Senior managers are important to the successful management of ethics in organizations. Therefore, their perceptions of organizational ethics are important. In this study, we propose that senior managers are likely to have a more positive perception of organizational ethics than lower level employees do largely because of their managerial role and their corresponding identification with the organization and need to protect the organization’s image as well as their own identity. By contrast, lower level employees are more likely to be cynical (...) about the organization’s ethics. In order to compare senior managers’ and lower level employees’ perceptions of ethics in the organization, we surveyed randomly selected senior managers and lower level employees in three firms. We found that perceptions of ethics in the organization differed predictably across levels, with senior managers’ perceptions being significantly more positive and lower level employees’ perceptions being more negative. Implications for practice and research are discussed. (shrink)

Abstract:Previous research has identified multiple approaches to the design and implementation of corporate ethics programs (Paine, 1994; Weaver, Treviño, and Cochran, in press b; Treviño, Weaver, Gibson, and Toffler, in press). This field survey in a large financial services company investigated the relationships of the values and compliance orientations in an ethics program to a diverse set of outcomes. Employees’ perceptions that the company ethics program is oriented toward affirming ethical values were associated with seven outcomes. Perceptions of a compliance (...) orientation were associated with four of these outcomes. The interaction of values and compliance orientations was associated with employees’ willingness to report misconduct. In general, a values orientation makes a greater unique contribution to the measured outcomes when compared to a compliance orientation. (shrink)

The social scientific study of ethical-unethical behavior in work organizations is in an early stage of development. This paper discusses some of the problems of conducting social scientific research in this area and explores the potential contribution of experimental research approaches. Both laboratory and field experimentation allow the investigator to test theory-based hypotheses and to study causal relations. Examples are provided of investigations that have applied these methods to the study of business ethics.

Abstract:This paper outlines three conceptions of the relationship between normative and empirical business ethics, views we refer to asparallel, symbiotic, andintegrative. Parallelism rejects efforts to link normative and empirical inquiry, for both conceptual and practical reasons. The symbiotic position supports a practical relationship in which normative and/or empirical business ethics rely on each other for guidance in setting agenda or in applying the results of their conceptually and methodologically distinct inquiries. Theoretical integration countenances a deeper merging ofprima faciedistinct forms of (...) inquiry, involving alterations or combinations of theory, metatheoretical assumptions, and methodology. This paper explicates these positions, summarizes arguments for and against each, and considers their implications for the future of business ethics research. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: The social science perspective on business ethics What is unethical conduct in organizations? Influences on ethical decisions and conduct in organizations Managing ethics and legal compliance in US corporations Firm social responsibility and financial performance Conclusion.

This paper reviews Kohlberg''s (1969) theory of cognitive moral development, highlighting moral reasoning research relevant to the business ethics domain. Implications for future business ethics research, higher education and training, and the management of ethical/unethical behavior are discussed.

We propose extending business ethics education beyond the formal curriculum to the hidden curriculum where messages about ethics and values are implicitly sent and received. In this meta-learning approach, students learn by becoming active participants in an honorable business school community where real ethical issues are openly discussed and acted upon. When combined with formal ethics instruction, this meta-learning approach provides a framework for a proposed comprehensive program of business ethics education.

This article reviews 1 decade of research on cheating in academic institutions. This research demonstrates that cheating is prevalent and that some forms of cheating have increased dramatically in the last 30 years. This research also suggests that although both individual and contextual factors influence cheating, contextual factors, such as students' perceptions of peers' behavior, are the most powerful influence. In addition, an institution's academic integrity programs and policies, such as honor codes, can have a significant influence on students' behavior. (...) Finally, we offer suggestions for managing cheating from students' and faculty members' perspectives. (shrink)

Culture has traditionally been considered as a set of knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, norms, and morals, acquired by a human being as a member of a group. Some anthropologists interpret this as a set of abstract representations, such as information or knowledge, while others interpret it as behavioral control mechanisms. These views assume that the contents of a particular culture must be processed by the minds of individuals, either in a direct way or by resorting to learned mental structures in (...) processes of symbolic socialization. Some critics suggest a problem with these perspectives since they do not provide a convincing explanation of the enculturation process beyond metaphorical images of transfer or internalization of symbolic cultural contents through linguistic transmission. The new embodied theories of cognition, especially enactivism, could give new ideas about what enculturation processes are like, through the concept of participatory sense-making in material culture environments. In this essay, we discuss how an enactive vision of culture could be, and what advantages it would have, as well as the challenges and weaknesses in explaining the culture and its learning processes. (shrink)

PurposeCodes of ethics are important instruments in journalism, as they promote transparency and self-regulation of media, in addition to monitoring the quality of information. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the perceptions that Spanish journalists have of the effectiveness of codes of ethics and to evaluate the different personal and professional variables which condition this vision.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used in the present study is based on quantitative content analysis using the survey technique. This technique makes it possible to obtain (...) empirical data on various key aspects of the profession that are determining factors in ascertaining Spanish journalists’ views of one of the instruments of accountability that is external to the media: general ethical codes.FindingsThe results show that Spanish journalists are largely confident in the effectiveness of ethical codes in their profession. Likewise, it was seen that variables such as age, professional experience or the media with which they work influence the perceptions that professionals have of such instruments.Originality/valueIf understanding journalism as a profession whose mission is to guarantee the citizens their right to information, then it is essential to be familiar with the tools provided by the profession itself to be accountable to the public regarding this professional mission. Hence the importance of instruments of accountability and the perceptions of the professionals themselves regarding their effectiveness. (shrink)

Este artículo ofrece una revisión sistemática de los debates sobre el anglo-eurocentrismo en los currículos universitarios de filosofía, enfocándose en la necesidad de mayor diversidad cultural. A partir de la revisión de 52 estudios de la última década, se distinguen seis debates principales que develan las implicaciones del anglo-eurocentrismo en la filosofía académica: 1) reconocer el etnocentrismo anglo-eurocéntrico en la identidad disciplinaria de la filosofía, 2) tomarse en serio el multiculturalismo filosófico, 3) recurrir en todo o en parte a las (...) filosofías comparadas, 4) buscar la diversidad mediante la filosofía intercultural, 5) girar la tuerca: de la normalización de la colonialidad filosófica a la interculturalidad nuestroamericana, y 6) incorporar las lecciones africanas contemporáneas para la diversificación del currículo filosófico. El artículo proporciona una guía orientativa de estos debates, resaltando las premisas y tesis en juego. Finalmente, se concluye con la sugerencia de repensar los currículos de los programas académicos de filosofía de las universidades colombianas al compás de la Política de educación superior inclusiva e intercultural. (shrink)

Thus far, we know much more about the significant outcomes of perceived ethical leadership than we do about its antecedents. In this study, we focus on multiple types of ethical role models as antecedents of perceived ethical leadership. According to social learning theory, role models facilitate the acquisition of moral and other types of behavior. Yet, we do not know whether having had ethical role models influences follower perceptions of one’s ethical leadership and, if so, what kinds of role models (...) are important. We conducted a field study, surveying supervisors and their subordinates to examine the relationship between three types of ethical role models and ethical leadership: the leader’s childhood role models, career mentors, and top managers. We found that having had an ethical role model during the leader’s career was positively related to subordinate-rated ethical leadership. As expected, this effect was moderated by leader age, such that the relationship between career mentoring and ethical leadership was stronger for older leaders. Leader age also moderated the relationship between childhood models and ethical leadership ratings, such that having had childhood ethical role models was more strongly and positively related to ethical leadership for younger leaders. We found no effect for top management ethical role models. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (shrink)

¿Cuál es el estado de los debates académicos sobre el sexismo en los currículos universitarios de filosofía? La pregunta, así formulada, busca delimitar las principales disputas sobre la incorporación de enfoque de género en los currículos filosóficos en la literatura de la última década. Atendiendo a la revisión sistemática de literatura se realizaron búsquedas en Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, JSTOR, Taylor & Francis y Google Scholar, entre 2012-2022; la estrategia de análisis se centró en los debates recurrentes en el (...) campo. Se analizaron 98 estudios y cinco debates según los cuales las prácticas curriculares excluyentes no permiten la materialización de una educación filosófica inclusiva e intercultural: 1) sesgos implícitos, amenazas por estereotipos y clima hostil, 2) reconocimiento de las mujeres filósofas en el canon y la historia de la filosofía, 3) injusticias epistémicas en la filosofía académica, 4) voces de las mujeres negras en la profesión filosófica y 5) ausencia de las mujeres en la “normalización filosófica” latinoamericana. (shrink)

Este artículo tiene como finalidad señalar la propuesta educativa de Martha Nussbaum en torno a la formación del ciudadano al interior de una sociedad liberal. Para lo cual se tienen como referentes sus obras: El cultivo de la humanidad y Sin fines de lucro. Pare ello se hará inicialmente una breve alusión al significado de educación humanista en otros autores, ello, tendiente a enmarcar las tres (3) habilidades que para Nussbaum corresponde desarrollar en una educación humanista y liberal: el examen (...) de uno mismo; el ciudadano del mundo y el cultivo de la imaginación narrativa, sobre las cuales se presentarán algunos elementos que podrán ubicar al lector en el pensamiento de la filósofa norteamericana como propuesta paralela de lo que ella denomina como una «educación para la renta». Finalmente, se presentarán unas breves reflexiones en torno a su propuesta que contribuyan a repensar la formación de ciudadanos comprometidos activamente en la construcción de una sociedad liberal. (shrink)

Durante buena parte del S. XX el desarrollo se entendió como crecimiento económico, comercio, instituciones modernas, etc. La idea era que los países subdesarrollados debían seguir el sendero de la modernidad marcado por los países desarrollados. Frente a esta mirada economicista del desarrollo (y también colonialista), han surgido varias propuestas que hablan de un Desarrollo Humano Integral. La Iglesia Católica, a través de su Doctrina Social, ha insistido profusamente, por casi 60 años, en este tema. El desarrollo no puede ser (...) meramente económico, sino que debe mirar la totalidad del ser humano. En relación con esto, las espiritualidades pueden ser un aporte a un Desarrollo Humano Integral que tenga en cuenta la liberación de la opresión, el bien común y la búsqueda de trascendencia. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:In the expanding field of ethical leadership research, little attention has been paid to the association between ethical leaders’ ethical characteristics and perceived ethical leadership, and, more importantly, the potential influence of ethical leadership on followers’ ethical characteristics. In this study, we tested a theoretical model based upon social cognitive theory to examine leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness as antecedents of perceived ethical leadership, and follower moral identity and moral attentiveness as outcomes of ethical leadership. Based upon data from (...) 89 leaders and 460 followers in China, collected at two points in time, we found that leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness are associated with follower’s perceptions of ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is, in turn, associated with their followers’ moral identity and moral attentiveness. We found furthermore that ethical leadership mediates the effect of leaders’ moral identity on followers’ moral identity, but not the effect of leaders’ moral attentiveness on followers’ moral attentiveness. We discuss the findings, theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research. (shrink)

This article analyses the rationality of the principle of proportionality as a justificatory method for solving cases involving conflicts of constitutional principles. It addresses the “problem of comparability”: a set of arguments claiming that proportionalists fail to understand what happens when constitutional principles collide. The problem of comparability suggests that balancing cannot be done if some conflicts of constitutional principles are, in reality, cases of noncomparability, incommensurability, incomparability, or vagueness. In this article, I challenge the views of both proportionalists and (...) their skeptics. Against the skeptics, I argue that proportionality can survive the challenge posed by the problem of comparability. Against the proportionalists, I submit that proportionality cannot be understood as a system of tradeoffs between degrees of satisfaction of principles. If comparison among constitutional principles is to be rational, we need a different approach to normativity—one that allows for the possibility of parity. (shrink)

Los siglos del gótico final de la Edad Media fueron, en el género pictórico en concreto, una época de continuidad de presupuestos en el terreno del arte y de incorporación de elementos naturalistas, pero también reflejaron la importancia del influjo del pensamiento en boga, por ejemplo, el del hermetismo. The artist-craftsman and microcosm in late Middle Age The centuries of the final Gothic of the Middles Ages were, particularly in the pictorial genre, a time of continuity of presuppositions in the (...) realm of arts as well as incorporation of naturalistic elements. However, they also reflected the significant influence of ways of thinking in vogue, such as hermeticism, for instance. (shrink)

Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.

For most of the twentieth century, spiritual traditions were understood to be a factor in slowing down and retarding the development of societies. Religion and spirituality were associated with traditionalism or conservatism, with maintaining stagnant understandings of society. In the time of post-secularity, the possibility of embracing spiritual traditions to help promote societies’ common good is opening up. The question that arises is how this can be possible and how spiritual traditions can contribute to the common good.

In search of a suitable place for ascetic practices, Chinese Buddhist nuns travel well into the mountains and take shelter in places that allow them to be in seclusion. Among these places we find abandoned temples; spaces that are commonly used by religious people. Is there any quality or characteristic of abandoned spaces such that it becomes of special value for the practice of religious women? What does the abandoned space provoke or transmit to the nun? Does it produce a (...) connection between physical space and the higher consciousness experience achieved in inner practice? This paper analyzes the experience of a Buddhist nun in an abandoned temple on Nanwutai Mountain in Zhongnan-shan. In this analysis, we propose that the aesthetics of the abandoned space influences the way in which the nun interprets the attainment of a pure consciousness. This may be understood as the union of both interior and exterior spaces, and as such, the liberation of all restraints and the ultimate comprehension of the Buddhist universe. (shrink)

Recent allegations of unethical decision-making by leaders in prominent business organizations have jeopardized the world's confidence in American business. The purpose of this research was to develop a measure of managerial moral judgment that can be used in future research and managerial assessment. The measure was patterned after the Defining Issues Test, a widely used general measure of moral judgment. With content validity as the goal, we aimed to sample the domain of managerial ethical situations by establishing links to dimensions (...) of managerial performance, as well as to the types of organizational justice issues managers encounter. Proposed scenarios were evaluated for realism by ethics officers and human resource managers. Results indicated that the new measure is reliable and correlates with a number of relevant variables in the hypothesized manner, demonstrating evidence of construct validity. Implications for future research and for human resources management are discussed. (shrink)

Resumen: Una lectura atenta acerca del Cautiverio Feliz de Pineda y Bascuñán, indudablemente, nos despertaría varias asociaciones, no solo con otras formas de literatura histórica propias de la época, sino que con otras obras de las que integra algunos elementos como: los modos de estructuración discursiva y los modelos o perfiles agenciales. En este sentido, la lectura de la obra de Pineda nos remitiría a El Cortesano de Baltazar Castiglione, por cuanto muchos de los rasgos del perfecto caballero, presentados en (...) El Cortesano, se encuentran insertos en algunos personajes de la obra de Pineda. No es raro encontrar en el Cautiverio, entre otras cosas, las cualidades del perfecto caballero plasmadas en los indígenas, virtudes que adornan también a algunos criollos y españoles antiguos.: A close reading to Pineda and Bascuñán’s Cautiverio Feliz, undoubtedly, would wake us a series of asociations, not only with other forms of historical literatura from the epoch, but also with other works that integrate some elements such as: kinds of speech structure and kinds of instrumental profiles. In this sense, reading Pineda`s work would lead us to Castiglione`s El Cortesano, because many of the characteristic of the perfect gentleman presented in El Cortesano, are inserted in some characters of Pineda`s work. It is not strange to find in El Cautiverio, among other things, the qualities of a perfect gentleman, shaped on the natives, virtues, virtues that also adorn some creole and old spaniards. (shrink)

Se ofrece una reflexión sobre los avances y las tendencias de discusión en la historia de la tradición filosófica en Colombia y sus presupuestos historiográficos, como un aporte al debate sobre la relevancia de pensar las tradiciones filosóficas nacionales en el siglo XXI. A partir de las categorías valorativas de las diferentes producciones intelectuales se determina si hacen parte o no de la tradición filosófica nacional. El concepto de “normalización filosófica” es analizado como categoría interpretativa de la tradición colombiana y (...) se sugiere su obsolescencia dadas sus implicaciones; con el propósito de superar el reduccionismo, la exclusión y el sesgo al que conlleva esta categoría. Se propone la reivindicación de los intentos de análisis social del siglo XIX y de las producciones filosóficas regionales con el propósito de aportar a una reconstrucción decolonial, amplia y sin sesgos de la historia de la tradición de la filosofía colombiana. (shrink)

Los procesos de internacionalización de capitales, así como también el efecto de los medios de comunicación y la producción del conocimiento con sus estrategias racionalizadoras, generan globalmente movimientos sobre los territorios y, muy particularmente, sobre aquellos territorios ricos en biodiversidad; los cuales son presionados para abrirse y negociar productos, patrimonios, experiencias y significados. Desde un punto de vista sociocultural, la apertura vivida en lo local implica que los territorios pongan en juego diferentes esquemas adaptativos. Adaptaciones que requieren la colaboración y (...) coayuda de las Ciencias Sociales. El objetivo del artículo es explicitar una estrategia metodológica que, en concordancia a un corpus discursivo vinculado a la complejidad, posibilite investigaciones en los territorios locales y con ello se potencie interlocuciones con lo global. En este sentido, la Antropología del Territorio constituye una aproximación teórico-metodológica reflexiva y activa, cuyos atractores investigativos son los imaginarios territoriales y los modos de vivir y habitar. (shrink)