach. - Paul Heyse. - Reuter, Raabe, Goltz. - Literarisches kunterbunt. - Schillerstiftung. - Aus der welt des theaters. - Kulturgeschichtliches. - Paris. - Äckerleins keller. - Berliner erinnerungen. - Wiener erinnerungen. - Schönefeld. - Das kleine diner als kuturelement. - Herbartdenkmal. - Meine vier alten. - Am preussischen hof. - Kriegsakademie. - Fontane kriegsgefangen. - Tunnel und Ellora. - Das Rütli. - Register.

ABSTRACT:The transition from modern to postmodern society leads to changing expectations about the purpose and responsibility of leadership. Habermas’s social theory provides a useful analytical tool for understanding current societal transition processes and exploring their implications for the responsibility of business vis-à-vis society. We argue that integrative responsible leadership, in particular, can contribute to the reconciliation of business with societal goals. Integrative responsible leadership understood in a Habermasian way is not only a strategic endeavor but also a communicative endeavor. An (...) essential part of integrative responsible leadership in light of the current societal transformation processes is the facilitation of discourses about a shared base of norms and values. This is exemplified alongside current societal developments like the European migration crisis or the emerging nationalist and fundamentalist movements in some countries. We specify how and when leadership should resort to communicative action and discuss the implications for leadership. (shrink)

Polnische zivile Zwangsarbeiter, die für den Arbeitseinsatz im nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Reich vorgesehen waren, mussten – bevor sie die deutsche Grenze passierten – medizinisch untersucht und entlaust werden. Damit wollten die deutschen Arbeitsbehörden sicherstellen, dass nur arbeitsfähige Personen, die frei von Infektionskrankheiten und Ungeziefer waren, nach Deutschland deportiert wurden. Im Beitrag diskutiere ich, inwiefern die medizinischen Untersuchungen als Techniken der Verdinglichung und Entmenschlichung der Zwangsarbeitenden betrachtet werden können. Dabei steht die Frage im Vordergrund, wie die NS-Behörden „Arbeitsfähigkeit“ definierten, denn das medizinische (...) Urteil über die Arbeitsfähigkeit war entscheidend bei der Auswahl der ausländischen Arbeitskräfte. Ich zeige, dass Faktoren wie Arbeitskräftebedarf, Zwang und Gewalt die Definition von Arbeitsfähigkeit maßgeblich beeinflussten, und stelle damit das Urteil über die Arbeitsfähigkeit der Zwangsarbeitenden in den Kontext der ideologischen und ökonomischen Prämissen des NS-Systems. (shrink)

Le lien étroit entre guerre, forces armées et masculinité est un des questionnements majeurs des travaux sur les masculinités depuis les années 1990. Historiquement, le service militaire constitue un aspect important de la citoyenneté et représente aussi une « école » de la masculinité, un moyen de discipliner les jeunes hommes et de les socialiser dans un cadre exclusivement masculin, contribuant à reproduire la domination des hommes sur les femmes. Le concept de masculinité militaire, dével...

Les transformations profondes que vivent les sociétés socialistes en Europe centrale et orientale après 1945 seraient-elles sans effet sur les masculinités? L’article souhaite nuancer cette idée reçue en analysant les débats sur la paternité en Allemagne de l’Est. Dans l’immédiat après-guerre, des images de pères « socialistes » présents auprès de leurs enfants apparaissent dans les médias et les réflexions portant sur une nouvelle conception de la paternité socialiste et égalitaire se multiplient à partir des années 1960. Des débats s’articulent, (...) dans un premier temps, autour d’une critique formulée à l’égard de la société et du régime socialistes qui n’aurait eu que peu d’influence sur l’évolution des masculinités pendant les deux premières décennies du « socialisme réel ». Dans un deuxième temps, les années 1970 et 1980 voient fleurir des propositions concrètes de transformation de la paternité pour tendre vers une paternité socialiste. Si la plupart ont échoué, elles témoignent d’une volonté de modifier les rapports de genre d’une société en devenir, opposée à l’Ouest. (shrink)

Moritz Schulz explores counterfactual thought and language: what would have happened if things had gone a different way. Counterfactual questions may concern large scale derivations or small scale evaluations of minor derivations. A common impression, which receives a thorough defence in the book, is that oftentimes we find it impossible to know what would have happened. However, this does not mean that we are completely at a loss: we are typically capable of evaluating counterfactual questions probabilistically: we can say (...) what would have been likely or unlikely to happen. Schulz describes these probabilistic ways of evaluating counterfactual questions and turns the data into a novel account of the workings of counterfactual thought. (shrink)

Moritz Heepe entwirft ein Gerechtigkeitsprinzip, das die zwei Gesichtspunkte der Proportionalitat des Wohlergehens zum moralischen Verdienst und der Reziprozitat vereinigt. Es steht damit zum Teil in einer aristotelischen Tradition und weicht erheblich vom liberalen Mainstream der aktuellen Gerechtigkeitsphilosophie ab. Ausgangspunkt ist eine grundliche Bestandsaufnahme der empirischen, speziell psychologischen Erforschung der alltagsmoralischen Gerechtigkeitsidee. Die proportionale Reziprozitat erweist sich dabei als zentrales Merkmal des menschlichen Gerechtigkeitsempfindens. Nach einer koharenten Rekonstruktion der proportionalen Reziprozitat werden verschiedene ihrer systematischen Eigenschaften und Schwierigkeiten diskutiert. Vor (...) dem Hintergrund zentraler Positionen aus der Geschichte der Ethik wird sie zudem den wichtigsten aktuellen Gerechtigkeitskonzeptionen gegenubergestellt. Moritz Heepe leitet aus der abstrakten proportional-reziproken Grundnorm konkrete Handlungsnormen (Heuristiken) ab und legt damit einen hoch innovativen Entwurf philosophischer Gerechtigkeit vor. (shrink)

Abstract. The concept of human uniqueness has long played a central role within key interpretations of the hominid fossil record and within numerous theological understandings of the imago Dei. More recently, the status of humans as evolutionarily unique has come under strong criticism owing to the discovery of certain nonhuman hominids who, as language and culture-bearing beings, lived as contemporaries with early anatomically modern humans. Nevertheless, many scholars, including those in the field of religion and science, continue to interpret the (...) remains of these other hominids in light of empirically ungrounded implicit assumptions about human uniqueness, which the author calls “anthropocentrism of the gaps.” This paper argues that “anthropocentrism of the gaps” is philosophically unwarranted and thus should not be assumed by scholars in religion and science when evaluating contemporary findings in paleoanthropology. (shrink)

A new direction in philosophy Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy (...) with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science. Criticism and decline Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology. A resurgence of interest During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence. Hard-to-find core writings now available This collection makes available a selection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide importantbackground information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers. (shrink)

There is a renewed debate about modus ponens. Strikingly, the recent counterexamples in Cantwell, Dreier and MacFarlane and Kolodny are generated by restricted readings of the ‘if’-clause. Moreover, it can be argued on general grounds that the restrictor view of conditionals developed in Kratzer and Lewis leads to counterexamples to modus ponens. This paper provides a careful analysis of modus ponens within the framework of the restrictor view. Despite appearances to the contrary, there is a robust sense in which modus (...) ponens is valid, owing to the fact that conditionals do not only allow for restricted readings but have bare interpretations, too. (shrink)

Tension and suspense are powerful emotional experiences that occur in a wide variety of contexts (e.g., in music, film, literature, and everyday life). The omnipresence of tension experiences suggests that they build on very basic cognitive and affective mechanisms. However, the psychological underpinnings of tension experiences remain largely unexplained, and tension and suspense are rarely discussed from a general, domain-independent perspective. In this paper, we argue that tension experiences in different contexts (e.g., musical tension or suspense in a movie) build (...) on the same underlying psychological processes. We discuss key components of tension experiences and propose a domain-independent model of tension and suspense. According to this model, tension experiences originate from states of conflict, instability, dissonance, or uncertainty that trigger predictive processes directed at future events of emotional significance. We also discuss possible neural mechanisms underlying experiences of tension. The model provides a theoretical framework that can inform future empirical research on tension phenomena. (shrink)

Excerpt from Raum und Zeit in der Gegenwartigen Physik: Zur Einfuhrung in das Verstandnis der Relativitats-und Gravitationstheorie Die in dieser Schrift behandelte physikalische Theorie hat seit dem Erscheinen der zweiten Auflage eine wahr haft glanzende Bestatigung durch astronomische Beobach tungen gefunden (vergl. S. Sie hat dadurch die all gemeine Aufmerksamkeit in hohem Mae auf sich gelenkt und den Ruhm ihres Schopfers Einstein in noch hellerem Glanze erstrahlen lassen. So wird die grundlegende Be deutung der Relativitatstheorie fur unsere gesamte Natur auffassung (...) immer mehr von allen Seiten anerkannt, und es ist kein Zweifel, da sie binnen kurzem als Allgemeingut menschlich-wissenschaftlicher Weltanschauung gelten wird. Freilich, die Zahl derer, die diese erstaunliche Schopfung genialer Geisteskraft bewundern, ist weit schneller ge wachsen als die Zahl derer, die sie wirklich restlos ver stehen, und so hat sich das Bedurfnis nach aufklarenden Darstellungen der Grundlagen der Theorie nicht vermindert, sondern ist im Gegenteil im Steigen begriffen. Das zeigt sich auch darin, da die zweite Ausgabe dieser Schrift trotz hoherer Auflageziffer noch schneller erschopft war als die erste. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Does an affirmation of theistic evolution make the task of theodicy impossible? In this article, I will review a number of ancient and contemporary responses to the problem of evil as it concerns animal suffering and suggest a possible way forward which employs the ancient Jewish insight that evil—as resistance to God's will that results in suffering and alienation from God's purposes—precedes the arrival of human beings and already has a firm foothold in the nonhuman animal world long before humans (...) are ever tempted to go astray. This theological intuition is conferred renewed relevance in light of the empirical reality of evolutionary gradualism and continuity and in view of the recent findings of cognitive ethology. Consequently, I suggest that taking biological evolution seriously entails understanding “moral evil” as a prehuman phenomenon that emerges gradually through the actions and intentions of “free creatures” which—as evolutionary history unfolded—increasingly possessed greater levels of freedom and degrees of moral culpability. (shrink)

Von Zeit zu Zeit hat man Preisaufgaben uber die Frage gestellt, welche Fortschritte die Philosophie in einem bestimmten Zeitraume gemacht habe. Der Zeitabschnitt pflegte auf der einen Seite durch den Namen eines grosen Denkers, auf der andern durch die "Gegenwart"? abgegrenzt zu werden. Man schien also vorauszusetzen, das uber die philosophischen Fortschritte der Menschheit bis zu jenem Denker hin einigermasen Klarheit herrsche, das es aber von da ab zweifelhaft sei, welche neuen Errungenschaften die letzte Zeit hinzugefugt habe.

Ichbin überzeugt, daß die Hauptwiderstände gegen unsere Auffassung daher rühren, daß der Unterschied zwischen der Falschheit und der Sinn|losigkeit eines Satzes nicht beachtet wird. Der Satz: ”Das Reden von einer metaphysischen Außenwelt ist sinnleer“ sagt nicht: ”Es gibt keine metaphysische Außenwelt“, sondern etwas toto coelo anderes. Der Empirist sagt dem Metaphysiker nicht: ”Deine Worte behaupten etwas Falsches“, sondern ”Deine Worte behaupten überhaupt nichts!“ Er widerspricht ihm nicht, sondern er sagt: ”Ich verstehe dich nicht“.

The method of explication has been somewhat of a hot topic in the last 10 years. Despite the multifaceted research that has been directed at the issue, one may perceive a lack of step-by-step procedural or structural accounts of explication. This paper aims at providing a structural account of the method of explication in continuation of the works of Geo Siegwart. It is enhanced with a detailed terminology for the assessment and comparison of explications. The aim is to provide means (...) to talk about explications including their criticisms and their interrelations. There is hope that this treatment will be able to serve as a foundation to a step-by-step guide to be established for explicators. At least it should help to frame and mediate explicative disputes. In closing the enterprise will be considered an explication of ‘explication’, though consecutive explications improving on this one are undoubtedly conceivable. (shrink)

The traditional use of the expression 'pseudoproblem' is analysed in order to clarify the talk of pseudoproblems and related phenomena. The goal is to produce a philosophically serviceable terminology that stays true to its historical roots. This explicative study is inspired by and makes use of the method of logical reconstruction. Since pseudoproblems are usually expressed by pseudoquestions a formal language of questions is presented as a possible reconstruction language for alleged pseudoproblems. The study yields an informal theory of pseudoproblems (...) whose presuppositions are critically investigated right away. At least one result remains: Claims of pseudoproblemship and their refutations must not be voiced casually - they are to be relativized and need substantial interpretive effort. (shrink)

According to the knowledge norm of belief, one should believe p only if one knows p. However, it can easily seem that the ordinary notion of belief is much weaker than the knowledge norm would have it. It is possible to rationally believe things one knows to be unknown The aim of belief, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013). One response to this observation is to develop a technical notion of ‘outright’ belief. A challenge for this line of response is to (...) find a way of getting a grip on the targeted notion of belief. In order to meet this challenge, I characterize ‘outright’ belief in this paper as the strongest belief state implied by knowledge. I show that outright belief so construed allows this notion to play important theoretical roles in connection with knowledge, assertion and action. (shrink)

In 1926 and 1927, James W. Alexander and Kurt Reidemeister claimed to have made “the same” crucial breakthrough in a branch of modern topology which soon thereafter was called knot theory. A detailed comparison of the techniques and objects studied in these two roughly simultaneous episodes of mathematical research shows, however, that the two mathematicians worked in quite different mathematical traditions and that they drew on related, but distinctly different epistemic resources. These traditions and resources were local, not universal elements (...) of mathematical culture. Even certain common features of the main publications such as their modernist, formal style of exposition can be explained by reference to particular constellations in the intellectual and professional environments of Alexander and Reidemeister. In order to analyze the role of such elements and constellations of mathematical research practice, a historiographical perspective is developed which emphasizes parallels with the recent historiography of experiment. In particular, a notion characterizing those “working units of scientific knowledge production” which Hans-Jörg Rheinberger has termed “experimental systems” in the case of empirical sciences proves helpful in understanding research episodes such as those bringing about modern knot theory. (shrink)

Recently, Yalcin (Epistemic modals. Mind, 116 , 983–1026, 2007) put forward a novel account of epistemic modals. It is based on the observation that sentences of the form ‘ & Might ’ do not embed under ‘suppose’ and ‘if’. Yalcin concludes that such sentences must be contradictory and develops a notion of informational consequence which validates this idea. I will show that informational consequence is inadequate as an account of the logic of epistemic modals: it cannot deal with reasoning from (...) uncertain premises. Finally, I offer an alternative way of explaining the relevant linguistic data. (shrink)

This paper studies degrees of doxastic justification. Dependency relations among different beliefs are represented in terms of causal models. Doxastic justification, on this picture, is taken to run causally downstream along appropriate causal chains. A theory is offered which accounts for the strength of a derivative belief in terms of (i) the strength of the beliefs on which it is based, and (ii) the epistemic quality of the belief-forming mechanisms involved. It is shown that the structure of degrees of justification (...) converges to ranking theory under ideal conditions. (shrink)

Four Remarks Concerning “the Situation of the History of Science in Germany”. The following remarks contain four brief reflections, based on my experience in teaching the history of science: (1) on the limitations of any national perspective on the history of science, (2) on the subject and task of the history of science, (3) on the power and weakness of knowledge as topics for the history of science, and (4) on the possibilities of scientific imagination as a critical issue for (...) the future development of our field. (shrink)

Die nachfolgenden Ausführungen ftellen den (nachträglich rekonftruierten) Inhalt eines Vortrages dar, der im Jahre 1929 an der Univerfität Wien als Einleitung in einen volkstümlichen Zyklus „Das Weltbild der Naturwiffenfchaft” gehalten wurde. Die Univerfität hatte die Abficht, jenen Zyklus in Buchform zu veröffentlichen; das Manufkript wurde 1930 in Druck gegeben und fogleich gefetzt und korrigiert. Nachdem der Vortrag nebft mehreren anderen einige Jahre im Satz geftanden hatte, mußte infolge widriger Umftände auf die Herausgabe des Buches verzichtet werden.Dem Zweck, den die Betrachtungen (...) in ihrem erften Rahmen verfolgten, können fie vielleicht auch hier und jetzt noch dienen; deshlb wird der Vortrag in der „Erkenntnis” abgedruckt, obgleich feine Grundgedanken den Lefern diefer Zeitfchrift nicht neu fein dürften. Es erfchien dem Verfaffer geraten, die kleine Arbeit in ihrer urfprünglichen Form zu laffen; er fah alfo davon ab, die damals gewählten Formulierungen durch folche zu erfetzen, deren er fich heute bedienen würde, wenn er das Thema neu zu behandeln hätte. (shrink)

v. 1. Cultures and politics of research from the early modern period to the age of extremes --.

This study analyses central concepts and arguments of Hume’s critique of the social contract theory, mainly presented in the Essay “Of the Original Contract” published in 1748. Hume’s work is interpreted here in broader perspective as an anti-voluntaristic argument in political philosophy that helped to form and cause the transition from natural law to utilitarianism in later British enlightenment. Therefore on the one hand the critical notions of consent and political obligation and on the other hand Hume’s carefully considered arguments (...) will be referred to their historical background in modern natural law theory proposed by Grotius, Pufendorf, Locke and others from the seventeenth century onwards. The strong influence of Hume’s critique on the next generation of enlightened philosophers will become as understandable as the historical acuteness of his reflections. (shrink)