Global challenges such as climate change, food security, or public health have become dominant concerns in research and innovation policy. This article examines how responses to these challenges are addressed by governance actors. We argue that appeals to global challenges can give rise to a ‘solution strategy' that presents responses of dominant actors as solutions and a ‘negotiation strategy' that highlights the availability of heterogeneous and often conflicting responses. On the basis of interviews and document analyses, the study identifies both (...) strategies across local, national, and European levels. While our results demonstrate the co-existence of both strategies, we find that global challenges are most commonly highlighted together with the solutions offered by dominant actors. Global challenges are ‘wicked problems' that often become misframed as ‘tame problems’ in governance practice and thereby legitimise dominant responses. (shrink)

This article, corresponding to a part of the restitution of a financed international research project between France, Brazil, Canada, Italy and Belgium, aims to offer a modelisation and qualitative evaluation of mediation care settings based on an original methodological tool that involves identifying the typical games at the foundations of creativity, following a multidisciplinary perspective. Therapeutic mediations are settings or devices organised around a “pliable medium”, often artistic, like painting, modeling, writing, ​and theatre, which are very widespread in institutional practices, (...) both in France and abroad. The scientific objectives of this research consist in a multi-disciplinary exploration (anthropology, criminology, neuroscience, clinical psychology) of the process of creative symbolisation understood as a process of transformation involving play. According to this orientation, play can be defined as a psychic process whereby a subjective experience can be explored with pleasure, and consequently symbolised and appropriated. Our fundamental and original hypothesis is that play is at the source of the creative process, conceived as a work of metabolisation by the psyche of playful experiences during the different stages of life. The review of the understanding of play in psychoanalysis, anthropology, criminology and neuroscience emphasises the richness of this model and the importance of reflecting on the typical games in the field of psychic care. A clinical example of treatment in a pictorial therapeutic mediation setting of a child with psychotic disorders makes it possible to identify a number of typical games as well as the modalities of interpretation of the therapists through play. These multidisciplinary studies lead to the presentation of a general table of typical games, and these first results highlight the richness of identifying typical games in clinical settings. Ultimately, the multidisciplinary approach shows the interest of the model of play in the evaluation of therapeutic mediation settings, with a convergence of the different disciplines emphasising the pertinence of this model. The scientific impact of this research overlaps with its societal impact, through the development of innovative tools for evaluating therapeutic mediations, in order to take account of the evolution of the different forms of social expression of psychic suffering. (shrink)

Based on a careful study of his unpublished manuscripts as well as his published work, this book explores Peirce's general theory of signs and the way in which Peirce himself used this theory to understand subjectivity.

This open access book looks at how a democracy can devolve into a post-factual state. The media is being flooded by populist narratives, fake news, conspiracy theories and make-believe. Misinformation is turning into a challenge for all of us, whether politicians, journalists, or citizens. In the age of information, attention is a prime asset and may be converted into money, power, and influence – sometimes at the cost of facts. The point is to obtain exposure on the air and in (...) print media, and to generate traffic on social media platforms. With information in abundance and attention scarce, the competition is ever fiercer with truth all too often becoming the first victim. Reality Lost: Markets of Attention, Misinformation and Manipulation is an analysis by philosophers Vincent F. Hendricks and Mads Vestergaard of the nuts and bolts of the information market, the attention economy and media eco-system which may pave way to postfactual democracy. Here misleading narratives become the basis for political opinion formation, debate, and legislation. To curb this development and the threat it poses to democratic deliberation, political self-determination and freedom, it is necessary that we first grasp the mechanisms and structural conditions that cause it. (shrink)

When dealing with complex value-driven problems such as sustainable development, individuals need to have values and norms that go beyond the appropriation of tangible business outcomes for themselves. This raises the question of the role played by individual moral antecedents in the entrepreneurial process of opportunity recognition for sustainable development. To answer this question, an exploratory empirical research design was used in which 96 would-be entrepreneurs were subjected to real-life decision-making processes in an online environment. The participants were guided through (...) the process of opportunity recognition for sustainable development. Furthermore, they were subjected to several tests linked to individual moral antecedents. The mixed methods design used to analyze the results led to the conclusion that pro-environmental behavior values and moral competencies are important indicators of the ability to recognize opportunities for sustainable development. These results provide useful insights about relating moral antecedents to idea generation for sustainable development and can help researchers, higher education institutes, and sustainable entrepreneurs to further develop the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship and its underlying processes. (shrink)

On a souvent considéré qu'une philosophie de l'esprit devait choisir parmi les traits distinctifs du mental celui qu'elle retiendrait pour le mettre en relief. Il ne serait pas possible de faire place dans une même philosophie aux trois faits majeurs : l'intentionnalité du mental (on discerne les pensées de quelqu'un en disant à quoi il pense), le holisme du mental (impossible de concevoir un état d'esprit isolé du tout d'une vie mentale), la part impersonnelle du mental (les acteurs ne manifestent (...) pas seulement des capacités mentales attachées à leurs personnes respectives, mais aussi des manières de penser communes, des institutions de sens formant ce qu'on appelle un esprit objectif). Ainsi, les théories intentionalistes de l'esprit ont généralement exalté le sujet aux dépens des totalités symboliques, tandis que les théories des structures de l'esprit ont paru faire de l'acteur un simple figurant sur la scène du signifiant. De tels partis pris signalent l'échec de bien des philosophes à concevoir clairement les conditions d'une analyse holiste des phénomènes de l'esprit. Ce livre utilise les ressources analytiques de la logique des relations de C.S. Peirce pour développer une conception holiste de l'intentionnalité de l'esprit (tant subjectif qu'objectif). Ce faisant, il introduit, par l'analyse d'exemples plutôt que par un simple survol historique des doctrines, aux problèmes discutés dans les grandes philosophies de l'esprit de ce temps : phénoménologie, individualisme, structuralisme, pragmatisme. (shrink)

Offering an overall insight into the French tradition of philosophy of technology, this volume is meant to make French-speaking contributions more accessible to the international philosophical community. The first section, “Negotiating a Cultural Heritage,” presents a number of leading 20th century philosophical figures and intellectual movements that help shape philosophy of technology in the Francophone area, and feed into contemporary debates. The second section, “Coining and Reconfiguring Technoscience,” traces the genealogy of this controversial concept and discusses its meanings and relevance. (...) A third section, “Revisiting Anthropological Categories,” focuses on the relationships of technology with the natural and the human worlds from various perspectives that include anthropotechnology, Anthropocene, technological and vital norms and temporalities. The final section, “Innovating in Ethics, Design and Aesthetics,” brings together contributions that draw on various French traditions to afford fresh insights on ethics of technology, philosophy of design, techno-aesthetics and digital studies. The contributions in this volume are vivid and rich in original approaches that can spur exchanges and debates with other philosophical traditions. (shrink)

Background: Dementia care at home often involves decisions in which the caregiver must weigh safety concerns with respect for autonomy. These dilemmas can lead to situations where caregivers provide care against the will of persons living with dementia, referred to as involuntary treatment. To prevent this, insight is needed into how family caregivers of persons living with dementia deal with care situations that can lead to involuntary treatment. Objective: To identify and describe family caregivers’ experiences regarding care decisions for situations (...) that can lead to involuntary treatment use in persons living with dementia at home. Research design: A qualitative descriptive interview design. Data were analysed using the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven. Participants and research context: A total of 10 family caregivers providing care for 13 persons living with dementia participated in in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were recruited by registered nurses via purposive sampling. Ethical consideration: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospitals Leuven and the Medical Ethical Test Committee Zuyderland. Findings: Family caregivers experience the decision-making process concerning care dilemmas that can lead to involuntary treatment as complicated, stressful and exhausting. Although they consider safety and autonomy as important values, they struggle with finding the right balance between them. Due to the progressive and unpredictable nature of dementia, they are constantly seeking solutions while they adapt to new situations. Family caregivers feel responsible and experience social pressure for the safety of persons living with dementia. They may be blamed if something adverse happens to the persons living with dementia, which increases an already stressful situation. Their experience is influenced by characteristics of the care triad (persons living with dementia, professional and family caregivers) such as practical and emotional support, knowledge, and previous experiences. Discussion and conclusion: To prevent involuntary treatment, professionals need to proactively inform family caregivers, and they need to support each other in dealing with complex care situations. (shrink)

Description: The common western understanding of Buddhism today envisions this major world religion as one of compassion and tolerance. But as the author Droit reveals, this view bears little resemblance to one broadly held in the nineteenth-century European philosophical imagination that saw Buddhism as a religion of annihilation calling for the destruction of the self. The Cult of Nothingness traces the history of the western discovery of Buddhism. In so doing, the author shows that such major philosophers as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, (...) Hegel, Cousin, and Renan imagined Buddhism as a religion that was, as Nietzsche put it, a negation of the world. In fact, says the author, such portrayals were more a reflection of what was happening in Europe at the time-when the collapse of traditional European hierarchies and values, the specter of atheism, and the rise of racism and social revolts were shaking European societies-than an accurate description of Buddhist thought. The author also reflects on how this history continues to echo in contemporary western understanding of Buddhism. The book includes a comprehensive bibliography on books on Buddhism published in the west between 1638 and 1890. (shrink)

In this paper, I defend a deflationary account of proportionality, which suggests that proportionality does not explain anything valuable about a system of punishment. Proportionality, rather, is a conventional means for presenting judgments about whether punishment fits the crime. A system of punishment is proportionate to the degree that it coheres with widely shared norms about punishment. There are many reasons such coherence could be valuable, not all of which are retributive. Hence, while on a deflationary view it may be (...) important for a system of punishment to be proportionate, proportionality does not identify a uniquely important retributive value. I motivate the argument for a deflationary account of proportionality by canvassing some of the problems associated with both relative and absolute proportionality and examining how both legal theorists and courts have actually used the concept. I focus on the work of Doug Husak, and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Canada. (shrink)

We consider to what extent the fundamental question of spacetime singularities is relevant for the philosophical debate about the nature of spacetime. After reviewing some basic aspects of the spacetime singularities within general relativity, we argue that the well known difficulty to localize them in a meaningful way may challenge the received metaphysical view of spacetime as a set of points possessing some intrinsic properties together with some spatiotemporal relations. Considering the algebraic formulation of general relativity, we argue that the (...) spacetime singularities highlight the philosophically misleading dependence on the standard geometric representation of spacetime. †To contact the author, please write to: Department of Philosophy, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; e-mail: vincent[email protected]. (shrink)

Crossing the boundaries - between nature and artifact and between inanimate and living matter - is a major feature of the convergence between nanotechnology and biotechnology. This paper points to two symmetric ways of crossing the boundaries: chemists mimicking nature's structures and processes, and synthetic biologists mimicking synthetic chemists with biological materials. However to what extent are they symmetrical and do they converge toward a common view of life and machines? The question is addressed in a historical perspective. Both biomimetic (...) chemistry and synthetic biology can be described as descendants of an ambitious program developed by Stéphane Leduc who coined the phrase 'synthetic biology' in the early twentieth century. The main intention of this genealogy is to emphasize that although making life in a test tube is a recurrent project there are subtle nuances in the underlying metaphysical assumptions. This comparison is meant to contribute to a better understanding of the cultural issues at stake in the convergence between nano and biotechnologies. It suggests that the demarcation line between life and inanimate matter remains a hot issue, and that all traffics across the borders do not proceed from the same metaphysical assumptions. (shrink)

The goal with these questions is to gain a sense of what contemporary epistemology is up to and its broader intellectual environment , with particular emphasis on the meeting point between mainstream and formal epistemology.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how methodological insights from formal and modal learning theory have a significant bearing on the classical definition of knowledge as true justified belief.

This article addresses the question of engagement in French philosophy from the Munich Agreement to the Korean War. It focuses on establishing a little-known fact about the history of the concept of engagement: the role played by the individual and social ethics developed by Husserl in the early 1920s, through its personalist reception, in the genesis of the philosophies of engagement during our reference period. Paul-Louis Landsberg was, with his Reflections on Personal Engagement (1937), the main architect of the renewal (...) through which French personalism, breaking away from the strategy of purity, became a personalism of engagement. In the early 1920s, he had attended Husserl’s lectures in Freiburg, as he explained in the posthumous tribute “Husserl and the Idea of Philosophy” (1939). What did he take from Husserl? What did he choose to abandon? With the failure of transcendental rationalism, had rationalism reached the exhaustion of its meaning and the depletion of its possibilities? The philosophies of engagement that developed in post-war France stemmed largely from a critique of Husserlian rationalism, either by seeking to go beyond rationalism—the strategy of personalism—or by seeking to rebuild it on different grounds, not as transcendental rationalism, but as engaged rationalism. (shrink)

The paper discusses the philosophical vision of language of the American philosopher S. Cavell . This vision is based on Wittgenstein’s idea of „forms of life“. Human speech and activity, sanity and community all rest upon nothing more and nothing less than these forms. By learning the words we initiate the beginners into the relevant forms of life held in language and gathered around the objects and persons of our world. According to Cavell the procedures of the philosophy of ordinary (...) language lead to real self-knowledge. (shrink)

The field of moral psychology has been confined to the study of social morality, resulting in a nearly exclusive focus on the primary other-regarding virtue of justice. It is argued that an understanding of personal morality, with its concern with self-regarding virtues and the dynamics of intimate relationships, is needed to complement this approach. The importance of personal morality issues to moral psychology is foreshadowed in C. Gilligan's caring ethic. This article expands on Gilligan's schematic portrayal to provide a more (...) complete theoretical understanding of personal morality. Social and personal morality are contrasted to highlight their differences and interrelatedness. 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (shrink)

Dans le débat antique sur l’utilité militaire des compétitions athlétiques, la course à pied a parfois reçu l’appui inattendu de philosophes et de soldats. Il est vrai qu’à Olympie cette épreuve était la seule à comporter une variante avec armes, et qu’on la retrouve dans quelques rites qui semblent avoir pour fonction d’accorder à des jeunes gens les titres d’adulte et de guerrier. Plus généralement, le coureur semble entouré d’une aura héroïque, parfois concrétisée en un véritable culte, dont Achille fournit (...) le modèle idéal. Dans l’épopée, la course fonctionne en effet au sein d’un système de représentations qui associe toute une série d’incarnations de la vitesse (Achille, vents, chevaux, navires…) aux notions de force, d’instantanéité et de victoire. Ces représentations ont suffisamment modelé la pensée grecque pour rester prégnantes tout au long de l’histoire de l’athlétisme et de la guerre antiques ; elles offrent ainsi une clef de lecture de nombreuses anecdotes militaires. (shrink)

La philosophie de la religion n'est pas une discipline parmi d'autres. Sa courte histoire d'à peine trois siècles témoigne des états de la raison moderne et plus généralement de la modernité elle-même, si celle-ci peut se définir par les relations de la pensée à ses enracinements religieux, par les rapports de la raison à la croyance et à l'institution religieuse. Produit des Lumières, mais tout autant première réaction inquiète, romantique ou rétrograde, au projet d'une émancipation radicale par rapport au religieux (...) dont les Lumières semblaient l'achèvement, la philosophie de la religion a représenté le lieu essentiel où la raison moderne est venue se réfléchir, réfléchir son histoire et son opération, ce que la pensée occidentale avait fait de son lien à la religion, ce qu'elle allait ou devait en faire. C'est dire que sa démarche ne procédait pas simplement d'une curiosité intellectuelle à l'égard d'un objet parmi d'autres, fût-il l'objet "suprême" : son enjeu était rien moins que la nature de la modernité elle-même. Elle y traduisait les exigences de la raison occidentale, peut-être son besoin ; elle décidait d'une solution qui lui donne une assise ; elle en montrait le visage, dans ses dimensions épistémologiques, métaphysiques, morales, politiques. Cet enracinement dans les besoins de l'époque, les intérêts premiers de la raison, dans la nécessité aussi d'interpréter ce qui arrive à la modernité occidentale dans son rapport à la religion, continue d'en légitimer, aujourd'hui plus que jamais, l'exercice : c'est sa raison d'être. Or le noeud de cette intrigue, le centre polémique de ces rapports entre raison et religions que veut clarifier et traiter la philosophie de la religion, c'est la question de la vérité. Comme si son exercice était en définitive le prolongement technique et surtout le renouvellement de la question qu'un procurateur romain posait à un individu qui se proclamait lui-même la vérité : "Qu'est-ce que la vérité?" Cette question interroge la religion en deux sens : elle interroge pour savoir si la religion est vraie mais aussi pour savoir ce qu'est le vrai selon elle qui en fait également sa valeur suprême. Mais ce faisant, c'est bien la raison philosophique qui se pose à elle-même cette question : Qu'est-ce que la vérité pour toi, c'est-à-dire pour nous? Pour se poser une telle question, et la poser de manière si décisive à la religion, il faut qu'elle ait gardé un peu de son intérêt. Or cette question nous intéresse-t-elle encore? Dans notre modernité tardive que certains nomment postmoderne, tenons-nous encore à la vérité? C'est cette question qui est au centre de la philosophie de la religion. (shrink)

La « nouvelle pensée », telle que la conçoit Rosenzweig, semble liée au fait que le discours philosophique ferait enfin droit non seulement au sujet singulier, mais aussi à la personne même du philosophe. On ne décèle pourtant pas la trace d’une première personne dans L’Étoile de la Rédemption. En concentrant notre attention sur les premières lignes de L’Étoile de la Rédemption, on se propose d’examiner le sens et la forme originale donnés par Rosenzweig à l’idée d’une philosophie en première (...) personne – du Je criant au Je parlant et au Nous à venir.Le philosophe en personne. The « new thought », as Rosenzweig figures it out, seems to be linked to the fact that philosophical discourse would make finally a place not even for the singular subject but also for the philosopher himself. However no trace of a first singular person can be discovered within The Star of Redemption. By focusing especially on the opening lines of The Star, we propose to examine the signification and the original form given by Rosenzweig to the idea of a philosophical discourse in first person – from the screaming « I » to the speaking « I » and the coming « We ». (shrink)