A rare academic study on what John Rawls, Peter Singer, and Derek Parfit acknowledge as the finest book in ethics -- The Methods of Ethics. With a rather shocking conclusion that "none of us can match Sidgwick," Mariko Nakano-Okuno lucidly analyzes Henry Sidgwick's impacts on contemporary ethics.

In the United States, a series of survey studies have been done to examine corporate managers' views of business ethics and various business practices (Baumhart, 1961; Brenner and Molander, 1977; Vitell and Festervand, 1987). This paper is a replication study conducted in Japan of those American studies. The results of the study suggest that Japanese managers tend to be more situational in their ethical orientation than Americans. The results also show that the company policy on ethics is the most important (...) factor influencing Japanese managers' ethical decisions. (shrink)

In the Foundations of Mathematics, Ramsey attempted to amend Principia Mathematica’s logicism to meet serious objections raised against it. While Ramsey’s paper is well known, some questions concerning Ramsey’s motivations to write it and its reception still remain. This paper considers these questions afresh. First, an account is provided for why Ramsey decided to work on his paper instead of simply accepting Wittgenstein’s account of mathematics as presented in the Tractatus. Secondly, evidence is given supporting that Wittgenstein was not moved (...) by Ramsey’s objection against the Tractarian account of arithmetic, and a suggestion is made to explain why Wittgenstein reconsidered Ramsey’s account in the early thirties on several occasions. Finally, a reading is formulated to understand the basis on which Wittgenstein argues against Ramsey’s definition of identity in his 1927 letter to Ramsey. (shrink)

Trata-se de mostrar como a “colisão” da lógica com sua aplicação, no cenário do Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus de Wittgenstein, pode ser enxergada a partir do problema da incompatibilidade das cores. Exploraremos algumas soluções nos moldes tractarianos, verificando em que medida elas não satisfazem algumas exigências da obra. Também apresentaremos uma tentativa de solução do próprio Wittgenstein para o problema, mostrando como o filósofo percebe que tal solução não é satisfatória.

EEGs were analyzed to investigate the effect of experiences in listening to preferred music in dancers and non-dancers. Participants passively listened to instrumental music of their preferred genre for 2 min, alternate genres, and silence. Both groups showed increased activity for their preferred music compared to non-preferred music in the gamma, beta, and alpha frequency bands. The results suggest all participants' conscious recognition of and affective responses to their familiar music, appreciation of the tempo embedded in their preferred music and (...) emotional arousal, and enhanced attention mechanism for cognitive operations such as memory retrieval. The observed alpha activity is considered in the framework of the alpha functional inhibition hypothesis, in that years of experience listening to their favorite type of music may have honed the cerebral responses to achieve efficient cortical processes. Analyses of the electroencephalogram activity over 100s-long music pieces revealed a difference between dancers and non-dancers in the magnitude of an initial alpha event-related desynchronization and the later development of an alpha event-related synchronization for their preferred music. Dancers exhibited augmented alpha ERD, as well as augmented and uninterrupted alpha ERS over the remaining 80s. This augmentation in dancers is hypothesized to be derived from creative cognition or motor imagery operations developed through their dance experiences. (shrink)

In a seminal essay, Hidé Ishiguro argued that names in the Tractatus are ‘like dummy names’ and that a simple object is to be conceived of as ‘an instantiation of an irreducible predicate’. In this paper, I argue that Ishiguro’s view is incompatible with other claims made in the Tractatus and should be abandoned for this reason. To this end, I adopt a two-step strategy. First, I show that Ishiguro’s view implies the adoption of an anti-haecceitistic position. Then I show (...) that the Tractatus allows for the possibility of there being haecceitistic differences between two complete descriptions of the world. Since anti-haecceitism will be characterized as the doctrine that haecceitistic differences are meaningless, this provides a refutation of Ishiguro’s view. In the final section, I make a few remarks on the relation between anti-haecceitism and the context principle. (shrink)

本居宣長、橘守部、鈴木重胤ら近世国学者に神道神学を発見する。たとえ当時「神道神学」という学問の名称が存在しなかったにせよ、「古道」を論じた近世の国学者の業績は「神道神学」であったといえる。国学の巨人達 を新たな視点からとらえる野心的考察。.

It is often held that Wittgenstein had to introduce numbers in elementary propositions due to problems related to the so-called colour-exclusion problem. I argue in this paper that he had other reasons for introducing them, reasons that arise from an investigation of the continuity of visual space and what Wittgenstein refers to as ‘intensional infinity’. In addition, I argue that the introduction of numbers by this route was prior to introducing them _via_ the colour-exclusion problem. To conclude, I discuss two (...) problems that Wittgenstein faced in the writings before _Some Remarks on Logical Form _, problems that are independent of the colour-exclusion problem but dependent on the introduction of numbers in elementary propositions. (shrink)

幕末の危機に際して、優れた国家戦略を構想した会沢正志斎。尊王攘夷を唱えつつ、抜本的な内政改革を訴えた彼の『新論』はけっして無謀な排外主義ではなかった。むしろそのプラグマティックで健全なナショナリズムに 学ぶべきところは大きい。正志斎の思想の秘められたルーツを伊藤仁斎、荻生徂徠の古学に探り、やがてその実学の精神が福沢諭吉の戦略思想に引き継がれていることを解明。隠された思想の系譜を掘り起こし、現代日本人 が求めてやまない国家戦略の封印を解き放つ。.

Comparative studies between Latin America and Asia can be productive if they reflect the structural necessities based on history and geopolitics that these regions have experienced in relation to the western countries since the nineteenth century. These non-western regions have developed themselves in a parallel way without direct communication with each other. Stephanie Rivera Berruz and Leah Kalmanson detect this parallelism precisely and sketch a possible productivity of this new area. This book serves as a starting point for further studies.

This article deals with Kant’s intentions in adding § 12 of the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. Here, Kant remarks on the so-called transcendentals (unum, verum, bonum) in the metaphysical or ontological tradition. This article focuses on their trans-categorial character to clarify their role in the system formation of Kant’s three critiques. In order to clarify Kant’s difficult terminology in § 12, fragments from his reflections and transcripts of his lectures are analyzed. Furthermore, an examination of Kant’s (...) references to qualitative unity, plurality, and perfection reveals that these logical criteria of cognition in general help him to organize the content of the three critiques. (shrink)

RESUMO: O objetivo deste artigo é estruturar, em torno de uma única ideia fundamental, a saber, a de que não há atalhos pela lógica, os diversos comentários de Wittgenstein à época das conversas com Waismann e o círculo de Viena sobre o problema da consistência da aritmética. Observações notórias sobre as noções de consistência, trivialidade e negação na matemática são consideradas do ponto de vista dessa sistematização. Analisa-se também em que medida esses comentários correspondem a um desenvolvimento crítico do pensamento (...) do autor.ABSTRACT: This work aims at structuring, around a single fundamental idea, namely, that there are no shortcuts through logic, the various comments by Wittgenstein at the time of the conversations with Waismann and the Vienna circle on the problem of the consistency of arithmetic. Notable remarks on the notions of consistency, triviality and negation in mathematics are considered from the point of view of this systematization. It is also analyzed to what extent these comments correspond to a critical development of the author's thinking. (shrink)

This paper presents several results on the non-commutative fuzzy logic HpsUL, a Hilbert system whose corresponding algebraic semantics is the variety of bounded representable residuated lattices. In particular, we prove that HpsUL is not complete with respect to algebras based on the real unit interval, which answers the question posed by Metcalfe, Olivetti and Gabbay and shows that HpsUL is not the logic of pseudo-uninorms and their residua.

ABSTRACT In a recent essay, Sören Stenlund tries to align Wittgenstein’s approach to the foundations and nature of mathematics with the tradition of symbolic mathematics. The characterization of symbolic mathematics made by Stenlund, according to which mathematics is logically separated from its external applications, brings it closer to the formalist position. This raises naturally the question whether Wittgenstein holds a formalist position in philosophy of mathematics. The aim of this paper is to give a negative answer to this question, defending (...) the view that Wittgenstein always thought that there is no logical separation between mathematics and its applications. I will focus on Wittgenstein’s remarks about arithmetic during his middle period, because it is in this period that a formalist reading of his writings is most tempting. I will show how his idea of autonomy of arithmetic is not to be compared with the formalist idea of autonomy, according to which a calculus is “cut off” from its applications. The autonomy of arithmetic, according to Wittgenstein, guarantees its own applicability, thus providing its own raison d’être. RESUMO Em um recente artigo, Sören Stenlund procura alinhar a abordagem de Wittgenstein em relação aos fundamentos e à natureza da matemática com a tradição da matemática simbólica. A caracterização da matemática simbólica feita por Stenlund, de acordo com a qual a matemática é logicamente separada de suas aplicações externas, a aproxima da posição formalista. Isto naturalmente levanta a questão de se Wittgenstein defende uma posição formalista em filosofia da matemática. O objetivo deste artigo é dar uma resposta negativa a esta questão, ao defender que Wittgenstein sempre pensou não haver separação lógica entre a matemática e suas aplicações. Atenção especial será dada às observações de Wittgenstein sobre a aritmética pertencentes ao seu período intermediário, pois é neste período que uma leitura formalista de seus escritos é mais sedutora. Mostrarei como sua ideia de autonomia da aritmética não deve ser comparada à ideia formalista de autonomia, segundo a qual um cálculo é “cortado” de suas aplicações. A autonomia da aritmética, para Wittgenstein, garante ela própria sua aplicabilidade, provendo, assim, sua própria raison d’être. (shrink)

This study aimed to: (1) develop and evaluate the Moral Distress Scale for Psychiatric nurses (MDS-P); (2) use the MDS-P to examine the moral distress experienced by Japanese psychiatric nurses; and (3) explore the correlation between moral distress and burnout. A questionnaire on the intensity and frequency of moral distress items (the MDS-P: 15 items grouped into three factors), a burnout scale (Maslach Burnout Inventory — General Survey) and demographic questions were administered to 391 Japanese psychiatric nurses in 2007—2008. These (...) nurses experienced relatively low levels of moral distress despite the fact that they were commonly confronted by morally distressing situations. All the circumstances in which the participants experienced moral distress were included in the ‘low staffing’ factor, which reflects the characteristics of Japanese psychiatric care. The frequency score of the low staffing factor was a significant predictor of burnout. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar alguns paralelos históricos que existem entre a oposição Darstellung/Beschreibung tal como ela é usada por Wittgenstein no período intermediário de seu pensamento e a mesma oposição em alguns matemáticos do século XIX, pertencentes a duas escolas distintas que divergiam quanto ao método de produção matemática. Em seguida, retornaremos aos escritos de Wittgenstein, buscando mostrar em que medida esta investigação histórica pode ser útil para iluminar alguns pontos de sua filosofia e levantar alguns problemas que (...) surgiram neste contexto. (shrink)

La Deducción trascendental de las categorías en la segunda edición de la Crítica de la razón pura de Kant se divide en dos partes. Sin embargo, el papel de la segunda mitad no está inmediatamente claro. En este artículo examinaré su argumento después de aclarar su objetivo. Con base en mi análisis d..

死後十余年を経ても、いまだに熱烈な支持層を誇る政治思想史の巨人・丸山眞男。半世紀にわたって師事した著者ならではの視点で、一代の碩学の真の姿や意外な側面を浮き彫りに。また折に触れ示された言葉の数々を初め て明らかにする。.

In her book Deviant Logic, Susan Haack argued for a “pragmatist” conception of logic. This conception holds that, logic is a theory on a par with other scientific theories, differing only from such theories by its degree of generality and the choice of a particular logic is to be made based on pragmatist principles, namely, economy, coherence, and simplicity. This view was contrasted, in this book, with an “absolutist” view of logic, according to which logical laws are necessary and immune (...) to revision. Two decades later, however, Haack acknowledged, in the Introduction to an enlarged version of the same book, that she would not approach the question of the revisability of logic in the same way she did earlier. What was missing in her first book was a distinction between the question of the necessity of the laws of logic and the question of our fallibility in recognizing which are the true laws of logic and what structures are essential to representation. She also acknowledged that this change was mainly influenced by Peirce, with whose work she had “only the most superficial acquaintance twenty years ago”. In this context, this paper has two aims: to show that, in Philosophy of Logics, we can find elements that reveal a tension between her early “pragmatic” views and her changing views on the nature of logic; to present some hypotheses about the role Peirce may have had in this change. (shrink)

Incidents are peripheral, rather than central, phenomena. This Collision considers sound and installation artist Inouk Demers, whose recent work explores the incidental in both its geographical and conceptual relationships to the megalopolis of Los Angeles. In Zine-o-file, Conveyance, Wireless Landscape, and Custom Audio Products, Demers offers the incidental as an alternative to straightforward themes and fleshed-out narratives.

The Transcendental Deduction in the second edition of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is divided in two parts. Nevertheless, the role of the second half is not immediately clear. This article intends to examine the argument presented in the second half after clarifying its purpose. Based on this approach, we sustain an interpretation according to which Kant tries to establish the validity of categories for all intuition given through sensibility. This interpretation seeks to confirm a conceptual articulation among sensible intuitions (...) that is not regarded as a result of objective judgment. (shrink)

Since the publication of the Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, Wittgenstein’s interpreters have endeavored to reconcile his general constructivist/anti-realist attitude towards mathematics with his confessed anti-revisionary philosophy. In this article, the author revisits the issue and presents a solution. The basic idea consists in exploring the fact that the so-called “non-constructive results” could be interpreted so that they do not appear non-constructive at all. The author substantiates this solution by showing how the translation of mathematical results, given by the (...) possibility of translation between logics, can be seen as a tool for partially implementing the solution Wittgenstein had in mind. (shrink)

Desde "Los límites del sentido" de Strawson, la Deducción trascendental, en la Crítica de la razón pura de Kant, se considera generalmente como demostración de la objetividad del conocimiento como una condición de la unidad de la autoconciencia. Sin embargo, también se reconoce que se encuentran pas..

It seems to me quite appropriate to report, though briefly, on Hegel studies in Japan in this organ of HSA. For they owe their very inception to America. Their first stimulus was provided neither directly from Germany nor by any German philosophers coming to Japan, but by the lectures delivered at Tokyo University by an American, E.F. Fenollosa, a Harvard graduate, who later became famous as an art critic discovering the aesthetic value of Japanese traditional arts, and who established an (...) art academy in Tokyo. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to examine the theory of “self-affection” in the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories in the second edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. I propose that the self-affection, identified with transcendental synthesis of imagination, should be considered as a condition of all reception of the manifold of intuition in the spatio-temporal order. In other words, spontaneity of the subject is required for the reception of materials for cognition. Analyzing some interpretations on Kant's notions such (...) as temporality, inner sense and synthesis, I try to show the necessity to avoid supposing materials that would be given independently of spontaneity and regarded as antecedent conditions of self-affection. (shrink)