Despite growing interest in improving cognitive abilities across the lifespan through training, the benefits of cognitive training are inconsistent. One powerful contributor may be that individuals arrive at interventions with different baseline levels of the cognitive skill being trained. Some evidence suggests poor performers benefit the most from cognitive training, showing compensation for their weak abilities, while other evidence suggests that high performers benefit most, experiencing a magnification of their abilities. Whether training leads to compensation or magnification effects may depend (...) upon the specific cognitive domain being trained and the training approach implemented. To clarify the association between individual differences in baseline cognitive ability and training gains as well as potential moderators, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis of the correlation between these two variables. We found evidence of a significant meta-correlation demonstrating a compensatory effect, a negative association between initial ability on a trained cognitive process and training gains. Too few papers met our search criteria across the levels of proposed moderators of cognitive domain and training approach to conduct a reliable investigation of their influence over the meta-analytic effect size. We discuss the implications of a compensatory meta-correlation, potential reasons for the paucity of qualifying papers, and important future directions for better understanding how cognitive trainings work and for whom. (shrink)

The articles of the Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine connect any medical intervention with the »informed consent« of the patient out of respect to Human Dignity by physicians as weil as for treatments and research projects. Nevertheless it becomes apparent that the observation of this principle looses its significance for patients who are incapacitated because of temporal or permanent incompetance to represent their own interests or who are too young to do so. In these cases other attributes of Human (...) Dignity and their observation have to replace the »informed consent«. For inclusion of patients who can't give their consent in clinical studies the MRK formulated strict conditions which exceed the legal prerequisites in Germany. Here clearly the investigation has to benefit each patient directly. The MRK widens this condition to investigations which may not benefit the patient himself, but serve a group of patients with the same illness or solve problems related to the desease. The deciding bodies will have to inform themselves very carefully not only about the facts for urgent research with incapacitated patients, but also must define terms like »no direct benefit « before German Law will allow adaptation to and ratification of the MRK. (shrink)

This article examines the actions and testimonies of 14 nurses who killed psychiatric patients at the state hospital of Meseritz-Obrawalde in the Nazi 'euthanasia' program. The nurses provided various reasons for their decisions to participate in the killings. An ethical analysis of the testimonies demonstrates that a belief in the relief of suffering, the notion that the patients would 'benefit' from death, their selection by physicians for the 'treatment' of 'euthanasia', and a perceived duty to obey unquestioningly the orders of (...) physicians were the primary ethical reasons that were stated for their behavior. However, 20 years had elapsed between the killings and the trial, thus giving ample opportunity for the defendants to develop comfortable rationales for their actions and for their attorneys to have observed successful defenses of others accused of euthanasia. (shrink)

Excerpt from Schicksale der Volker (der Schauplatz und Sein Zwang)Ettur bebeutenoe altenfchen haben sbrofile, bei unbebeuten= oen fuchi man fie umfonft, ober vielmehr, man fucht fie gar nicht, man traut ihnen fein Srofil au.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged (...) copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Die Emanzipation der modernen Menschen von übermächtigen Bedingungen traut Benjamin nicht den Individuen selbst zu, sondern nur einer übersubjektiv-messianischen Instanz.

In den letzten zehn Jahren sind, angestossen durch Debatten in der Religions-und Kulturwissenschaft, auch in der Altorientalistik, in der Agyptologie, in der Bibelwissenschaft, in der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft und in der Judaistik neue Aspekte zur Anthropologie der Antike und ihrer europaischen Nachgeschichte in den Vordergrund getreten, die sich in die integrative Formel vom ganzen Menschen fassen lassen. Diese Formel wendet sich gegen eine dichotomische bzw. trichotomische Anthropologie und nimmt damit den bereits in der Anthropologie der Aufklarung formulierten Protest gegen die Trennung (...) von Geist und Korper auf. Die Geschichte und Absicht dieser Formel wird vom Herausgeber einleitend erlautert. Der Band dokumentiert diese neuen Diskussionen und erganzt sie um die klassischen Beitrage von E. Brunner-Traut und J.-P. Vernant.". (shrink)