Im zehnten Buch seiner Confessiones befaßt sich Augustinus mit der Frage der Selbsterkenntnis oder mit der "Suche nach dem wahren Leben". Obwohl er davon ausgeht, daß jeder Mensch sich selbst besser kennt, als andere ihn kennen, hält er dafür, daß diese Selbstsicherheit kein Garant sein kann für das Gelingen eines guten Lebens, das für ihn - wir schreiben das Mittelalter - nur dann seine Erfüllung erlangt, wenn der Handelnde die moralischen Vorgaben einhält, die Gott dem Menschen gesetzt hat. Denn Augustinus (...) ist sich dessen bewußt, daß die Selbsteinschätzung des einzelnen unsicher und fehlerhaft sein kann und er eigentlich nicht in der Lage ist, sein eigenes Sein ganz erfassen zu können. Thema ist in 'Confessiones 10' daher die Suche nach der Antwort auf die Frage, wie der einzelne, dessen Würde gerade darin besteht, aus Freiheit und in eigener Verantwortung zu handeln, dazu gelangt, in seinem Handeln nicht rein egoistischen Interessen zu folgen, sondern das hohe Ziel zu erreichen, aus eigener Einsicht und eigenem Antrieb ein gottgefälliges Leben zu führen, will sagen: den von Gott gesetzten Geboten zu genügen. Nach Augustinus können lediglich die Menschen die göttliche Vollendung, auf die hin alle geschaffen sind, erlangen, die trotz ihrer Endlichkeit den Weg wohlwollender, nichtegoistischer Liebe suchen. Christus gilt ihm als Brücke, die von Gott zu den Menschen führt, sobald sie diesen - trotz ihrer Bedürftigkeit, Schwäche und Endlichkeit - den Weg zu einem Leben der "Heiligkeit" bahnt. (shrink)

The Quantified argument calculus (Quarc) has received a lot of attention recently as an interesting system of quantified logic which eschews the use of variables and unrestricted quantification, but nonetheless achieves results similar to the Predicate calculus (PC) by employing quantifiers applied directly to predicates instead. Despite this noted similarity, the issue of the relationship between Quarc and PC has so far not been definitively resolved. We address this question in the present paper, and then expand upon that result. Utilizing (...) recent developments in structural proof theory, we develop a G3-style sequent calculus for Quarc and briefly demonstrate its structural properties. We put these properties to use immediately to construct direct proofs of the meta-theoretical properties of the system. We then incorporate an abstract (and, as we shall see, logical) predicate into the system in a way that preserves all the structural properties. This allows us to identify a system of Quarc which is deductively equivalent to PC, and also yields a constructive method of demonstrating the Craig interpolation theorem (which speaks in favor of the aforementioned predicate being logical). We further generalize this extension to develop a bivalent system of Quarc with defining clauses that still maintains all the desirable properties of a good proof system. (shrink)

Free logics is a family of first-order logics which came about as a result of examining the existence assumptions of classical logic. What those assumptions are varies, but the central ones are that the domain of interpretation is not empty, every name denotes exactly one object in the domain and the quantifiers have existential import. Free logics usually reject the claim that names need to denote in, and of the systems considered in this paper, the positive free logic concedes that (...) some atomic formulas containing non-denoting names are true, while negative free logic rejects even the latter claim. Inclusive logics, which reject, are likewise considered. These logics have complex and varied axiomatizations and semantics, and the goal of this paper is to present an orderly examination of the various systems and their mutual relations. This is done by first offering a formalization, using sequent calculi which possess all the desired structural properties of a good proof system, including admissibility of contraction and cut, while streamlining free logics in a way no other approach has. We then present a simple and unified system of abstract semantics, which allows for a straightforward demonstration of the meta-theoretical properties, and offers insights into the relationship between different logics. The final part of this paper is dedicated to extending the system with modalities by using a labeled sequent calculus, and here we are again able to map out the different approaches and their mutual relations using the same framework. (shrink)

Hire Leser-oderim Theater: die Znschauer - zum Laehen zu bringen ist cines der wichtigsten, allerdings wenig anerkannten Ziele der Literatur. So baufig Lachen remer Ubermut oder ein verlachendes Spotten ist, so sehr Kann man aber auch lachend sehr wie bereits Lessings Minna von Barnhelm wusste. Den unterschiedlichen Typen und Sprachformen des Laehens geht der vorliegend Band an Beispielen der deutschen and earopaischen Literatur naeh, von der antiken Komodie bis zum neuesten Detektivroman.

Die Erforschung Kants ist langst zu einem weltumspannenden Unternehmen geworden. Welch reiche Frucht der Wissenschaft dadurch zufallt, zeigen die Beitrage dieser Festschrift, die dem Nestor der deutschen Kantforschung, Norbert Hinske, gewidmet ist. Bekannte Vertreter der italienischen, japanischen, russischen und deutschen Kantforschung kommen zu Wort. Von besonderer Bedeutung fur die - in diesem Punkt ganzlich neu zu schreibende - Lebens- und Entwicklungsgeschichte Kants ist ein neu entdeckter, erstmals im Faksimile abgedruckter Brief von J. E. Biester an J. N. Tetens, der (...) belegt, dass der preussische Kultusminister v. Zedlitz zunachst nicht etwa Kant, sondern Tetens nach Halle berufen hat. Hinskes vollstandige Bibliographie rundet den Band ab - und zeigt eindrucksvoll, wie viel die Kantforschung weltweit gerade ihm zu verdanken hat. The study of Kant has long been a global undertaking. The articles in this Festschrift for the leading German expert on Kant, Norbert Hinske, show how richly productive this has been for scholars. Leading Italian, Japanese, Russian and German representatives of research on Kant have provided contributions to it. What is particular significant for the history of Kant's life and development, which has to be completely rewritten in this regard, is a newly discovered letter, reprinted in facsimile for the first time, from J. E. Biester to J. N. Tetens, which proves that Prussian Minister of Culture v. Zedlitz initially did not appoint Kant but rather Tetens to the position in Halle. Hinske's complete bibliography is included in the volume and is impressive evidence of how much Kant research worldwide owes to him. (shrink)

Elias wrote in both English and German, and in all his work runs to 14 books and around 90 other essays, along with poems and numerous interviews. The 18 volumes of the collected works contain many writings not previously published in English, and a small number never published before. All of the texts have thoroughly checked and revised, by editors who have a deep knowledge of Elia's thinking; they have inserted many clarifications, cross-references and explanatory notes.

RÜSEN, Jörn. Cultura faz sentido: orientações entre o ontem e o amanhã. Tradução de Nélio Schneider. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2014. 362 p.

Our Associate Editor for Austria describes the unique national features which underlie the recent development of modern business ethics in his country. Univ.‐Prof. Dr Franz Rupert Hrubi is a member of the Abteilung für Philosophie, the University of Economics and Business Administration, A 1090 Vienna, Schlagergasse 6, Austria.

Author: Norbert Waszek. Translated by Pedro Sepúlveda Zambrano.

Norbert Trenkle tackles fundamental questions posed by the critique of value. How does it differ from other Marxisms? What are the consequences of the critique of value for the category of labor and for the labor theory of value? What is its relationship to socialism as an economic project? What is the relationship between the value-form and capitalist crisis? Can the critique of capitalism still be undertaken from the standpoint of labor?

In this book, Norbert Wiley offers a new interpretation of the nature of the self in society.

As this book reveals, his vision was much more complex and interesting. He hoped that machines would release people from relentless and repetitive drudgery in order to achieve more creative pursuits.

What is Sociology? presents in concise and provocative form the major ideas of a seminal thinker whose work--spanning more than four decades--is only now gaining the recognition here it has long had in Germany and France. Unlike other post-war sociologists, Norbert Elias has always held the concept of historical development among his central concerns; his dynamic theories of the evolution of modern man have remedied the historical and epistemological shortcomings of structualism and ethno-methodology. What is Sociology? refines the arguments (...) that were first found in Elias' massive work on the civilizing process, in which he formulated his major assertions about the interdependence of the making of modern man and modern society. It is Elias' contention that changes in personality structure--embodied in phenomena ranging from table manners and hygiene habits to rites of punishment and courtly love--inevitably reflect and mould patterns of control generated by new political and social instututions. Elias' rejection of a dichotomy between individual and society, and his use of psychoanalysis, political theory, and social history, help restore a fullness of resource to sociology. (shrink)

Carey's book on conceptual change and the accompanying argument that children's biology initially is organized in terms of naïve psychology has sparked a great detail of research and debate. This body of research on children's biology has, however, been almost exclusively been based on urban, majority culture children in the US or in other industrialized nations. The development of folkbiological knowledge may depend on cultural and experiential background. If this is the case, then urban majority culture children may prove to (...) be the exception rather than the rule, because plants and animals do not play a significant role in their everyday life. Urban majority culture children, rural majority culture children, and rural Native American children were given a property projection task based on Carey's original paradigm. Each group produced a unique profile of development. Only urban children showed evidence for early anthropocentrism, suggesting that the co-mingling of psychology and biology may be a product of an impoverished experience with nature. In comparison to urban majority culture children even the youngest rural children generalized in terms of biological affinity. In addition, all ages of Native American children and the older rural majority culture children gave clear evidence of ecological reasoning. These results show that both culture and expertise play a role in the development of folkbiological thought. (shrink)

The topic of this book is 'creation'. It breaks down into discussions of two distinct, but interrelated, questions: what does the universe look like, and what is its origin? The opinions about creation considered by Norbert Samuelson come from the Hebrew scriptures, Greek philosophy, Jewish philosophy, and contemporary physics. His perspective is Jewish, liberal, and philosophical. It is 'Jewish' because the foundation of the discussion is biblical texts interpreted in the light of traditional rabbinic texts. It is 'philosophical' because (...) the subject matter is important in both past and present philosophical texts, and to Jewish philosophy in particular. Finally, it is 'liberal' because the authorities consulted include heterodox as well as orthodox Jewish sources. The ensuing discussion leads to original conclusions about a diversity of topics, including the limits of human reason and religious faith, and the relevance of scientific models to religious doctrine. (shrink)

Die Gottesfrage hat im Denken Martin Heideggers von seinen Anfängen bis zu seinem Ende eine treibende Rolle gespielt. Nach den Vorüberlegungen Norbert Fischers, die das Vorfeld der geschichtlichen Situation umreißen, in der Heidegger die Gottesfrage bedenkt, gibt Friedrich-Wilhelm v. Herrmann einen grundlegenden Überblick über die drei Wegabschnitte der Gottesfrage im Schrifttum Heideggers: 1. Zur hermeneutischen Analytik des faktischen Lebens und der wahrhaften Idee der christlichen Philosophie, 2. Zur hermeneutischen Daseinsanalytik in der theologischen "Epoché", 3. Zum ereignisgeschichtlichen Da-Sein im Bezug (...) zum "letzten Gott". Die Betrachtung der einzelnen Stationen beginnt mit einem Beitrag von Costantino Esposito zum frühen Heidegger, der bekanntlich wichtige Impulse von der Theologie und der faktischen Religion erhalten hat. Günther Pöltner bezieht sich auf das Verhältnis von Phänomenologie und Theologie und stellt Heideggers Auffassung der Philosophie als 'Korrektion' der Theologie dar. Die Neuansätze Heideggers zum "letzten Gott" in den "Beiträgen zur Philosophie", die zum dritten Wegabschnitt gehören, kommen bei Paola-Ludovika Coriando einführend zur Sprache. In den nachfolgenden Arbeiten werden Einzelaspekte untersucht: Johannes Brachtendorf wendet sich Heideggers Abhandlung Nietzsches "Wort 'Gott ist tot'" zu, Klaus Düsing betrachtet Heideggers Hölderlin-Auslegung und Heideggers Seinsgeschichte, Norbert Fischer macht die Rilke-Interpretation Heideggers zum Thema, und Rainer Thurnher bringt Heideggers Distanzierung von der metaphysisch geprägten Theologie und Gottesvorstellung in den Blick. Die Wirkung Heideggers auf die christliche Theologie, insbesondere auf die katholische Rezeption, stellt Albert Raffelt dar. (shrink)

The ascendency of executive power in the presence of weak parliamentary and societal control has given rise to a need for deliberative forms of diplomacy in international relations. As Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden regularly include members of parliament, party representatives, and representatives of civil society in their delegations to the General Assembly of the United Nations, does this imply that a Nordic model exists? This book reviews the practice of these countries and finds that the role of societal (...) representatives has diminished from participating members of delegations to mere observers. The Nordic examples illuminate the difficulties of achieving international governance through the practice of deliberative democracy. Table of Contents List of figures, images, and tables List of abbreviations Preface 1. Introduction The problem Why do the General Assembly and Norden matter? Theory and methodology Prior research 2. Challenges and traditions Delegation and representation at the United Nations Democracy and dilemmas at the UN General Assembly Nordic diplomacy at the League of Nations Unisex state actors and the representation of women 3. Parliament and UN delegations The Scandinavian model: Denmark An anachronism and parliamentarian stronghold: Norway Routine, squeeze-out, routine: Sweden Between Lilliputian and full-scale representation: Iceland Metamorphosis or parliament lost: The Finnish Sonderweg 4. The participation of civil society Scandinavian model revisited: Denmark The return of the body-snatched: Norway Corporatism and double universalism: Sweden Short stories: Finland and Iceland 5. Conclusions: On the way to deliberative diplomacy Archives Bibliography Author Index About the Author(s)/Editor(s) Norbert Gotz, Dr. phil. (2001) in Political Science, Humboldt University Berlin, Docent (2007) in Political History, University of Helsinki, habil. (2009) in Modern History and International Relations, University of Greifswald, is Professor at the Institute of Contemporary History, Sodertorn University, Sweden. His publications include the edited volume Regional Cooperation and International Organizations: The Nordic Model in Transnational Alignment (Routledge 2009). (shrink)

Michel Foucault entwickelt sich gegenwartig zweifellos zu einer der neuen Bezugsgrossen des padagogischen Diskurses: Nach einer langen Phase grosser Widerstande innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Erziehungswissenschaft werden jetzt die ...

Tocqueville kam 1805 unter dem ersten Kaiserreich zur Welt und starb 1859 unter dem zweiten Kaiserreich. Sein Studium absolvierte er unter dem restaurierten Königreich der Bourbonen, an dessen Spitze Ludwig XVIII. und dann Karl X. standen, und bekannt wurde er unter der sogenannten Julimonarchie des Bürgerkönigs Louis-Philippe. Sieht man also von den vier Jahren der zweiten Republik ab, war Tocquevilles Frankreich monarchisch. Der dynastische Wechsel des Jahres 1830 und die mit ihm einhergehende Forderung, dem neuen Regime die Treue zu schwören, (...) stellte die ein öffentliches Amt bekleidenden Mitglieder der Familie Tocquevilles vor eine entscheidende Wahl. (shrink)

Stammt das Wort ›Person‹, so zumindest eine Erklärung seiner Etymologie, ursprünglich aus der Theaterwelt – wo es in der Antike die Maske des Schauspielers bezeichnete, durch deren Mundöffnung die Stimme ertönte –, so haben der Begriff und zum Teil auch die mit ihm verbundenen Probleme in erster Linie einen theologischen Ursprung. In der christlichen Theologie bzw. in der Christologie stellten sich nämlich schon relativ früh zwei wesentliche Fragen, wovon die erste Gott und die zweite Jesus Christus betraf. Von Gott – (...) dem Vater, dem Sohn und dem Heiligen Geist –, wollte man wissen, ob er nur eine einzige undifferenzierte Substanz oder aber drei verschiedene Substanzen unterschiedlichen Ranges, aber gegebenenfalls in einer übergreifenden Entität vereinigt, zugleich war. (shrink)

Michael Oakeshott , après des études à Cambridge et à Tübingen , enseigna l’histoire à Cambridge puis à Oxford , si l’on décompte trois années passées dans l’armée, de 1942 à 1945. Il fut ensuite professeur de science politique à la London School of Economics et donna des conférences à Harvard en 1958 (Morality..