새로운 사유의 힘, 자음과모음 뉴아카이브 총서 『성호, 세상을 논하다_성호 이익의 비망록, 성호사설을 다시 읽다』 출간 지난해 ‘뉴아카이브 총서’ 그리고 올 초 ‘하이브리드 총서’를 기획, 출간하며 인문서의 새로운 가능성을 모색한 자음과모음이 2011년 6월, 뉴아카이브 총서 세 번째 책『성호, 세상을 논하다_성호 이익의 비망록, 성호사설을 다시 읽다』를 출간했다. 그간 여러 저술을 통해 옛것의 가치를 되살려온 저자 강명관은 이 책에서 우리 고전 『성호사설』을 텍스트 삼아 지금까지의 작업을 이어가고, 또 넘어선다. 책은 조선 시대 실학자로 이름 높은 성호 이익의 저술 『성호사설』을 독자와 함께 읽어나가며 그 내용과 (...) 의미를 현대적으로 되살린다. 조선 사회를 바라보는 성호의 비판적인 시선과 이를 바라보는 저자의 비판적 시선이 교차하는 지점에서 고전은 ‘지금-여기’의 텍스트로 생생히 살아난다. 저자는 『성호사설』에 실린 글 중 성호의 사상과 저술의 특징을 잘 보여주면서도 조선이라는 특정한 사회상을 선명히 드러내는 글들을 골라 38개의 주제 아래 펼쳐놓는다. 문학에서 정치까지, 조선 시대 지식인의 날카로운 문제의식 『성호사설』은 누구나 한번쯤 들어봤을 유명한 고전이지만, 정작 읽은 이가 드물다. 고전을 지금의 삶에서 동떨어진 과거의 유물로 여기는 태도는 모든 것이 빠르게 바뀌는 현대 한국을 살아가는 사람들에게 어쩌면 당연한 것일지 모른다. 그러나 우리에게 고루한 고전인 이 글은 사실 당대 지식의 최전방에서 써진 글이다. 무려 3007편의 글을 모아 엮은 『성호사설』은 경전과 문학은 물론, 정치, 경제, 관직제도, 외교, 학문, 교육, 서양 소식, 천문, 지리, 전쟁, 무기, 종교, 이단, 풍수, 형벌, 도둑, 유민, 서얼, 노비, 여성, 성性, 의복, 음식, 주거 등 실로 조선사회의 전 국면을 망라하는 방대한 내용을 담고 있다. 『성호, 세상을 논하다』에서 저자 강명관은 한문으로 써진 어려운 고전을 쉽고 생동감 넘치게 풀어놓음으로써 과거와 오늘 사이에 놓인 벽을 허문다. 3007편 모두를 다루진 않고 그중 골자라고 할 만한 글들만을 재편하여 독자와 함께 읽어나가며, 그중에서도 특히 사회 부조리를 드러내는 글들을 주목한다. 책은 인간 성호를 엿볼 수 있는 글에서 시작한다. 1장에 모은 글에서는 학자이기 이전에 한 인간으로서 성호가 어떤 생각을 가지고 있었는지, 어떻게 생활했는지 살필 수 있다. 성호의 소박한 밥상이나 살림살이, 소일거리 등이 담백하게 드러난다. 이 책의 첫 번째 글이기도 한 ‘성호의 생명사상’에서 발견되듯 성호는 검소하고 소박한 삶을 추구했고 만물을 측은하고 공평하게 여겼다. 성호의 생명사상은 즉 만물에 대한 측은지심이며, 이는 백성과 가난한 자들을 살피는 마음으로 이어진다. 2장에서는 비평과 논평 등보다 본격적인 시선을 살펴볼 수 있는데, 백성의 삶과 고충에 대하여, 또 계급이나 제도에 따른 문제에 대하여, 법이나 풍속에 대하여 관찰한 다양한 글을 모았다. 때로 서릿발 같은 비판의 시선으로, 때로 따뜻한 포용의 시선으로 사회 각종군상을 관찰하고 논평한 글을 모은 이 장에서 독자는 성호의 주장뿐만 아니라 조선 시대의 생생한 사회상을 엿볼 수 있다. 백성들의 삶이 고통 받고 무너지는 이유에 대해 성호는 잘 알고 있었다. 사리사욕만을 추구하는 위정자들, 그리고 보다 근본적으로 그들이 권력을 행사하고 부를 착복할 수 있도록 보장된 사회 구조가 문제였다. 뒤이은 3장에서는 이러한 문제들과 그 원인들, 그리고 해결책이라 할 만한 치세와 정치론에 대한 글들을 엮었다. 이 장에 실린 글들은 붕당, 정치, 경제, 외교 등 국가 통치 전략과 구조적 문제들을 다루고 있고 벌열이 붕당으로 붕당이 전쟁으로 이어지는 흐름을 보여준다. 책의 구성은 원래 『성호사설』의 구성을 따르지 않았고, 오늘 날의 독자를 만나기 위해 이같이 새롭게 재편됐다. 『성호, 세상을 논하다』도 그렇거니와, 『성호사설』 자체도 경직되고 진지하기만 한 글은 아니다. 오히려 성호 자신은 이 책에 대하여 ‘한가할 적에 재미삼아서 쓴 글을 모은 것’이라고 하였다. 원래 『성호사설』의 글들은 일정한 목적과 체계 없이 자유롭게 써졌는데, 이러한 비체계성은 자유로운 글쓰기의 가능성을 유감없이 보여주며, 조선 시대 현실을 날카롭게 묘파한 한 지식인의 시선과 문제의식을 오롯이 드러낸다. 과거와 오늘을 관통하는 문제적 시선, 『성호사설』을 다시 읽다! 『성호, 세상을 논하다』는 조선 시대 대표 실학자 성호 이익의 저술 『성호사설』을 누구나 쉽게 읽을 수 있도록 풀어 소개하고 있고 그 내용을 오늘날의 시류에 비추어 전달하고 있다. 이제까지 독자들은 이 고전을 ‘이해하기’보다 ‘배우’며, ‘읽기’보다 ‘외우’며 피상적이고 딱딱한 정보만을 접했었다. 독서의 경험 없이 얻어진 죽은 지식들은 책이 어떤 내용인지 알기도 전에 단절감과 고정관념을 만들어 버렸고, 책과 독자를 멀리 떨어뜨려 놓았다. 강명관의 『성호, 세상을 논하다』는 그동안 우리가 고전에 가지고 있던 고정관념을 뛰어넘을 좋은 계기가 되어준다. 그러나, 이 고전을 박물된 과거의 유적이 아닌 오늘날의 살아있는 텍스트로 변모시키는 것은 무엇보다 성호와 저자의 ‘문제의식’이다. 성호의 문제의식이 벌열과 당파가 만연한 조선사회에 질문을 던지는 것이라면 저자의 전략은 이런 그의 시선을 통해 오늘날의 현실을 고발하는 것이다. 성호의 글들은 조선 사회를 읽는 기표이자 그 자체로 문제의식이지만 강명관의 전략점을 만나며 오늘날의 부조리를 읽어낼 기표가 된다. 오늘날의 칼럼을 연상시키며 당대성을 선명히 드러내는 성호의 글들을 읽으며 독자는 조선 사회라는 특정한 사회의 모습을 관찰할 뿐 아니라 그에 겹쳐지는 21세기 한국을 사는 우리들의 부조리를 읽어낸다. 이렇게 고전은 오늘날의 텍스트로 확장되며, 고전을 대하는 우리의 안일한 태도와 부조리를 외면하는 무관심한 태도에 일침을 놓는다. 한편, 실학자라는 인상에 갇혀 폭넓게 평가되지 못한 성호 이익 역시 이번 글을 통해 실학자로서의 면모뿐 아니라 제야의 지식인으로서, 유학자로서, 유교적 가부장제 안에서 나고 자란 조선남성으로서의 새로운 면모를 드러낸다. 그 중에는 우리가 개혁가라고 생각했던 성호에게서 연상할 수 없는 보수적인 주장이라던가, 소박한 생활인으로서의 모습 등도 있다. 이 책은 성호라는 한 조선의 지식인을 새롭게 조명하고, 그의 눈을 통해 조선이라는 특수한 사회와 그 이면의 문제들을 관찰하며 이를 오늘날의 문제로 되살리는 글이다. 저자의 이런 방법론은 과거와 오늘 사이의 단절을 해소시킬 뿐 아니라 ‘지금-여기’에 사는 우리들의 문제를 되짚어 보게 한다. 강명관의 『성호, 세상을 논하다』는 『성호사설』로 들어가는 첫 걸음일 뿐 아니라, 우리 고전에 다가가는 첫 걸음이 되어줄 것이다. (shrink)

Our goal in this paper is to articulate a novel account of the ordinary concept ART. At the core of our account is the idea that a puzzle surrounding our thought and talk about art is best understood as just one instance of a far broader phenomenon. In particular, we claim that one can make progress on this puzzle by drawing on research from cognitive science on dual character concepts. Thus, we suggest that the very same sort of phenomenon that (...) is associated with ART can also be found in a broad class of other dual character concepts, including SCIENTIST, CHRISTIAN, GANGSTER, and many others. Instead of focusing narrowly on the case of ART, we try to offer a more general account of these concepts and the puzzles to which they give rise. Then, drawing on the general theory, we introduce a series of hypotheses about art concepts, and put those hypotheses to the test in three experimental studies. (shrink)

This study developed a measure of autonomy for adolescents in contemporary China. First, data from 44 interviewees—40 secondary school students, 2 parents, and 2 secondary school teachers—were used to explore the connotation and theoretical structure of autonomy in adolescents in China. Next, a preliminary Adolescent Autonomy Questionnaire was created from the interview data and administered to 775 secondary school students. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to verify the factor structure. Finally, 614 secondary school students completed the (...) Adolescent Autonomy Questionnaire, Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II, and Adolescence Ego Identity Crisis Scale to evaluate criterion validity. The final version of the Adolescent Autonomy Questionnaire included 16 items and four subscales: autonomous decision-making, autonomous regulation, autonomous protection, and autonomous problem-solving. The total variance of the cumulative interpretation questionnaire was 62.54%. The CFA results showed that the four-factor model fits the data well: χ2/df = 2.340, CFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.042, SRMR = 0.046. Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Adolescent Autonomy Questionnaire provided support for the reliability and validity of the measure. Thus, it serves as an effective measurement tool for assessing the autonomy of adolescents in China. (shrink)

The impacts of COVID-19 may be magnified in a shared environment like the household, especially with people spending extended time at home during the pandemic. Family resilience is the ability of a family to adapt to crisis and can be a protective factor against stress and negative affect. While there have been calls to address family resilience during the pandemic, there is a lack of empirical study on its benefit. In this dyadic observational study, we sought to investigate the concordance (...) of family members’ psychological responses to COVID-19, whether dyad members’ risk factors mutually affected each other’s psychological responses, and importantly, whether family resilience was a significant factor in these responses. A total of 200 family dyads from the same household completed the Family Resilience Assessment Scale and questionnaires on COVID-19 threat perception, impacts, and exposure. We found concordant dyad responses for COVID-19 threat perception, but not for psychological impact. Using the Actor-Partner-Interdependence Model framework, we found that one’s psychological impact was affected by the financial impact from both dyad members. After controlling for risk factors and demographic covariates, we found that family resilience significantly associated with lower COVID-19 psychological impact, though not with threat perception. The findings suggest that both family and individual factors need to be addressed and there may be benefit in addressing multilevel risk and protective factors using an ecological systems approach, which may help prepare the population for future crises. (shrink)

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the technical and context-related variables of last strokes in rallies on the point outcomes of both men’s and women’s players in elite singles badminton matches. A total of 100 matches during the 2018 and 2019 seasons were analyzed, and the data of 4,080 men’s rallies and 4,339 women’s rallies were collected. The technical variables including strokes per rally, forehand strokes, overhead strokes, and defensive action, and the context-related variables including (...) game status, result against serve, importance of rally, and importance of set, were modeled with Probit regression modeling as the predictor variables. The binary variables of “winner or not” and “error or not” were considered the response variables. The results showed that defensive actions had the greatest impacts on the winners and errors of both the men’s and women’s singles players, and the forehand and overhead strokes were negatively associated with the winners and errors of the women’s singles players and the winners of the men’s singles players. No significant effects were found for the strokes per rally on the winners and errors of the men’s singles players, while significant effects were found for the women’s singles players. The context-related variables appeared to have positive effects on the winners and negative effects on the errors of both sexes. These findings can provide important insights for coaches and players to evaluate their performances of last strokes in rallies and to improve training interventions and match tactics and strategies. (shrink)

A primary argument against the badness of death (known as the Symmetry Argument) appeals to an alleged symmetry between prenatal and posthumous nonexistence. The Symmetry Argument has posed a serious threat to those who hold that death is bad because it deprives us of life’s goods that would have been available had we died later. Anthony Brueckner and John Martin Fischer develop an influential strategy to cope with the Symmetry Argument. In their attempt to break the symmetry, they claim that (...) due to our preference of future experiential goods over past ones, posthumous nonexistence is bad for us, whereas prenatal nonexistence is not. Granting their presumption about our preference, however, it is questionable that prenatal nonexistence is not bad. This consideration does not necessarily indicate their defeat against the Symmetry Argument. I present a better response to the Symmetry Argument: the symmetry is broken, not because posthumous nonexistence is bad while prenatal nonexistence is not, but because (regardless as to whether prenatal nonexistence is bad) posthumous nonexistence is even worse. (shrink)

The topic of employee work engagement in the public sector has attracted broad attention because it is critical to the efficiency and effectiveness of public services. Based on the Job Characteristics Model and the Integrative Theory of Employee Engagement, the present research adopts a multilevel design to examine a moderated mediation model in which task characteristics and social context jointly impact employee work engagement via individual perception of meaningfulness in work. A total of 349 grassroots police officers from 35 police (...) substations were invited to anonymously complete a survey via mobile app. After performing the cross-sectional analysis, the results indicated that in contrast to task significance, the conditional effect of task autonomy on work engagement via perceived meaningfulness was more positive at a lower level of transformational leadership. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. (shrink)

Upper ontologies have traditionally arisen from the approach in which concepts that are common across a set of domains can be axiomatized at a general level. The rationale is that reuse across domains is to be supported through specialization of the general concepts from an upper ontology. Similarly, semantic integration between ontologies is to be achieved through the general concepts they specialize. The TUpper Ontology follows an alternative approach (referred to as the sideways approach) to the conventional upper ontology paradigm. (...) Rather than think of an upper ontology as a monolithic axiomatization centred on a taxonomy, the sideways approach considers an upper ontology to be a modular ontology composed of generic ontologies that cover concepts including those related to time, process, and space. TUpper is therefore composed of a set of generic ontologies, and each generic ontology axiomatizes a particular set of generic concepts (e.g., the classes and relations relevant for time, process, and space). The TUpper Ontology is designed as a top-level ontology that contains modules from the ontologies within existing international standards. (shrink)

Because of the impact of close partner's touch on psychological and physical well-being by alleviating stress, it is important to explore the influence factors that underlie the stress-alleviating effect of close partner's touch. Previous studies suggested that the stress-alleviating effect was different when individuals were touched by different persons. Specifically, the stress was reduced significantly when the individual was touched by the close partner compared with the acquaintance and the stranger. However, whether the stress-alleviating effect of touch was modulated by (...) the close relationship quality is unknown. To examine this question, the participants performed a 3 × 2 within-subjects experiment. The results revealed that the stress of the participants alleviated significantly while close partners present with touch compared with without touch during facing a threat. We also found that the relationship quality of couple-members modulated touch-induced stress alleviation. Participants perceiving the low quality of alternatives and the high partners' commitment level showed stronger touch-induced stress-alleviating effect than participants perceiving the high quality of alternatives and the low partners' commitment level. The explained variance was around 16.8% jointly for actor and partner effects. These findings provide evidence for explaining the reasons for touch-induced alleviating stress and have important implications for predicting the future effect of interactive behaviors. (shrink)

Organizational citizenship behavior can foster organizational competitiveness and survival especially, facing a rapidly changing environment. There are some empirical pieces of research that shed light on the effects of OCB on extrinsic rewards, since OCB, through performance appraisal, affects extrinsic rewards which will influence OCB as well. However, researchers have overlooked the reverse effect of extrinsic rewards on OCB. It is necessary to explore the mechanism between positive verbal rewards and OCB. This study integrated psychological ownership and affective commitment to (...) form a structural model based on social exchange theory and cognitive evaluation theory. These results show that positive verbal rewards are positively correlated with psychological ownership, psychological ownership is positively correlated with affective commitment and OCB, and affective commitment is positively correlated with OCB. As refers to the mediating effects, psychological ownership fully mediates the relationship between positive verbal rewards and affective commitment. Furthermore, affective commitment plays a partial mediating role in the effect of psychological ownership on OCB. Accordingly, this psychological mechanism between positive verbal rewards and OCB reveals important theoretical and practical implications. (shrink)

This study proposes a research model based on social identity theory, which examines the moderating role of organizational trust on the relationship between corporate citizenship and organizational commitment. In the model, organizational commitment is positively influenced by organizational trust and four dimensions of perceived corporate citizenship, including economic, legal, ethical and discretionary citizenship. The model paths are hypothesized to be moderated by organizational trust. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 12 large firms confirms most of our hypothesized effects. (...) Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

In this paper I will examine Husserl’s attempt to establish a ground for science with the so called transcendental reduction. This will entail both an identification of the problems that Husserl was attempting to solve as well as a careful analysis of Husserl’s account of his methodology. I will then examine how Derrida’s reading, which affirms the phenomenological project in many of its essential aspects, begins to signal a subtle yet ultimately radical disagreement. This disagreement will have lasting implications for (...) our understanding of the possibilities designated by the transcendental method in Husserl’s thinking. (shrink)

The coupled growth of population aging and international migration warrants attention on the methods and solutions available to adult children living overseas to provide distance caregiving for their aging parents. Despite living apart from their parents, the transnational informal care literature has indicated that first-generation immigrants remain committed to carry out their filial caregiving obligations in extensive and creative ways. With functions to remotely access health information enabled by emergency, wearable, motion, and video sensors, remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may thus (...) also allow these international migrants to be alerted in sudden changes and remain informed of their parent’s state of health. As technological solutions for caregiving, RMTs could allow independent living for older persons while any unusual deviations from normal health patterns are detected and appropriately supported. With a vignette of a distance care arrangement, we engage with concepts such as filial piety, in-absentia caregiving distress, and the social exchange theory, as well as the upholding of shifting cultural ideals to illustrate the complex dynamic of the satisfaction and quality of the informal caregiving relationship. This paper extends the traditional ethical issues in technology-aided caregiving, such as autonomy, privacy, and justice, to be considered within the context of distance care. We also posit newer ethical considerations such as consent in power imbalances, harm to caregivers, and stigma. These known and new ethical issues aim to encourage further ethically conscious design and use of RMTs to support distance care for older persons. (shrink)

This study investigates and compares the impact of spiritual leadership on organizational citizenship behavior in finance and retail service industries to determine the possibility of generalizing and applying spiritual leadership to other industries. This study used multi-sample analysis of structural equation modeling. The results show that values, attitudes, and behaviors of leaders have positive effects on meaning/calling and membership of the employees, and further facilitate employees to perform excellent organizational citizenship behaviors, including the altruism of assisting colleagues and the responsible (...) conscientiousness toward organization. The effect of altruism toward colleagues is especially stronger. Finally, the effect of leaders’ values, attitudes, and behaviors on the spiritual survival of employees is stronger in retail than that in finance. (shrink)

Humans must take moral and criminal responsibility for making a free choice between good and evil, according to Chŏng Yakyong, and this view was influenced by Matteo Ricci. Choosing to commit an evil action means committing a willful crime, so one must take responsibility for this action in the form of punishment. However, unintentional wrongdoings can be forgiven. For example, a man stealing to survive or killing a robber in order to live should not be punished, because these individuals have (...) no choice but to do so. Those claims of Chŏng are his own creation, not influenced by Ricci or Confucianism. By contrast, the idea that a child’s intentional hiding of his father’s crime should not be punished because of the child’s duty of filial piety was influenced by Confucianism. However, a large crime committed by a child on the basis of filial piety, such as committing murder to rescue one’s mother, only lends cause for commutation. Unlike Chŏng, Ricci regarded a child’s act of stealing bread to feed his family as an action of evil rather than an act of filial piety, since theft is an evil action. (shrink)