Results for 'Problem-Solving Strategy'

975 found
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  1.  69
    Problem-solving Strategies and Expertise in Engineering Design.Linden J. Ball, Jonathan StB. T. Evans, Ian Dennis & Thomas C. Ormerod - 1997 - Thinking and Reasoning 3 (4):247-270.
    A study is reported which focused on the problem-solving strategies employed by expert electronics engineers pursuing a real-world task: integrated-circuit design. Verbal protocol data were analysed so as to reveal aspects of the organisation and sequencing of ongoing design activity. These analyses indicated that the designers were implementing a highly systematic solution-development strategy which deviated only a small degree from a normatively optimal top-down and breadth-first method. Although some of the observed deviation could be described as opportunistic (...)
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  2.  25
    Learning problem solving strategies using refinement and macro generation.H. Altay Güvenir & George W. Ernst - 1990 - Artificial Intelligence 44 (1-2):209-243.
  3. Individual differences within problemsolving strategies used in physics.Amarjit Singh Dhillon - 1998 - Science Education 82 (3):379-405.
     
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  4. Enhancing Students’ Metacognitive Skills Through Problem-Solving Strategy in Teaching Mathematics.Elton John Embodo - 2024 - International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Science 8 (9):88-91.
    Metacognitive skills are essential to be developed by the students to help improve their academic performance. This study was conducted with the aim of determining whether the use of problem-solving strategies can increase students' metacognitive skills. Students of the Mathematics in the World course offered at a local college in the Philippines were selected to participate in this study. Using an independent sample t-test, results revealed that students who were the recipients of problem-solving strategies scored statistically (...)
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  5. Expert and “novice” problem solving strategies in chess: Sixty years of citing de Groot (1946).Fernand Gobet, Peter McLeod & Merim Bilalić - 2008 - Thinking and Reasoning 14 (4):395-408.
    In a famous study of expert problem solving, de Groot (1946/1978) examined how chess players found the best move. He reported that there was little difference in the way that the best players (Grand Masters) and very good players (Candidate Masters) searched the board. Although this result has been regularly cited in studies of expertise, it is frequently misquoted. It is often claimed that de Groot found no difference in the way that experts and novices investigate a (...). Comparison of expert and novice chess players on de Groot's problem shows that there are clear differences in their search patterns. We discuss the troublesome theoretical and practical consequences of incorrectly reporting de Groot's findings. (shrink)
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  6.  64
    Cross‐National Comparisons of Complex ProblemSolving Strategies in Two Microworlds.C. Dominik Güss, Ma Teresa Tuason & Christiane Gerhard - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (3):489-520.
    Research in the fields of complex problem solving (CPS) and dynamic decision making using microworlds has been mainly conducted in Western industrialized countries. This study analyzes the CPS process by investigating thinking‐aloud protocols in five countries. Participants were 511 students from Brazil, Germany, India, the Philippines, and the United States who worked on two microworlds. On the basis of cultural‐psychological theories, specific cross‐national differences in CPS strategies were hypothesized. Following theories of situatedness of cognition, hypotheses about the specific (...)
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  7.  21
    Developmental changes in problem-solving strategies.Morton W. Weir - 1964 - Psychological Review 71 (6):473-490.
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  8. Scaffolding effective problem solving strategies in interactive learning environments.D. C. Merrill & B. J. Reiser - 1994 - In Ashwin Ram & Kurt Eiselt, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society: August 13 to 16, 1994, Georgia Institute of Technology. Erlbaum.
     
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  9.  30
    Modeling Novice‐to‐Expert Shifts in ProblemSolving Strategy and Knowledge Organization.Renée Elio & Peternela B. Scharf - 1990 - Cognitive Science 14 (4):579-639.
    This research presents a computer model called EUREKA that begins with novice‐like strategies and knowledge organizations for solving physics word problems and acquires features of knowledge organizations and basic approaches that characterize experts in this domain. EUREKA learns a highly interrelated network of problem‐type schemas with associated solution methodologies. Initially, superficial features of the problem statement form the basis for both the problem‐type schemas and the discriminating features that organize them in the P‐MOP (Problem Memory (...)
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  10.  21
    Pragmatism, Problem Solving, and Strategies for Engaged Philosophy.Evelyn Brister - 2023 - In Samantha Noll & Zachary Piso, Paul B. Thompson's Philosophy of Agriculture: Fields, Farmers, Forks, and Food. Springer Verlag. pp. 17-32.
    Philosophical pragmatism provides a theory and practical guidance for engaged philosophy. The movement to apply philosophy to real-world problems gained traction in the 1970s and has become an important area of philosophical inquiry. Applied philosophy draws connections between philosophical principles and real-life problems. This has been a valuable methodology for many purposes, and it especially serves the purposes of philosophers. Unfortunately, it often starts from existing frameworks or principles that are recognized by philosophers but does not start from real-life problems (...)
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  11.  33
    Rule acquisition events in the discovery of problemsolving strategies.Kurt VanLehn - 1991 - Cognitive Science 15 (1):1-47.
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  12. A fresh look at research strategies in computational cognitive science: The case of enculturated mathematical problem solving.Regina E. Fabry & Markus Pantsar - 2019 - Synthese 198 (4):3221-3263.
    Marr’s seminal distinction between computational, algorithmic, and implementational levels of analysis has inspired research in cognitive science for more than 30 years. According to a widely-used paradigm, the modelling of cognitive processes should mainly operate on the computational level and be targeted at the idealised competence, rather than the actual performance of cognisers in a specific domain. In this paper, we explore how this paradigm can be adopted and revised to understand mathematical problem solving. The computational-level approach applies (...)
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  13.  27
    Maintaining Diversity in Parallel Problem Solving: The Influence of Network Structure and Learning Strategy.Hua Zhang & Chunhui Cao - 2022 - Complexity 2022:1-10.
    Recent research on maintaining diversity in parallel problem solving takes into consideration only network structure, without considering the agents’ learning strategies. In this paper, we use a simulation study to extend March’s classic model by using locomotion and assessment as agents’ problem-solving strategies. First, we present a simulation framework that consists of external environment, communication networks, and agents’ learning strategies. Second, based on the framework, we develop March’s model to depict external environment. Third, we introduce four (...)
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  14.  37
    The Efficacy and Development of Students' Problem-Solving Strategies During Compulsory Schooling: Logfile Analyses.Gyöngyvér Molnár & Benő Csapó - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  15. Externally aided memory and faraday problem-solving strategies.Rd Tweney - 1988 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 26 (6):528-528.
     
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  16. Toward a theoretical account of strategy use and sense-making in mathematics problem solving.H. J. M. Tabachneck, K. R. Koedinger & M. J. Nathan - 1994 - In Ashwin Ram & Kurt Eiselt, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society: August 13 to 16, 1994, Georgia Institute of Technology. Erlbaum.
    Much problem solving and learning research in math and science has focused on formal representations. Recently researchers have documented the use of unschooled strategies for solving daily problems -- informal strategies which can be as effective, and sometimes as sophisticated, as school-taught formalisms. Our research focuses on how formal and informal strategies interact in the process of doing and learning mathematics. We found that combining informal and formal strategies is more effective than single strategies. We provide a (...)
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  17.  66
    Contraries as an effective strategy in geometrical problem solving.Erika Branchini, Roberto Burro, Ivana Bianchi & Ugo Savardi - 2015 - Thinking and Reasoning 21 (4):397-430.
    A focused review of the literature on reasoning suggests that mechanisms based upon contraries are of fundamental importance in various abilities. At the same time, the importance of contraries in the human perceptual experience of space has been recently demonstrated in experimental studies. Solving geometry problems represents an interesting case as both reasoning abilities and the manipulation of perceptual–figural aspects are involved.In this study we focus on perceptual changes in geometrical problem solving processes in order to understand (...)
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  18. Problem-solving in general practice.Jacobus Ridderikhoff - 1993 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 14 (4).
    Objective: To identify problem solving strategies in general practice. Basic procedures: Three styles of scientific reasoning were defined and modelled on the medical environment. These models were tested in a simulated doctor-patient encounter.
     
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  19.  39
    Adversarial Problem Solving: Modeling an Opponent Using Explanatory Coherence.Paul Thagard - 1992 - Cognitive Science 16 (1):123-149.
    In adversarial problem solving (APS), one must anticipate, understand and counteract the actions of an opponent. Military strategy, business, and game playing all require an agent to construct a model of an opponent that includes the opponent's model of the agent. The cognitive mechanisms required for such modeling include deduction, analogy, inductive generalization, and the formation and evaluation of explanatory hypotheses. Explanatory coherence theory captures part of what is involved in APS, particularly in cases involving deception.
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  20.  84
    Specialization Effect and Its Influence on Memory and Problem Solving in Expert Chess Players.Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod & Fernand Gobet - 2009 - Cognitive Science 33 (6):1117-1143.
    Expert chess players, specialized in different openings, recalled positions and solved problems within and outside their area of specialization. While their general expertise was at a similar level, players performed better with stimuli from their area of specialization. The effect of specialization on both recall and problem solving was strong enough to override general expertise—players remembering positions and solving problems from their area of specialization performed at around the level of players 1 standard deviation (SD) above them (...)
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  21. Problem solving in science and the competence approach to theorizing in linguistics.Robert N. Mccauley - 1986 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 16 (3):299–312.
    The goals ofthis paper are to identify (in Section II) some general features of problem solving strategies in science, to discuss (in Section III) how Chomsky has employed two particularly popular discovery strategies in science, and to show (in Section IV) how these strategies inform Chomskyan linguistics. In Section IV I will discuss (1) how their employment in linguistics manifests features of scientific problem solving outlined in Section Il and (2) how an analysis in terms of (...)
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  22.  72
    Understanding, Problem-Solving, and Conscious Reflection.Andrei Mărăşoiu - 2019 - Acta Analytica 34 (1):71-81.
    According to Zagzebski, understanding something is justified by the exercise of cognitive skills and intellectual virtues the knower possesses. Zagzebski develops her view by suggesting that “understanding has internalist conditions for success”. Against this view, Grimm raises an objection: what justifies understanding is the reliability of the processes by which we come to understand, and we need not be aware of the outcome of all reliable processes. Understanding is no exception, so, given that understanding something results from reliable processes, we (...)
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  23.  34
    Gesture offers insight into problemsolving in adults and children.Philip Garber & Susan Goldin-Meadow - 2002 - Cognitive Science 26 (6):817-831.
    When asked to explain their solutions to a problem, both adults and children gesture as they talk. These gestures at times convey information that is not conveyed in speech and thus reveal thoughts that are distinct from those revealed in speech. In this study, we use the classic Tower of Hanoi puzzle to validate the claim that gesture and speech taken together can reflect the activation of two cognitive strategies within a single response. The Tower of Hanoi is a (...)
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  24. The role of emotions in complex problem-solving.Miriam Spering, Daniel Wagener & Joachim Funke - 2005 - Cognition and Emotion 19:1252-1261.
    The assumption that positive affect leads to a better performance in simple cognitive tasks has become well established. We address the question whether positive and negative emotions differentially influence performance in complex problem-solving in the same way. Emotions were induced by positive or negative feedback in 74 participants who had to manage a computer-simulated complex problem-solving scenario. Results show that overall scenario performance is not affected, but positive and negative emotions elicit distinguishable problem-solving strategies: (...)
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  25.  29
    Promoting problem-solving and reasoning during cooperative inquiry science.Robyn M. Gillies, Kim Nichols & Gilbert Burgh - 2011 - Teaching Education 22 (4):429–445.
    This paper reports on a study that was conducted on the effects of training students in specific strategic and meta-cognitive questioning strategies on the development of reasoning, problem-solving, and learning during cooperative inquiry-based science activities. The study was conducted in 18 sixth grade classrooms and involved 35 groups of students in three conditions: the cognitive questioning condition; the Philosophy for Children condition; and the comparison condition. The students were videotaped as they worked on a specific inquiry-science task once (...)
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  26.  38
    Problem-Solving, Research Traditions, and the Development of Scientific Fields.Henry Frankel - 1980 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980:29 - 40.
    The general thesis that science is essentially a problem-solving activity is extended to the development of new fields. Their development represents a research strategy for generating and solving new unsolved problems and solving existing ones in related fields. The pattern of growth of new fields is guided by the central problems within the field and applicable problems in other fields. Proponents of existing research traditions welcome work in new fields, if they believe it will increase (...)
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  27.  17
    Future Problem-Solving Practiced During COVID-19: Implications for Health Management Students' E-Health Literacy Identity.Dorit Alt, Lior Naamati-Schneider & Adaya Meirovich - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    The current study describes the implementation of an online Future Problem Solving program in the field of Health education and set out to explore its contribution to students' eHealth Literacy identity, by using two levels of teacher guidance: minimal vs. frequent. FPS was employed in two groups of Health students. In the research group, frequent weekly guidance was provided to the students centered on the enhancement of eHealth Literacy skills, whereas in the control group minimal guidance was offered (...)
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  28. The role of emotions in complex problem solving.Miriam Spering, Dietrich Wagener & Joachim Funke - 2005 - Cognition and Emotion 19 (8):1252-1261.
    The assumption that positive affect leads to a better performance in simple cognitive tasks has become well established. We address the question whether positive and negative emotions differentially influence performance in complex problem-solving in the same way. Emotions were induced by positive or negative feedback in 74 participants who had to manage a computer-simulated complex problem-solving scenario. Results show that overall scenario performance is not affected, but positive and negative emotions elicit distinguishable problem-solving strategies: (...)
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  29.  16
    When Can Making a Drawing Hinder Problem Solving? Effect of the Drawing Strategy on Linear Overgeneralizations and Problem Solving.Janina Krawitz & Stanislaw Schukajlow - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  30. Exploring functions: A strategy for teaching physics concepts and problemsolving.Eugene Omasta & Vincent N. Lunetta - 1988 - Science Education 72 (5):625-636.
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  31.  64
    The Positive Spiral Between Problem-Solving Management and Trust: A Study in Organizations for Individuals With Intellectual Disability.Yolanda Estreder, Vicente Martínez-Tur, Inés Tomás, Alice Maniezki, José Ramos & Luminiţa Pătraş - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    To achieve their goals, organizations for individuals with intellectual disability have to stimulate high-quality relationships between professionals and family members. Therefore, achieving professionals’ trust in family members has become a challenge. One relevant factor in explaining professional’s trust in families is the degree to which family members use the “problem-solving” conflict management strategy in their disputes–disagreements with professionals. It is reasonable to argue that when family members use problem-solving conflict management, professionals’ trust increases. Professionals’ trust, (...)
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  32.  27
    Individual strategy ratings improve the control for task difficulty effects in arithmetic problem solving paradigms.Nadja Tschentscher & Olaf Hauk - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  33.  34
    Cognitive strategy interventions improve word problem solving and working memory in children with math disabilities.H. Lee Swanson - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  34.  58
    A Strategy for the Acquisition of Problem-Solving Expertise in Humans.Carine V. Alma - 1994 - Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines 14 (2):17-28.
  35. Cognitive control, intentions, and problem solving in skill learning.Wayne Christensen & Kath Bicknell - 2022 - Synthese 200 (6):1-36.
    We investigate flexibility and problem solving in skilled action. We conducted a field study of mountain bike riding that required a learner rider to cope with major changes in technique and equipment. Our results indicate that relatively inexperienced individuals can be capable of fairly complex 'on-the-fly' problem solving which allows them to cope with new conditions. This problem solving is hard to explain for classical theories of skill because the adjustments are too large to (...)
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  36.  19
    Validation of Embedded Experience Sampling (EES) for Measuring Non-cognitive Facets of Problem-Solving Competence in Scenario-Based Assessments.Andreas Rausch, Kristina Kögler & Jürgen Seifried - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:441622.
    To measure non-cognitive facets of competence, we developed and tested a new method that we refer to as Embedded Experience Sampling (EES). Domain-specific problem-solving competence is a multi-faceted construct that is not limited to cognitive facets such as domain knowledge or problem-solving strategies but also comprises non-cognitive facets in the sense of domain-specific emotional and motivational dispositions such as interest and self-concept. However, in empirical studies non-cognitive facets are usually either neglected or measured by generalized self-report (...)
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  37.  68
    Strategy shifts and expertise in solving transformation rule problems.Vanessa J. Clarke Koen Lamberts - 1997 - Thinking and Reasoning 3 (4):271 – 290.
    The acquisition of expertise in formal problem solving has been assumed to involve either a shift from backwards to forwards inference, or a shift from unguided to guided forwards inference. In a longitudinal study, the acquisition of formal problem-solving expertise was investigated. Participants were tested as novices before undertaking controlled practice in the problem domain which involved transformation rule problems , and were finally tested as experts. The direction of inference in problem solutions was (...)
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  38.  94
    Problem Solving, Working Backwards, and Graphic Proof Representation.Marvin J. Croy - 2000 - Teaching Philosophy 23 (2):169-187.
    Rather than being random deviation, student errors can be a source of insight into the nature of student difficulties. This paper reports on (and offers pedagogical advice concerning) many common student errors in the construction of proofs, in the application of inference and replacement rules, and in the choice of proof strategies. In addition, a detailed description of the bottom-up strategy for “working backwards” is supplied, along with a discussion of the main difficulties students face when trying to solve (...)
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  39.  45
    The Power of Discipline: Unveiling its Impact on Students' Problem-Solving Skills.Regie Bangoy - 2025 - Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 33 (4):442-447.
    The impact of teacher discipline on student outcomes is a critical area in educational research. However, limited studies have explored how specific discipline styles affect students' problem-solving abilities, particularly in Grade Six classrooms. This study investigates the relationship between classroom discipline styles of Grade Six teachers and students' problem-solving skills in schools within District III and IV of Kabankalan City, Negros Occidental Philippines. Using a descriptive-correlational design, the study involved 34 Grade Six teachers and 170 students (...)
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  40. Epistemology and the theory of problem solving.Alvin I. Goldman - 1983 - Synthese 55 (1):21-48.
    Problem solving has recently become a central topic both in the philosophy of science and in cognitive science. This paper integrates approaches to problem solving from these two disciplines and discusses the epistemological consequences of such an integration. The paper first analyzes problem solving as getting a true answer to a question. It then explores some stages of cognitive activity relevant to question answering that have been delineated by historians and philosophers of science and (...)
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  41.  31
    On the spontaneous discovery of a mathematical relation during problem solving.James A. Dixon & Ashley S. Bangert - 2004 - Cognitive Science 28 (3):433-449.
    People spontaneously discover new representations during problem solving. Discovery of a mathematical representation is of special interest, because it shows that the underlying structure of the problem has been extracted. In the current study, participants solved gear‐system problems as part of a game. Although none of the participants initially used a mathematical representation, many discovered a parity‐based, mathematical strategy during problem solving. Two accounts of the spontaneous discovery of mathematical strategies were tested. According to (...)
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  42.  25
    Bounded rationality in problem solving: Guiding search with domain-independent heuristics.Pat Langley, Chris Pearce, Mike Barley & Miranda Emery - 2014 - Mind and Society 13 (1):83-95.
    Humans exhibit the remarkable ability to solve complex, multi-step problems despite their limited capacity for search. We review the standard theory of problem solving, which posits that heuristic guidance makes this possible, but we also note that most studies have emphasized the role of domain-specific heuristics, which are not available for unfamiliar tasks, over more general ones. We describe FPS, a flexible architecture for problem solving that supports a variety of different strategies and heuristics, and we (...)
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  43.  39
    The Power of a “Maverick” in Collaborative Problem Solving: An Experimental Investigation of Individual Perspective‐Taking Within a Group.Yugo Hayashi - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (S1):69-104.
    Integrating different perspectives is a sophisticated strategy for developing constructive interactions in collaborative problem solving. However, cognitive aspects such as individuals’ knowledge and bias often obscure group consensus and produce conflict. This study investigated collaborative problem solving, focusing on a group member interacting with another member having a different perspective. It was predicted that mavericks might mitigate disadvantages and facilitate perspective taking during problem solving. Thus, 344 university students participated in two laboratory-based experiments (...)
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  44.  44
    Model Building and Problem Solving: A Case from Libor Market Derivatives.Giulia Miotti - 2019 - Topoi 40 (4):1-9.
    In my paper I focus on the growth of knowledge in finance from an heuristic viewpoint and I propose the analysis of two different knowledge-advancing strategies usually adopted at the frontier of knowledge, i.e. problem-solving and model-building. I show how these two strategies, even though both effective in the short-run, nonetheless provide descriptions of the target object and which are different in their descriptive and knowledge-advancing depth. In order to do so, I propose a case study borrowed from (...)
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  45.  46
    Hume's problem solved: the optimality of meta-induction.Gerhard Schurz - 2019 - Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
    A new approach to Hume's problem of induction that justifies the optimality of induction at the level of meta-induction. Hume's problem of justifying induction has been among epistemology's greatest challenges for centuries. In this book, Gerhard Schurz proposes a new approach to Hume's problem. Acknowledging the force of Hume's arguments against the possibility of a noncircular justification of the reliability of induction, Schurz demonstrates instead the possibility of a noncircular justification of the optimality of induction, or, more (...)
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  46. Detecting deception: adversarial problem solving in a low base‐rate world.Paul E. Johnson, Stefano Grazioli, Karim Jamal & R. Glen Berryman - 2001 - Cognitive Science 25 (3):355-392.
    The work presented here investigates the process by which one group of individuals solves the problem of detecting deceptions created by other agents. A field experiment was conducted in which twenty-four auditors (partners in international public accounting firms) were asked to review four cases describing real companies that, unknown to the auditors, had perpetrated financial frauds. While many of the auditors failed to detect the manipulations in the cases, a small number of auditors were consistently successful. Since the detection (...)
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  47.  24
    Expertise overcomes impasse to yield far transfer and insight in problem-solving.Thomas C. Ormerod & Harriet Gross - 2024 - Thinking and Reasoning 30 (1):24-48.
    Sources of difficulty in insight problem-solving have been identified, but current theories are less successful at explaining discovery of solution ideas. Here, we explore the role of expertise in promoting insight. In Experiment 1, experienced designers and financiers solved visual and verbal problems. Expertise did not influence solution rates for verbal problems, but designers solved more visual problems than financiers, despite similar incorrect initial attempts. In Experiment 2, experienced and novice designers attempted problems either unconstrained, prevented from drawing, (...)
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  48.  29
    Exploring Multiple Goals Balancing in Complex Problem Solving Based on Log Data.Yan Ren, Fang Luo, Ping Ren, Dingyuan Bai, Xin Li & Hongyun Liu - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:445854.
    Multiple goals balancing is an important but not yet fully validated dimension of complex problem solving (CPS). The present study used process data to explore how solvers clarify goals, set priorities, and balance conflicting goals. We extracted behavioral indicators of goal pursuit from the log data of 3,201 students on the third subtask of the “Ticket” task in the PISA 2012 CPS test. Cluster analysis was used to identify 10 groups that varied in goal pursuit behavior. Logistics and (...)
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  49.  20
    Strategies for sense reading in the process of learning to solve text problems in primary school.Valentina Vladimirovna Kokoreva, Alla Anatolyevna Vendina & Lyudmila Viktorovna Andrukhiv - 2021 - Kant 41 (4):261-265.
    The article deals with the issue of the formation of semantic reading skills in mathematics lessons in elementary school in the process of analyzing and solving plot text problems. Attention is focused on the stages of analyzing the text of the task in accordance with the known types of semantic reading. For each of these stages, a brief description of the students' activities is given. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of semantic (...)
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  50. A Teleological Strategy for Solving the Meta-Problem of Consciousness.Bradford Saad - 2019 - Journal of Consciousness Studies 26 (9-10):205-216.
    Following Chalmers, I take the most promising response to the meta-problem to be a realizationist one on which (roughly) consciousness plays a role in realizing the processes that explain why we think that there is a hard problem of consciousness. I favour an interactionist dualist version of realizationism on which experiences are non-physical states that non-redundantly cause problem judgments. This view is subject to the challenges of specifying laws that would enable experiences to cause problem judgments (...)
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