El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la dificultad y los límites para comprender el significado ético de las decisiones profesionales. Éstas denotan tensiones dialécticas entre lo que el individuo considera su responsabilidad directa y las condiciones en las cuales se ve obligado a actuar y no puede controlar. En otras palabras, se cree actuar con buenas intenciones y razones legítimas y termina determinado por una cadena de acciones que lo llevan a un colapso del significado moral, tanto de sí (...) mismo y del valor del acto en sí, lo cual se convierte en un argumento para justificar la violencia de sus actos. Proponemos que la ética puede comprender estas tensiones si se toman en cuenta las problemáticas existenciales internas de la persona que decide, como son la angustia y la desesperación en conjunto con las aportaciones de las teorías del comportamiento y la comunicación organizacional. Para ello se analiza el caso de las decisiones del fraude financiero llevado a cabo por Bernard Madoff. (shrink)

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a much-discussed subject in the business world. The Internet has become one of the main tools for CSR information disclosure, allowing companies to publicise more information less expensively and faster than ever before. As a result, corporations are increasingly concerned with communicating ethically and responsibly to the diversity of stakeholders through the web. This paper addresses the main question as whether CSR information disclosure on corporate websites is influenced by country of origin and/or industry (...) sector. Analysing the websites of 127 corporations from emerging countries, such as Brazil, Chile, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Thailand and South Africa, it becomes evident that both country of origin and industry sector have a significant influence over CSR information disclosure on the web (CSRIDOW). Based on the data studied, country of origin has a stronger influence over CSRIDOW than industry sector. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es el de analizar las condiciones y potencialidades derivadas de la fijación en el pasado que caracteriza a algunas producciones culturales del exilio español de 1939. Profundizando en la noción de “temporalidad exílica”, recuperaremos el debate contemporáneo en torno a su proyección en la España democrática. Desde el interior del mismo, ofreceremos argumentos a través de una indagación filosófica sobre la noción de melancolía que intenta trascender los enfoques clásicos respecto a la misma. En base (...) a esta interpretación, defenderemos que la recuperación de un pretérito doloroso por parte de los exiliados que regresaron a España no es un índice de una memoria patológica y auto-complaciente. Al contrario, es la semilla para revelar los déficits y lagunas del proceso transicional español; en lo que se refiere a la recuperación simbólica y material de las víctimas asociadas al bando vencido en la guerra civil. (shrink)

Hay sufrimiento en el mundo, hay mal en el mundo. Existe evidencia de ambos. No todo sufrimiento parece ser con vistas a un bien mayor. Es decir, parece haber casos de mal gratuito o injustificado. El pasado 2 de febrero del 2024, observamos en Viña del Mar - Chile las trágicas consecuencias de un devastador incendio forestal, probablemente provocado intencionalmente por el ser humano. Ante escenarios de este tipo, el desafío epistémico para quienes creemos en Dios es preguntarnos si este (...) es un caso de mal innecesario y si, de ser así, tiene alguna implicancia para la creencia en Dios. En este escrito plantearé los riesgos de racionalizar el sufrimiento, sin que ello implique que la búsqueda de razones sobre el mismo (su explicación) derive en una justificación indirecta del mismo. En última instancia, se trata de distinguir entre evaluar las causas de un evento, la justificación del evento y la evaluación ética del mismo. (shrink)

A pesar de ser una destacada figura del siglo XIX colombiano, la filosofía de José Eusebio Caro (1817-1853) no ha sido sujeto de muchas investigaciones académicas. Las pocas que se han hecho se enfocan sobre todo en sus escritos políticos, su obra de juventud Mecánica social, o su antropología y sus influencias. Sin embargo, el artículo de Andrade González (1967) destaca por sugerir sin evidencias que Caro conoció la filosofía de Schopenhauer durante su exilio en Nueva York. El propósito de (...) este artículo es llevar más lejos dicha sugerencia afirmando que Caro no solo pudo ser el primer filósofo colombiano que hizo una apropiación personal de la filosofía de Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860); sino que incluso pudo ser el primero en tener acceso a las obras del filósofo alemán. A pesar de que no haya evidencia textual directa, se sostiene que hay muchas evidencias textuales indirectas y contextuales para sostener la afirmación. En la primera parte del presente artículo se analizan las primeras, que se fundamentan en las similitudes y diferencias del concepto “vida”presentes en las obras El mundo como voluntad y representación de Schopenhauer y en Meditaciones sobre la ciencia del bien y del mal de Caro. En la segunda parte, se analizan las evidencias contextuales, que se basan en el probable acceso a revista Westminster Review, al igual que a las ediciones americanas de la obra de Schopenhauer. La conclusión plantea que la apropiación de la filosofía schopenhaueriana por parte de Caro tiene implicaciones significativas para la historia de la filosofía en Colombia, pues desafía varios postulados normalizadores que han establecido la narrativa de dicha historia. (shrink)

A strange dialectical reversal characterizes the oppositions which psychoanalysis posits against philosophy and neuroscience: what psychoanalysis intervenes with as a unique and missing quality of these subjects, reveals itself upon enquiry as already having been a feature of said subjects. This article first discusses the failed intervention of psychoanalysis within the perceived totalities and absolutes of German idealism. Psychoanalysis, founded on an ontological division and internal inconsistency with a retroactive logic, finds this internal contradiction already reflected within the supposed totalities (...) of Schelling and Hegel. Schelling’s “blind act,” a decision with no prior foundation that grounds an abstract identity-in-itself, appears as the counterpart to what Badiou calls the strictly “analytic act.” Hegel’s Science of Logic, in which the inconclusive interpenetration of being and nothing presupposes its own conclusion in the transitions to essence, and in which an internal incompleteness and contradiction are retroactively constitutive of the concept, similarly nullifies the intervention of psychoanalysis. Finally, precisely such a reversal is presented in neuroscience, where the constitutive contradiction of contingently functional neuronal formations in the adaptive “multiple demand” model of executive functioning repeats the contingent and self-contradicting psychoanalytic subject as being its own deference within linguistic, discursive formations. (shrink)

Na era das tecnologias digitais, entender vieses algorítmicos por meio das teorias da verdade ajuda a fazer perguntas cujas respostas facilitam a filtragem da informação de forma mais eficaz. O ganho é a compreensão aprofundada da realidade.

El crecimiento y el desarrollo de la complejidad cultural a lo largo de la historia humana, poseen la forma de una espiral en movimiento que se abre a las posibilidades; desde un punto se extienden una serie de círculos concéntricos que amplían el espectro cultural. Esta apertura la podemos percibir desde un concepto clave en la obra wittgensteineana, a saber, la noción de ver aspectos. Por otra parte, con ella también podemos distinguir y entender otro punto clave en esa dinámica (...) cultural, ello es: la idea de cambio y conflicto social. Así pues, la idea del presente trabajo es mostrar las estructuras epistémicas con las que operan los conflictos y los cambios socioculturales -tan relevantes para el desarrollo social y la teoría antropológica-, tomando como fondo la idea wittgensteineana de visión de aspectos. Con lo que encontramos, que el presente artículo además de ser una contribución al “estudio cultural” con base en un interés epistemológico, pretende vincular la filosofía wittgensteineana con la antropología científica.Palabras clave: Visión de aspectos, conflicto, cambio social, Wittgenstein, epistemología.The growth and development of cultural complexity throughout human history has had the form of a moving spiral that opens to possibilities; from one point, a series of concentric circles is extended that expand the cultural spectrum. This opening can be perceived from a key concept in Wittgenstein’s thought, namely, the notion of seeing aspects. On the other hand, with this concept we can also identify and understand another key point in that cultural dynamic: the idea of change and social conflict. Thus, the idea of this paper is to show the epistemic structures through which conflicts and socio-cultural changes operate, which are so relevant to social development and the anthropological theory, taking the Wittgensteinian idea of seeing aspects as a background. This article is not only a contribution to “cultural study” based on an epistemological interest, but it also tries to link Wittgenstein’s philosophy with scientific anthropology.Key words: Vision of aspects, conflict, social change, Wittgenstein, epistemology. (shrink)

Although formal analysis provides us with interesting tools for treating Curry’s paradox, it certainly does not exhaust every possible reading of it. Thus, we suggest that this paradox should be analysed with non-formal tools coming from pragmatics. In this way, using Grice’s logic of conversation, we will see that Curry’s sentence can be reinterpreted as a peculiar conditional sentence implying its own consequent.

Pretendemos examinar a noção de consciência (Gewissen) na primeira fase do pensamento heideggeriano. Para tanto, investigamos Ser e Tempo, em especial o segundo capítulo da segunda seção (§§ 55-60), no qual o autordestaca o fenômeno da consciência como existencial e originário, designando-o como apelação. Através da consciência – ao apelar e ao mesmo tempo compreender o clamor dessa apelação – o ser-aí, enquanto ser-no-mundo, pode ser de modo autêntico. Notemos que à pergunta quem clama nessa aclamação, responde-se: o ser-aí angustiado. (...) A consciência, dessa forma, designa o movimento pelo qual o ser-aí direciona-se para o seu poder-ser, em sentido autêntico que, como possibilidade, já e sempre é.Keywords:Consciência. Ser e Tempo. Apelação. Autenticidade. (shrink)

What did the early Greek philosophers think about animals and their lives? How did they view plants? And, ultimately, what type of relationship did they envisage between all sorts of living beings? On these topics there is evidence of a prolonged investigation by several Presocratics. However, scholarship has paid little attention to these issues and to the surprisingly "modern" development they received in Presocratics' doctrines. This book fills this lacuna through a detailed (and largely unprecedented) analysis of the extant evidence. (...) The volume includes also the first extensive collection of the ancient sources pertaining to living beings and life in early Greek philosophy, organized chronologically and thematically. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es identificar convergencias y diferencias acerca de la relación fe-cultura en las reflexiones de tres teólogos latinoamericanos, quienes representan, de alguna manera, tres grandes líneas teológicas de los últimos cincuenta años. Los tres autores convergen en su interés por conocer e interpretar la cultura latinoamericana y su relación con el Evangelio. Pero divergen en una variedad de aspectos. Esto se puede apreciar por los conceptos, o categorías, utilizados: la idea de la liberación sociocultural como implicación (...) de la misma evangelización, la idea de una síntesis entre las culturas originarias y la evangelización ibérica, y la idea que valora la realidad multiétnica y pluricultural de nuestro subcontinente. Los tres autores estudiados muestran más diversidad que convergencia, e incluso, oposición entre sus planteamientos y opciones pastorales. The purpose of this article is to identify similarities and differences about the relationship between faith and culture in the reflections of three Latin American theologians who represent, somehow, three great theological lines cin-account recent years. The three authors converge in their interest to know and interpret Latin American culture and its relationship with the Gospel. But they diverge in a variety of ways. This can be seen by concepts, or categories, used the idea of cultural liberation as involvement in the same evangelization, the idea of a synthesis between the native cultures and the Iberian evangelization, and the idea that values the multiethnic and multicultural reality of our continent. The three authors studied show more diversity than convergence, and even opposition between his approach and pastoral options. (shrink)

Integrating RDF datasets has become a relevant problem for both researchers and practitioners. In the literature, there are many genetic proposals that learn rules that allow to link the resources that refer to the same real-world entities, which is paramount to integrating the datasets. Unfortunately, they are context-unaware because they focus on the resources and their attributes but forget about their neighbours. This implies that they fall short in cases in which different resources have similar attributes but refer to different (...) real-world entities or cases in which they have dissimilar attributes but refer to the same real-world entities. In this article, we present a proposal that learns context-aware rules that take into account both the attributes of the resources and their neighbours. We have conducted an extensive experimentation that proves that it outperforms the most advanced genetic proposal. Our conclusions were checked using statistically sound methods. (shrink)

Numerous mediators are involved in both the control and the transmission of nociceptive messages, and several lines of research have been developed in the management of pain. Complete enkephalin- degrading enzyme inhibitors, which produce naloxone-reversible analgesia in all tests where morphine has been found to be active, remains the most promising way. CCK compounds, especially the CCKB antagonists also may be interesting drugs. Indeed, they are able to strongly potentiate the antinociceptive effects of the opioids. [dickenson, wiesenfeld-hallin et al.].

El presente trabajo expone las similitudes �o coincidencias� entre las obras filosóficas de Paul Ricoeur y Ludwig Wittgenstein. Se establece un marco de comparación entre las categorías memoria-habito y memoria-recuerdo (cuya oposición analiza Ricoeur desde una fenomenología de la memoria en su obra La Memoria, la historia, el olvido) y las categorías ver y ver aspectos (cuya oposición analiza Wittgenstein desde una filosofía del lenguaje en su obra Observaciones sobre la filosofía de la psicología). De estos pares de oposiciones se (...) extraen puntos de comparación que permiten entender la funcionalidad del trabajo historiográfico. (shrink)

In this paper we present the problem of a noisy lexical taxonomy and suggest two tasks as potential remedies. The first task is to identify and eliminate incorrect hypernymy links, and the second is to repopulate the taxonomy with new relations. The first task consists of revising the entire taxonomy and returning a Boolean for each assertion of hypernymy between two nouns (e.g. brie is a kind of cheese). The second task consists of recursively producing a chain of hypernyms for (...) a given noun, until the most general node in the taxonomy is reached (e.g. brie → cheese → food → etc.). In order to achieve these goals, we implemented a hybrid hypernym-detection algorithm that incorporates various intuitions, such as syntagmatic, paradigmatic and morphological association measures as well as lexical patterns. We evaluate these algorithms individually and collectively and report findings in Spanish, English and French. (shrink)

En el año 2017, el profesor Antonio Diéguez Lucena nos brindó la oportunidad de conocer sintéticamente el pensamiento transhumanista cuando publicó Transhumanismo. La búsqueda tecnológica del mejoramiento humano. Fue una gran oportunidad para el público de habla hispana la recepción de una obra de estas características, pues Diéguez logró, con rigor académico y profundo diálogo filosófico, abordar las principales cuestiones —tanto desde un punto de vista cultural como tecnológico— que el pensamiento transhumanista plantea. La labor investigadora y divulgadora del profesor (...) Diéguez no acabó con esa publicación. Por eso, en plena pandemia del COVID-19, publicó en el año 2021 su último libro sobre el pensamiento transhumanista, en el que continúa reflexionando sobre algunos temas tratados en el anterior y los desarrolla. La obra se titula Cuerpos inadecuados. El desafío transhumanista a la filosofía. Con su estilo sutil y discreto, Diéguez cuestiona las promesas transhumanistas de nuevo y nos invita a leerle con detenimiento, pues paulatinamente desarticula parte del andamiaje filosófico del transhumanismo enfriando, como en su primera obra sobre este tema, las promesas de este movimiento tecnocultural. (shrink)

Praxis Filosófica Nueva serie, No. 41, julio-diciembre 2015: 217 - 232 ISSN: 0120-4688EL PRÍNCIPE DE MAQUIAVELO:DESAFÍOS, LEGADOS Y SIGNIFICADOSJorge Andrés López Rivera, CompiladorCali, Pontificia Universidad Javerianay Universidad del Valle, 2014, 286 páginas.

El propósito fundamental del presente artículo es el de ofrecer una reconstrucción y exégesis de las reflexiones del filósofo español exiliado Juan David García Bacca en torno al problema filosófico del tiempo. En este sentido, a través de la lectura de varias de sus obras extraeremos aquellos elementos de su pensamiento que nos ofrecerán herramientas conceptuales para prefigurar las tensiones vinculadas al tratamiento de estas cuestiones por buena parte de la tradición filosófica occidental. De esta forma, partiendo del diagnóstico de (...) las aporías de la temporalidad desarrollado por Paul Ricoeur explicitaremos de qué manera la metafísica de García Bacca obliga a volver a pensar los fundamentos ontológicos del tiempo. Así, su metafísica _transustanciadora _dotará de una relevancia insoslayable a los instrumentos de medición del tiempo – en sus palabras, de _temporalización _ - en la configuración de la realidad. Ello nos permitirá rastrear desde su pensamiento una novedosa articulación de las relaciones y dependencias entre técnica y temporalidad que prefigura de forma heterodoxa la aproximación filosófica a este concepto. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda la experiencia cotidiana de la violencia criminal entre estudiantes de preparatoria en la ciudad de Acapulco de Juárez en el Estado de Guerrero, en el sur de México. De forma particular, la investigación analiza el rol de la violencia en la conformación de campos de experiencia y horizontes de expectativas precarios entre esta población, mostrando cómo a través de dicho proceso se conforman lo que llamamos horizontes fragmentados, al interior de los cuales la producción de sentidos (...) contradictorios en torno a la experiencia de la inseguridad contribuye a los procesos de neoproletarización en el capitalismo contemporáneo. (shrink)

In this article we explore how Swedish welfare politics within health‐care and rehabilitation has opened up a space for nurses’ and occupational therapists’ professional projects. Using historical data, an analysis of the policy‐making process behind welfare programs central to the professionalization of nursing and occupational therapy is presented. The time period covered is, in the case of nurses, the larger part of the twentieth century, while the modern history of occupational therapists first began in the 1940s. Special emphasis is placed (...) on the corporative nature of the Swedish welfare state and the professional strategies utilized by nurses and occupational therapists in their struggle for jurisdiction. In the article, politicization is identified as a core strategy by which female‐dominated welfare state occupations in Sweden have tried to gain influence over the welfare policy‐making process and their occupations’ jurisdiction. (shrink)

Deepfakes are highly realistic, albeit fake, audiovisual contents created with AI. This technology allows the use of deceptive audiovisual material that can impersonate someone’s identity to erode their reputation or manipulate the audience. Deepfakes are also one of the applications of AI that can be used in cultural industries and even to produce works of art. On the one hand, it is important to clarify whether deepfakes in arts and culture are free from the ethical dangers mentioned above. On the (...) other hand, there are specific ethical issues in this field of application. Deepfake technologies can be used to include the performance of deceased persons in audiovisual materials for the dissemination of cultural heritage, and to generate images or sounds in the style of real authors, but deepfakes are also potentially misleading by blurring the boundary between artwork and reality, and raise questions about the relationship between technology, artificial creativity and authorship. The answer to these problems requires an analysis of the normative foundations of copyright to accommodate the new role of AI. (shrink)

El objeto del presente artículo es el estudio y comparación del transhumanismo de Julian Huxley y del trasumanar de Dante Alighieri. Aunque sean autores separados en el tiempo, están conectados por el hecho de que el trasumanar de Dante inspiró la formulación de la palabra con la que Huxley definió su filosofía, el transhumanismo. De este modo, se recorre a lo largo del artículo el pensamiento de Dante hasta llegar, después, al de Huxley con el objetivo de compararlos y comprobar (...) el alcance antropológico de ambas propuestas filosóficas. (shrink)

BackgroundYouth substance use is a public health problem globally, where alcohol is one of the drugs most consumed by children, and youth prevention is the best intervention for drug abuse.ObjectiveReview the latest evidence of alcohol use prevention programs in empirical research, oriented to all fields of action among children and youth.MethodsA narrative and critical review was carried out within international databases in August 2021 and was limited to empirical studies that appeared in the last five years. A flow diagram was (...) used according to the PRISMA statements. Empirical research articles in English with RCTs and quasi-experimental design that included alcohol, children, and young people up to 19 years of age were included. The authors examined the results and conceptual frameworks of the Prevention programs by fields of action.ResultsTwenty-two articles were found from four fields of action: school, family, community, and web-based, representing 16 alcohol prevention programs. School-based alcohol prevention programs are clinically relevant [Theory of Planned Behavior, Refuse, Remove, Reasons, Preventure, The GOOD Life, Mantente REAL, Motivational Interviewing, Primavera, Fresh Start, Bridges/Puentes], they are effective in increasing attitudes and intentions toward alcohol prevention behavior, while decreasing social norms and acceptance of alcohol, reducing intoxication, and increasing perceptions with regards to the negative consequences of drinking.DiscussionThis narrative and critical review provides an updated synthesis of the evidence for prevention programs in the school, family, community, and web-based fields of action, where a more significant number of programs exist that are applied within schools and for which would have greater clinical relevance. However, the prevention programs utilized in the other fields of action require further investigation. (shrink)

Present research proposes the application of unsupervised and supervised machine-learning techniques to characterize Android malware families. More precisely, a novel unsupervised neural-projection method for dimensionality-reduction, namely, Beta Hebbian Learning, is applied to visually analyze such malware. Additionally, well-known supervised Decision Trees are also applied for the first time in order to improve characterization of such families and compare the original features that are identified as the most important ones. The proposed techniques are validated when facing real-life Android malware data by (...) means of the well-known and publicly available Malgenome dataset. Obtained results support the proposed approach, confirming the validity of BHL and DTs to gain deep knowledge on Android malware. (shrink)

In this article, I seek to contribute to the recent philosophical interest in the phenomenon of narco-culture. I build on the intervention initiated by Carlos Alberto Sánchez’s A Sense of Brutality: Philosophy after Narco-Culture (2020) by articulating the spiritually “generative” aspects of violence. For this endeavor, I turn to the French philosopher René Girard, whose work audaciously understands community-building and the maintenance of social order as a violent process of sacralization. This conception of violence then permits me to challenge some (...) of Sánchez’s interpretations of the violence and brutality of narco-culture. My argument is that any comprehensive analysis of the narco-world, just as any other existential option, must consider the spiritual component that, in Girard’s terms, can be expressed as a search for the sacred. (shrink)

Non-naturalists about the normative face the problem of providing a metaphysical explanation for the supervenience of the normative on the natural. Recently, Gideon Rosen has argued that non-naturalists can side-step this problem by rejecting strong supervenience and the view that normative truths are metaphysically necessary. Rosen proposes to take normative truths to be normatively necessary, where normative necessity is different from and irreducible to metaphysical necessity. I argue that if Rosen is right, that creates a deeper problem for robust ethical (...) realism (the view that there are mind-independent, non-natural moral facts). According to robust ethical realism, it is a normative fact that persons are an especially valuable kind of being. But if Rosen is right, that is a metaphysically contingent fact. The existence of persons is also contingent. According to robust ethical realism, then, there is a striking match between what the normative facts happen to be and the kinds of beings that happen to exist. Persons could have failed to exist and they could have failed to be valuable, but it just so happens to be a fact about the natural world that they exist and a normative fact that they have value. Given that this match is accidental, it amounts to a miraculous coincidence. To the extent that commitment to unexplained coincidences counts against a view, robust ethical realism faces a problem. (shrink)