The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted medical care in many ways; previously, a patient would enter a hospital and had an approximate idea of what would happen upon his admission, the physician informed them about it, but in the last two years this scenario has changed. Therefore, our aim was to identify if bioethical principles are present in the physician–patient relationship and the effect of these in the health care provided, through an observational and descriptive study where patients answered the validated (...) ReMePaB questionnaire that measures the presence of bioethical principles in the physician–patient relationship, on the seventh day of their hospital stay and 24 h after discharge, during the period from 1 August to 5 November 2020. In autonomy, an improvement in the score was observed in the second application compared to the first measurement; in the principle of non-vulnerability, the same scenario was observed for the first and second measurements, respectively. In the principles of beneficence, dignity, and justice, no statistically significant differences were observed. Considering the presence or absence of bioethical aspects in health care in this pandemic creates an area of opportunity to know the feelings of the patient during the care received and to maintain what is done well and improve those aspects that can be improved. (shrink)

El presente trabajo versa sobre las posibilidades de agencia animal (en términos de cultura, lenguaje, ética y política) en la novela Su nombre era muerte del escritor mexicano Rafael Bernal, a través del concepto de devenir animal de la filosofía contemporánea. Como punto de partida, se toma la apertura de mundo acontecida en esta novela —el aprendizaje del protagonista del lenguaje de los moscos anófeles de la Selva Lacandona—; después, se presenta un resumen de distintas posturas filosóficas sobre (...) el lugar de los animales en la cultura: la modernidad cartesiana, el vitalismo de Nietzsche, la reconstrucción ontológica del posthumanismo y el devenir animal en Deleuze, Guattari y otros filósofos contemporáneos. El objetivo del texto es repensar las capacidades creadoras de la vida animal (así como sus límites y abusos) dentro de la construcción cultural de las sociedades contemporáneas. (shrink)

This paper deals with intercultural aspects of privacy, particularly with regard to differences between Japanese and Western conceptions. It starts with a reconstruction of the genealogy of Western subjectivity and human dignity as the basic assumptions underlying Western views on privacy. An analysis of the Western concept of informational privacy is presented. The Japanese topic of ‘‘denial of self” (Musi) as well as the concepts of Seken, Shakai and Ikai (as analyzed by the authors of the companion piece on privacy (...) in Japan) give rise to intercultural comparisons. The paper addresses the question of privacy in cyberspace and mass media. Finally the question of freedom of speech is related to the Japanese concepts of Ohyake and Watakusi. (shrink)

This paper presents an interpretation of the paradoxical decision of Abraham done by Søren A. Kierkegaard in his work Fear and Trembling as an ethics of silence. The main idea is to understand ethics not as moral standards or specific duties, but as the responsibility of becoming a single individual in time; singularity as the intimate and personal relationship with the calling of love. In such a way, that silence is the experience of the encounter with the paradox that being (...) human means to be singular in conditions that claim an universal and general transparent manifestation dependent of the dominant rational discourse.Then, silence becomes the fundamental ethical claim to become a human person, as spirit in time, where it becomes a time of trial and examination, a temporality, where the trial is the fidelity to love’s calling, the listening of the possibilities that are presented by the anxiety of the decision. These possibilities are not immanent to the world or to history, they call for a personal choice, always containing a space of revelation; therefore of listening to the interiority of the personal choice that for Kierkegaard is the passion of faith, communicated and lived in silence. Concluding that an ethics of silence by the image of Abraham implies to re-think the role of philosophy in relationship to faith, hope and love in time, as a silent thought. (shrink)

What is the nature of number systems and arithmetic that we use in science for quantification, analysis, and modeling? I argue that number concepts and arithmetic are neither hardwired in the brain, nor do they exist out there in the universe. Innate subitizing and early cognitive preconditions for number— which we share with many other species—cannot provide the foundations for the precision, richness, and range of number concepts and simple arithmetic, let alone that of more complex mathematical concepts. Numbers and (...) arithmetic, and mathematics in general, have unique features—precision, objectivity, rigor, generalizability, stability, symbolizability, and applicability to the real world—that must be accounted for. They are sophisticated concepts that developed culturally only in recent human history. I suggest that numbers and arithmetic are realized through precise combinations of non-mathematical everyday cognitive mechanisms that make human imagination and abstraction possible. One such mechanism, conceptual metaphor, is a neurally instantiated inference-preserving cross-domain mapping that allows the conceptualization of abstract entities in terms of grounded bodily experience. I analyze how the inferential organization of the properties and “laws” of arithmetic emerge metaphorically from everyday meaningful actions. Numbers and arithmetic are thus—outside of natural selection—the product of the biologically constrained interaction of individuals with the appropriate cultural and historical phenotypic variation supported by language, writing systems, and education. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn the process of teaching law, is necessary to address some aspects that are not framed in strictly legal knowledge and require different strategies to be approach by the professor. An exa...

Research Ethics Committees have the responsibility to protect the participants involved in researches and to guarantee the ethical behavior of researchers. In some institutions, such committees also review scientific projects of non-pharmaceutical areas, Public Health and Health Economics. Within this framework, the article analyzes what it means to be part of a Research Ethics Committee in a hospital or university based on personal experience as a community representative. By means of the convenience sampling technique, implemented in four Colombian cities that (...) have GCP-certified committees by INVIMA –National Institute for the Control of Medications and Food–, and by means of content analysis, based on fixed and emergent categories; the experience, perception, participation, representation, and ethical aspects are described as well as the learning process and personal contributions. Findings prove that representatives interviewed have been benefited by learning clinic and epidemiological aspects without necessarily being “experts in the community”. However, they seem not to recognize clearly the population they represent, which might lead these communities to being affected by certain particular studies. The article suggests to work on the minimal common elements that a community representative should possess to appropriately protect participants. (shrink)

In his Vermischte Bemerkungen 43, Wittgenstein notices that he was also influenced by Oswald Spengler. The paper deals with the question of in which way Spengler influenced Wittgenstein’s late works and if it really was influence or only a coincidence of ideas. It is put forward that Spengler’s rather unknown philosophy of language influenced Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language, especially the concepts of family resemblance, antiessentialism, and language-game (Sprachspiel). A picture of the famous Neapolitan gesture of “negation” which motivated Wittgenstein to (...) give up the picture theory of language is also shown with an example taken from Andrea de Jorio, La mimica degli antichi investigala nel gestire napoletano, Napoli 1832. (shrink)

One of the challenges of teaching of bioethics is to com-bine theory and practice. It would seem less complicated to do so with bioethics, given the large extent to which its contents are oriented towards practice. There are even authors who question the very possibility of teaching bioethics, arguing that the fundamentals of ethics are imparted at home and their presence in university curricula is unwarranted. Seemingly, the mission of medicine itself is already set, and it is hard to find (...) differing points of view on the objectives that are so peacefully accepted. Perhaps the problem is one of misconception, since those objectives now are perceived largely from a technical perspective in which knowledge and know-how take precedent and where investigative skills and those that lead to the best possible management of the generally scarce resources allocated to health are what matter the most. (shrink)

The paper addresses severalethical issues in online communication researchin light of digital ontology as well as theepistemological questions raised by theblurring boundary between fact and theory inthis field. The concept of ontology is used ina Heideggerian sense as related to the humancapacity of world construction on the basis ofthe givenness of our being-in-the-world.Ethical dilemmas of Internet research thusarise from the tension between bodily existenceand the proper object of research, i.e., onlineexistence. The following issues are beingconsidered: online identity, online language,online consent (...) and confidentiality. We alsoargue that research ethics in the US followsthe utilitarian tradition, while Europeanresearchers are deontologically oriented. Aguideline of best practice in online researchethics is proposed. (shrink)

The paper puts forward that the basic principle of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus (4.0312) transforms the supreme principle of all synthetic judgments a priori in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (A158/B197) from a level of reason to the level of language. Both philosophers, Kant and Wittgenstein, put forward a transcendental principle and both hold a formal identity true, Kant an identity between the form of experience and the form of the object of experience, Wittgenstein an identity between the form of a sentence (...) and the form of a fact. (shrink)

Despite the fact that Aristotle and Frege/Russell differ in how to understand the ambiguity in the meaning of the word “is”, their theories share a common feature: “is” does not have a normative meaning. This paper, however, (I) shows (a) that there is a normative meaning of “is” (and correspondingly a constative meaning of the word “ought”) and (b) that the ambiguity of “is” is itself ambiguous. Furthermore, it proposes (c) a performative criterion for making a distinction between constative and (...) normative “is”. Thereby, (II) a new interpretation of Kant’s critique of the ontological argument (CPR A 598/B626) makes sense: The difference between being as a real predicate and being as a position depends on the difference between “is” as a descriptive and “is” as a normative predicate. (III) The criterion also makes possible a new answer to Leibniz’s and Schelling’s question, “Why is there something rather than nothing?”: The “is” in “there is something” is normative and the question means “Why shall there be something rather than nothing?”. As “there shall be nothing” is self-refuting, the question evokes an ultimate foundation in a practical sense. (shrink)

The paper deals with the beginning and the main properties of the science of nature (he peri physeos historiê). According to Themistius (DK 12 A 7), the founder of this kind of Ionic philosophy is Anaximander of Miletus because he was the first who wrote about nature (especially a cosmography and a cosmogony) and developed three main principles of nature: 1. Nature has a mathematical structure (Arist. De coelo I3 295b10-14.32); 2. nature has a physical structure (DK 12 A 10-11); (...) and 3. nature follows natural laws (DK 12 A 9). The origin of this introduction lies in the prolongation of primitive expectations of constancy. It is especially argued that the shift from mythos to logos is characterized by the depersonalization of nature and the introduction of theoretical terms. In fact, the "apeiron" of Anaximander seems to be something similar to a theoretical term, because Anaximander seems to have realized that the explanans of nature cannot be one of its explananda like water (Thales) or air (Anaximenes). (shrink)

This is an obituary notice on Henri Lauener (1933-2002).

This is a report on the II Symposium Platonicum, which took place in Perugia, Italy, September 1-6, 1989, and on the founding of the International Plato Society, which took place in Bevagna, Province of Perugia, Umbria, Italy, September 3, 1989.

El ensayo explora la evolución de las concepciones filosóficas y religiosas sobre la relación entre el ser humano y los animales, destacando la transformación del antropocentrismo teológico hacia una visión más naturalista y respetuosa. Partiendo del creacionismo judeocristiano, donde los animales son considerados subordinados al hombre, el texto analiza prácticas religiosas antiguas, como los sacrificios en Grecia, Persia y el judaísmo. Posteriormente, aborda la crítica moderna a la superioridad humana a través de pensadores como Pascal, Giordano Bruno y Schopenhauer, quien (...) denuncia la crueldad humana hacia los animales. El texto culmina señalando que los animales poseen una función natural justificada, a diferencia del ser humano, y plantea la necesidad de ampliar la esfera moral hacia ellos y hacia la naturaleza en su conjunto, alineándose con la ética de Peter Singer y los principios ecológicos contemporáneos. (shrink)

En 'Cuestiones fundamentales de la sociología', texto hasta ahora inédito en castellano, Simmel sitúa el campo de investigación de esta disciplina como el espacio intermedio donde se produce el constante fluir de la interacción social, donde los encuentros generan actitudes y rituales, tanto en situaciones previstas como casuales y espontáneas. Por eso, Simmel incluye en su perspectiva sociológica fenómenos hasta ese momento desatendidos, como el secreto, el amor, la amistad, el adorno, el vestir, los perfumes, la hostilidad y la hospitalidad, (...) la fidelidad y la gratitud. Al evitar el estilo científico académico, Simmel crea un nuevo tipo de ciencia, que partiendo de una interrogación epistemológica y ontológica es capaz de proporcionar estructuras cognitivas sólidas acerca de las formas empíricas de lo social. De ahí que su 'sociología formal' desemboque en una 'sociología filosófica', desde la que plantea tres grandes oposiciones no superadas; entre individuo y sociedad, entre libertad e igualdad y entre socialismo e individualismo. Integrar estos contrastes en una síntesis es la gran tarea del futuro, 'una vez que el primado de las formas deje de ser patrimonio de la economía'. (shrink)

Este artigo investiga alguns usos da metáfora da linguagem como cálculo em Wittgenstein. A metáfora do cálculo emerge, nos anos 30, numa interlocução com o referencialista, e é ali instrumental na recondução do olhar filosófico para os usos efetivos do simbolismo linguístico. Contudo, foi levada longe demais, ao sugerir uma imagem da linguagem composta apenas de inferências à maneira dos sistemas de regras fechados. Isto embargaria certa expansão pragmática do contexto criterial da análise conceitual. Mas a aplicabilidade do símile do (...) cálculo não é invalidada. A metáfora será reativada em manuscritos posteriores, sempre e quando puder servir aos mesmos propósitos do período intermediário, à medida que o ambiente dialógico convoque novas vozes dogmaticamente referencialistas. Ainda assim, é nos manuscritos intermediários que melhor se esclarece o seu funcionamento. Tal movimento exemplifica, por fim, um método filosófico que não procede por meio da superação de problemas à maneira científica. (shrink)

Este artículo intenta mostrar los comienzos de la filosofía jurídica de Alasdair MacIntyre antes de la publicación de After Virtue. MacIntyre sostiene que en las sociedades liberales la regulación es un sustituto para la moralidad cuando las sociedades no tienen fundamentos morales adecuados. Para entender esta conclusión, se examina la evolución filosófica de MacIntyre desde 1960 hasta 1980.

O presente texto tem como objetivo estabelecer algumas relações entre o poema de Parmênides e as Investigações Lógicas, de Frege. Mais especificamente, nosso objetivo é iluminar certos aspectos do poema de Parmênides por meio de uma comparação com certas noções utilizadas por Frege para caracterizar aspectos centrais de seu pensamento. The aim of this paper is to establish some relationships between Parmenides' Poem and Frege's Logical Investigations. More specifically, our objective is to illuminate some aspects of the Parmenides' Poem by (...) comparing it to certain notions used by Frege in his Logical Investigations. (shrink)

El presente trabajo expone las similitudes �o coincidencias� entre las obras filosóficas de Paul Ricoeur y Ludwig Wittgenstein. Se establece un marco de comparación entre las categorías memoria-habito y memoria-recuerdo (cuya oposición analiza Ricoeur desde una fenomenología de la memoria en su obra La Memoria, la historia, el olvido) y las categorías ver y ver aspectos (cuya oposición analiza Wittgenstein desde una filosofía del lenguaje en su obra Observaciones sobre la filosofía de la psicología). De estos pares de oposiciones se (...) extraen puntos de comparación que permiten entender la funcionalidad del trabajo historiográfico. (shrink)

Nos acercamos a la figura de Gabriel Riesco Fernández del Campo por ser una de las más prolíficas de la planificación urbana de España y El Salvador del siglo XX, como autor de más de 180 planes. Tras el estudio de su biografía y de algunas de sus obras podemos situarlo en la más alta Administración pública de ambos países, donde su trabajo fue determinante para su ordenación territorial, en los años 50 y tras el terremoto de 1986 en Centroamérica, (...) y en España durante el desarrollismo y la constitución de las Comunidades Autónomas. Asimismo fue asesor de Naciones Unidas para la ordenación territorial en El Salvador. Su obra arquitectónica es aún más desconocida. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa tratar do “novo materialismo” na filosofia de Karl Marx após 1845, com a produção das chamadas _Teses ad Feuerbach_. Nesse sentido, buscaremos expor essa nova concepção filosófica através da reformulação da relação sujeito-objeto levada a cabo por Marx, que levou o autor a uma noção crítica de ciência, distinta daquela que vigorava no pensamento europeu e posteriormente caracterizada como tradicional, bem como da crítica da metafísica da economia política. A partir dessas críticas, a concepção marxiana se (...) apresenta como uma continuação da chamada _deutsch Wissenschaft_, uma ciência filosófica, influenciada desde Hegel, que agora coloca o modo de produção capitalista como objeto crítico que constitui uma essência histórica específica e que deve ser conhecida enquanto tomada de consciência de si e por si apontando para a necessidade de rompimento com uma atividade científica instrumentalizada pelas necessidades do desenvolvimento das relações de produção e da valorização da riqueza capitalistas. Nesse sentido, a filosofia marxiana, tendo a negatividade como motor da razão, fundamenta uma teoria crítica e revolucionária da sociedade capitalista e reivindica uma práxis emancipadora e emancipada dos interesses e finalidades da produção capitalista estrita. (shrink)

El crecimiento y el desarrollo de la complejidad cultural a lo largo de la historia humana, poseen la forma de una espiral en movimiento que se abre a las posibilidades; desde un punto se extienden una serie de círculos concéntricos que amplían el espectro cultural. Esta apertura la podemos percibir desde un concepto clave en la obra wittgensteineana, a saber, la noción de ver aspectos. Por otra parte, con ella también podemos distinguir y entender otro punto clave en esa dinámica (...) cultural, ello es: la idea de cambio y conflicto social. Así pues, la idea del presente trabajo es mostrar las estructuras epistémicas con las que operan los conflictos y los cambios socioculturales -tan relevantes para el desarrollo social y la teoría antropológica-, tomando como fondo la idea wittgensteineana de visión de aspectos. Con lo que encontramos, que el presente artículo además de ser una contribución al “estudio cultural” con base en un interés epistemológico, pretende vincular la filosofía wittgensteineana con la antropología científica.Palabras clave: Visión de aspectos, conflicto, cambio social, Wittgenstein, epistemología.The growth and development of cultural complexity throughout human history has had the form of a moving spiral that opens to possibilities; from one point, a series of concentric circles is extended that expand the cultural spectrum. This opening can be perceived from a key concept in Wittgenstein’s thought, namely, the notion of seeing aspects. On the other hand, with this concept we can also identify and understand another key point in that cultural dynamic: the idea of change and social conflict. Thus, the idea of this paper is to show the epistemic structures through which conflicts and socio-cultural changes operate, which are so relevant to social development and the anthropological theory, taking the Wittgensteinian idea of seeing aspects as a background. This article is not only a contribution to “cultural study” based on an epistemological interest, but it also tries to link Wittgenstein’s philosophy with scientific anthropology.Key words: Vision of aspects, conflict, social change, Wittgenstein, epistemology. (shrink)

Jacques Derrida delivered the basis of The Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, & the New International as a plenary address at the conference ‘Whither Marxism?’ hosted by the University of California, Riverside, in 1993. The longer book version was published in French the same year and appeared in English and Portuguese the following year. In the decade after the publication of Specters, Derrida’s analyses provoked a large critical literature and invited both consternation and (...) celebration by figures such as Antonio Negri, Wendy Brown and Frederic Jameson. This forum seeks to stimulate new reflections on Derrida, deconstruction and Specters of Marx by considering how the futures past announced by the book have fared after an eventful quarter century. In this fifth group of contributions, three philosophers explore the specters of colonialidade, the specifically Brazilian legacies of Portuguese and European coloniality. Carla Rodrigues opens the dialogue by exploring the haunting and melancholy provoked by colonial forms of violence and shows how confronting Brazilian necropolitics sustains the Derridean legacy; Rafael Haddock-Lobo offers a meditation on the difficulties of being before the law and standing before specters as a means of being justly haunted by the others of European philosophy in Brazil; finally, Marcelo Moraes continues the theme of Europe as a specter-producing machine and invokes specifically the presences of indigenous and Afro-Brazilian political resistances with the aim of deconstructing coloniality. (shrink)

One of the crossroads or paradoxes of which human beings are constituted is that of time and eternity. Of course, our life consists of movement; but we would not be able to understand this were we not in some way or another over and above this plane, ensconced in some form of eternity, that is, in a mode of existence that transcends time. This extremely peculiar, and if you wish, dramatic, situation, readily prods to an interpretative effort. Does eternity mean (...) that we are immortal? Or, on the contrary, is our life an absurdity, an ever-unfulfilled promise? Should we then inhibit our dreams, or should we rather intensify our desires with the hope of the infinite? (shrink)