The principles for universal reading models proposed by Frost correspond to developmental theories, in which neurocognitive constraints and cultural experiences shape development. We question his contention that Hebrew word identification is fundamentally about roots, excluding verbal and nominal word-pattern morphemes; and we propose that readers use all information available in stimuli, adjusting for volume and usefulness.

ObjectiveBulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are eating disorders characterized by recurrent binge eating episodes. Overlap exists between ED diagnostic groups, with BE episodes presenting one clinical feature that occurs transdiagnostically. Neuroimaging of the responses of those with BN and BED to disorder-specific stimuli, such as food, is not extensively investigated. Furthermore, to our knowledge, there have been no previous published studies examining the neural response of individuals currently experiencing binge eating, to low energy foods. Our objective was to examine (...) the neural responses to both low energy and high energy food images in three emotive categories in BN and BED participants.MethodsNineteen females with BN or BED, comprising the binge eating group, and 19 age-matched healthy control ’s completed thorough clinical assessment prior to functional MRI. Neural response to low energy and high energy foods and non-food images was compared between groups using whole-brain exploratory analyses, from which six regions of interest were then selected: frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes; insula and cingulate.ResultsIn response to low energy food images, the BEG demonstrated differential neural responses to all three low energy foods categories compared to HCs. Correlational analyses found a significant association between frequency of binge episodes and diminished temporal lobe and greater occipital lobe response. In response to high energy food images, compared to HC’s, the BEG demonstrated significantly decreased neural activity in response to all high energy food images. The HC’s had significantly greater neural activity in the limbic system, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and limbic system in response to high energy food images.ConclusionResults in the low energy food condition indicate that binge frequency may be related to increased aberrant neural responding. Furthermore, differences were found between groups in all ROI’s except the insula. The neural response seen in the BEG to disgust food images may indicate disengagement with this particular stimuli. In the high energy food condition, results demonstrate that neural activity in BN and BED patients may decrease in response to high energy foods, suggesting disengagement with foods that may be more consistent with those consumed during a binge eating episode. (shrink)

In this book Colin Russell and his colleagues tread a somewhat difficult path between apologia for the British chemical industry and the historical account of its development. It is not an altogether comfortable journey, less from the point of view of maintaining balance between apologetics and critique, a difficulty of which the authors are clearly aware, than from the need to balance “general” history of the industry with the “environmental” theme. Looking first at the former, the book represents a (...) considerable achievement for the authors. They have marshaled a very wide array of technical and other information in order to offer largely narrative accounts of a wide range of industries. It is unlikely that this degree of expertise could be brought together in any other group, particularly since the death of W. A. Campbell. The broad canvas that they cover means that many of the themes and topics are skated over quite briefly. Nevertheless there is a good deal of technical detail and substantial, though rather less, social and human detail. I did find myself wondering who would read this study: it attempts to be all things to all people, but risks satisfying neither the specialist nor the general reader, if the latter person exists. Overall, however, the authors have fulfilled effectively what I take to have been their brief and can expect their book to become a standard reference work.I was less convinced by the environmental theme. The very self‐conscious evenhandedness of the authors grew wearisome—in fact I began to feel as if I was being talked down to in the final chapter. Surely a reader of this book does not need to be convinced that “modern life would be impossible without the methods and products of the chemical industry” . Similarly, there is little to be gained, in my opinion, from offering quasi‐moral judgments on the failures or otherwise of the chemical industry or from telling us in the manner of a school textbook that “chemists have endeavored to improve the quality of water supply” . Chemists, I suspect, have done what they were told and paid to do. We know that the chemical industry has been a polluter and has attempted to recycle its waste products for economic and political reasons. What is of interest are the technical and socioeconomic determinants of this. We get a good deal of the former but rather little of the latter. This is disappointing when one knows that one of the authors, Sarah Wilmott, has written a sophisticated analysis of one aspect of this question, particularly emphasizing how the industry employed chemical knowledge to reconfigure the notion and legal positioning of chemical pollution . Of course it would be asking a lot to extend this type of empirically grounded analysis across the divisions and issues associated with the chemical industry.This then is a worthy book of reference that brings together good technical and synoptic accounts of many aspects of the British chemical industry in one location. However, it employs a cautious—if one were being brutal one might say pedestrian—historiography, and I did not feel that it broke new historical or conceptual ground. But perhaps it was never intended to. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:'Bibliographies/LArchivallnventories/Indexes THE EDITH RUSSELL PAPERS SHEILA TUReON Russell Archives I McMaster University Library Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8s 4M6 INTRODUCTION E dith, Countess Russell, was born Edith Finch, the daughter of Edward Bronson Finch, a physician, and his wife, Delia, on 5 November 1900 in New York City. She was educated at Bryn Mawr College (AB, 1922) and St. Hilda's College, Oxford (HON BA, 1925; MA, 1926). (...) Returning to Bryn Mawr, she was employed from time to time as an instructor of English literature, but she never became a permanent member of the faculty. A frequent traveller to Europe during these years of teaching and writing, Edith published biographies of Wilfred Scawen Blunt in 1938 and Carey Thomas, a President of Bryn Mawr, in 1947. She sometimes lectured at various schools and clubs off campus on biography in general and Blunt in particular. Edith and Lucy Martin Donnelly, a friend of both Russell and his first wife AIys, became close; together they built a home, New Place, in nearby Rosemont, Pennsylvania, where they lived after Lucy's retirement in 1936 as head of the English Department. Following Lucy's death in 1948 Edith worked as a freelance editor in New York City and in 1950 applied, unsuccessfully, for a position as an Intelli~ gence Research Specialist/Foreign Affairs Officer in the us Foreign Serv:ice. At the same time, she moved to England: she and Russell were married two years, to the month, later. They had been introduced by Lucy Donnelly and met on occasion during the 1930S and 1940S when Russell was visiting Lucy. When Russell was in New York to deliver the Matchette Foundation lectures in 1950 they met again, and their relationship developed quickly. It russell: the Journal of the Bertrand Russell Archives McMaster University Libraty l'ress n.s. 12 (summer 1992): 61-78 ISSN 0036-01631 62 SHEILA TURCON The Edith Russell Papers 63 Foundation who were in possession of the papers for several years and who packed them for shipment here. Within many of the categories, however, the papers were in disorder upon arrival. This is especially true of the domestic correspondence and records. They have been arranged in order to facilitate access by researchers. Six-digit archival numbers have been assigned to all documents. The papers measure 3.3 m. (II lin. ft.) and comprise 28 boxes.. All correspondence listed in this Recent Acquisition (no. 967) was entered in BRACERS, where it is accessible and searchable. Only the correspondents' names were extracted for this article. The BRACERS records, numbering 1,039, contain complete information on the letters; the topics of important letters are also extracted or summarized and included in the records. A selection of entries from the Topic_Text field are interspersed throughout the inventory. "Document(s)" is abbreviated "doc(s).", and "photocopy(ies)" is abbreviated "P(s)." was to bring great happiness to both. Russell's Autobiography is dedicated to her. She became a British subject in 1960 and, after Russell's death in 1970, remained in Wales where they had settled in the mid1950S. Eight years later, Edith died on I January 1978. An agreement by McMaster Universiry Library to purchase her papers from the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation was made on 24 June 1985. The papers themselves did not arrive at the Russell Archives until nearly a year later, on II June 1986. Upon arrival, it was noted that many photographs that were listed with the agreement were missing, as well as some printed materials and books belonging to Lucy Donnelly, a typescript by Logan Pearsall Smith and sdme general correspondence. The Foundation has not been able to locate these missing items. More importantly, Russell's original letters to Edith (copies of which were included in Archives II) were not even listed as part of the agreement, and their location remains unknown as well. The majority of the papers concern Edith's life after Russell's death. There is very little from her life before her marriage. This is surprising because of the amount of material she preserved and organized during her life with Russell which is now held in Archives I and II. In a letter of... (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:G. E STOUT AND THE THEORY OF DESCRIPTIONS ALASDAIR URQUHART Philosophy / Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada M5S rAr R ussell's famous essay "On Denoting" is rightly considered one of the fundamental sources of modern analytic philosophy. The literature of commentary and exegesis devoted to this one short paper is vast. The present note discusses the background ~6 the writing of the paper, and some questions connected with its reception.l (...) I. HOW "ON DENOTING" WAS WRITTEN We know more about the writing of OD than about most of the other short works from the early period of Russell's career. Russell chronicled his progress on the paper very clearly in his manuscripts and correspondence. The first indication ofthe new theory is in the unpublished manuscript "On Fundamentals" (Papers 4: 359-413). This manuscript is dated 1905, to which the note "Begun June 7" has been added; a marginal note on the first leafof the manuscript reads: "Pp. 18ff. contain the reasons for the new theory ofdenoting." This note refers to the series of numbered paragraphs beginning on folio 18, in which the new theory gradually emerges (Papers 4: 369£). On 13 June, Russell wrote Lucy Donnelly about his newideas, and presented her with the famous puzzle about George IV and the author of waverley (Auto. I: 177). The article itselfwas written at the end ofJuly 1905, under peculiarly trying circumstances. On 23 July 1905, Russell wrote in a letter to Louis 1 I would like to thank the Editor ofRussellfor very useful suggestions and for supplying historical information, and Sheila Turcon for correcting my transcription of Stout's letter. russell: the Journal of the Bertrand Russdl Archives McMaster University Library Press n.s. 14 (wimer 1994-95): 163-71 ism 0036-01631 164 ALASDAIR URQUHART Couturat: "As for existence, I shall be able to explain my opinion better when I have written my article (On Denoting Phrases'." On 3August he reported to Lucy Donnelly that she would be able to find the answer to the puzzle in his new paper: "I have written an article on George N for Mind, which will appear in due course; there you will find the (answer' " (Auto. I: 178). We can conclude from this that the article was written within a twelve-day period towards the end oOuly. This is not surprising in itself, given Russell's facility in writing. It becomes surprising if we put it together with the other events in Russell's life at that time. On Tuesday 25 July, one of Russell's closest friends, Theodore Llewelyn Davies, drowned in a pool on the fells near Kirkby Lonsdale, where his father was vicar. He had apparently struck his head on diving in, while on his way to the railway station. He was thirty-four years old. His brother Crompton, who had been particularly close to Theodore, sent the news to Russell in a note dated 27 July 1905 (Auto. 1: 195)· Theodore and Crompton were among the nrst friends Russell made at Cambridge; his reminiscences of the two brothers overflow with admiration and affection (Auto. I: 57-63). Russell had intended to visit Ireland for two weeks with AIys, where they had planned a visit with the Monteagles. 2 On 27 July, Russell wrote in a letter to Louis Couturat that he and Alys would be in Ireland from 29 July to 10 August. The news ofTheodore's death altered these plans. After accompanying AIys to Ireland, Russell returned to London to be·with Crompton. In his note of 27July, Crompton had told Russell: "I shall be back in London on Monday. Let me see you some time soon." On Tuesday, 1 August, Russell wrote again to Couturat from I, Barton Street,3 the quiet out-of-the-way street near Westminster Abbey where Crompton had lived with Theodore: "I just received your letter and postcard (in 1 Thomas Spring-Rice (1849-1926), 2nd Baron Monteagle, had literary and political interests and was the brother-in-law ofthe historian, Sir George Prothero, whom Russdl also knew. The next year The Limerick Chronicle for 28 August noted the Russells' presence at a house party given by the Monteagles and attended by... (shrink)

Mereological principles are sometimes used to support general claims about the structure and arrangement of objects in the world. I focus initially on one such mereological principle, the weak supplementation principle (WSP). It is not obvious that (WSP) is prescribed by ordinary thinking about parthood. Further, (WSP) is not needed for a fairly strong formal characterization of the part–whole relation. For these reasons, some arguments relying on (WSP) might be countered by simply denying (WSP). I argue more generally that there (...) is no reason to assume that one core mereology functions as a common basis for all plausible metaphysical theories. (shrink)

In this paper, I focus on three issues intertwined in current debates between endurantists and perdurantists—(i) the dimension of persisting objects, (ii) whether persisting objects have timeless, or only time-relative, parts, and (iii) whether persisting objects have proper temporal parts. I argue that one standard endurantist position on the first issue is compatible with standard perdurantist positions on parthood and temporal parts. I further argue that different accounts of persistence depend on the claims about objects' dimensions and not on the (...) auxiliary claims about parthood and temporal parts. (shrink)

"Yet Russell was more than a great intellect; he was also a political animal. From the beginning of his long professional life he emphasized the importance of practice as well as theory. He was twice imprisoned by the British government for his political utterances. With his razor-sharp irony and morally impassioned rhetoric, Russell took on the forces of injustice, ignorance, and cruelty; one of his chief weapons was the letter to the editor.".

The purpose of this paper is to examine the linkages and relationships between the officially prescribed school ethos and that which emerges from social interaction. Qualitative data drawn from one Grant-Maintained-Integrated and one Catholic primary school in Northern Ireland show how school ethos, defined as the observed practices and interactions of school members, often departs considerably from school ethos defined as those values and beliefs which the school officially supports. On the basis of the data it is argued that much (...) of what we understand of school ethos is superficial and contradictory. With this in mind the paper concludes by presenting a new angle on ethos which, when taken in conjunction with the other perspectives, further enhances our understanding of how schools work. (shrink)

I am skeptical of our ability to predict, or even forecast, the future—of human rights or any other important social practice. Nonetheless, an understanding of the paths that have brought us to where we are today can facilitate thinking about the future. Thus, I approach the topic by examining the reshaping of international ideas and practices of state sovereignty and human rights since the end of World War II. I argue that in the initial decades after the war, international society (...) constructed an absolutist conception of exclusive territorial jurisdiction that was fundamentally antagonistic to international human rights. At the same time, though, human rights were for the first time included among the fundamental norms of international society. And over the past two decades, dominant understandings of sovereignty have become less absolutist and more human rights–friendly, a trend that I suggest is likely to continue to develop, modestly, in the coming years. (shrink)

Standard theories in mereotopology focus on relations of parthood and connection among spatial or spatio-temporal regions. Objects or processes which might be located in such regions are not normally directly treated in such theories. At best, they are simulated via appeal to distributions of attributes across the regions occupied or by functions from times to regions. The present paper offers a richer framework, in which it is possible to represent directly the relations between entities of various types at different levels, (...) including both objects and the regions they occupy. What results is a layered mereotopology, a theory which can handle multiple layers (analogous to the layers of a lasagna) of spatially or spatiotemporally coincident but mereologically non-overlapping entities. (shrink)

A founder of modern analytic philosophy and one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century, Bertrand Russell has influenced generations of philosophers. The Bloomsbury Companion to Bertrand Russell explores this influence in detail and responds to renewed interest in Russell's philosophical approach, presenting the best guide to research in Russell studies today. -/- Bringing new insights into Russell's relationship with his contemporaries, a team of experts explore his life-long battles with important philosophical issues. (...) They consider how he influenced thinkers and schools of thought, from Schröder, Frege and Meinong to Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle, while also covering his impact on individual issues in epistemology, logic, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and political philosophy. Importantly this companion discusses often overlooked topics. Focusing on Russell's later views, including his moral philosophy and his politics, reveals that Russell did make significant contributions to ethics - both theoretical and practical - in the course of his career. -/- Through a combination of enlightening historical background and sustained focus on Russell's impact on contemporary areas of philosophy, The Bloomsbury Companion to Bertrand Russell demonstrates why Russell continues to influence philosophers of language, mathematics, epistemology and metaphysics. (shrink)

First published in 1903, _Principles of Mathematics_ was Bertrand Russell’s first major work in print. It was this title which saw him begin his ascent towards eminence. In this groundbreaking and important work, Bertrand Russell argues that mathematics and logic are, in fact, identical and what is commonly called mathematics is simply later deductions from logical premises. Highly influential and engaging, this important work led to Russell’s dominance of analytical logic on western philosophy in the twentieth century.

What should authorities establish as the job of ethics committees and review boards? Two answers are: review of proposals for consistency with the duly established and applicable code and review of proposals for ethical acceptability. The present paper argues that these two jobs come apart in principle and in practice. On grounds of practicality, publicity and separation of powers, it argues that the relevant authorities do better to establish code-consistency review and not ethics-consistency review. It also rebuts bad code and (...) independence arguments for the opposite view. It then argues that authorities at present variously specify both code-consistency and ethics-consistency jobs, but most are also unclear on this issue. The paper then argues that they should reform the job of review boards and ethics committees, by clearly establishing code-consistency review and disestablishing ethics-consistency review, and through related reform of the basic orientation, focus, name, and expertise profile of these bodies and their actions. (shrink)

Bertrand Russell was born in 1872 and died in 1970. One of the most influential figures of the twentieth century, he transformed philosophy and can lay claim to being one of the greatest philosophers of all time. He was a Nobel Prize winner for Literature and was imprisoned several times as a result of his pacifism. His views on religion, education, sex, politics and many other topics, made him one of the most read and revered writers of the age. (...) This, his autobiography, is one of the most compelling and vivid ever written. This one-volume, compact paperback edition contains an introduction by the politician and scholar, Michael Foot, which explores the status of this classic nearly 30 years after the publication of the final volume. (shrink)

Bertrand Russell was one of the greatest logicians since Aristotle, and one of the most important philosophers of the past two hundred years. As we approach the 125th anniversary of the Nobel laureate's birth, his works continue to spark debate, resounding with unmatched timeliness and power. The Problems of Philosophy, one of the most popular works in Russell's prolific collection of writings, has become core reading in philosophy. Clear and accessible, this little book is an intelligible and stimulating (...) guide to those problems of philosophy which often mistakenly lead to its status as too lofty and abstruse for the lay mind. Focusing on problems he believes will provoke positive and constructive discussion, Russell concentrates on knowledge rather than metaphysics, steering the reader through his famous 1910 distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description," and introducing important theories of Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Hume, Locke, Plato, and others to lay the foundation for philosophical inquiry by general readers and scholars alike.With a new introduction by John Perry, this valuable work is a perfect introduction to the field and will continue to stimulate philosophical discussion as it has done for nearly forty years. (shrink)

In his account of power, Bertrand Russell combines a perverse psychological thesis about a will to power for its own sake with an acute perception of different forms power takes. The psychology is that of the most brutal leaders of the 1930s, when Russell wrote. His account focuses on the power of a political leader to compel a following as Hitler, Stalin, and others did. But the strength of his account is its analysis of three distinct forms of (...) power: one grounded in resources, such as weapons, and the others grounded in the coordination of large numbers of people, either by the force of ideas or by the force of institutional arrangements. In his sharpest arguments, Russell applies his coordination account to the difficulties individuals face in controlling democratic governments. (shrink)