Neuromarketing is a recent interdisciplinary field which crosses traditional boundaries between neuroscience, neuroeconomics and marketing research. Since this nascent field is primarily concerned with improving marketing strategies and promoting sales, there has been an increasing public aversion and protest against it. These protests can be exemplified by the reactions observed lately in Baylor School of Medicine and Emory University in the United States. The most recent attempt to stop ongoing neuromarketing research in France is also remarkable. The pertaining ethical issues (...) have been continuously attracting much attention, especially since the number of neuromarketing companies has exceeded 300 world-wide. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the field of neurotechnology by presenting its current capabilities and limitations. Then, it will focus on the ethical issues and debates most related with the recent applications of this technology. The French Parliament’s revision of rules on bioethics in 2004 has an exemplary role in our discussion. The proposal by Murphy et al. has attracted attention to the necessity of ethical codes structuring this field. A code has recently been declared by the Neuromarketing Science and Business Association. In this paper, it is argued that these technologies should be sufficiently discussed in public spheres and its use on humans should be fully carried out according to the ethical principles and legal regulations designed in line with human rights and human dignity. There is an urgent need in the interdisciplinary scientific bodies like ethics committees monitoring the research regarding the scientific and ethical values of nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, confidentiality, right to privacy and protection of vulnerable groups. (shrink)

The topic of imaginative resistance attracted considerable philosophical attention in recent years. Yet, with a few exceptions, no historical investigation of the phenomenon has been carried out. This paper amends this gap in the literature by constructing a Humean and a Kantian explanation. The main contributions of this historical analysis to this debate are to make room for emotions in explanations of resistance reactions and to upset the polarization between rival accounts by suggesting that our possible responses to morally flawed (...) works can vary. In some cases, we resist imagining counter‐evaluative claims due to our unwillingness to do so, and in others, due to our inability. (shrink)

Bu araştırmanın amacı İlahiyat Fakültesi öğrencilerinin epistemolojik inançları ve akademik erteleme durumlarını incelemektir. Araştırmada İlahiyat Fakültesi öğrencilerinin epistemolojik inançları ve akademik erteleme durumları cinsiyet, sınıf, mezun olunan ortaöğretim kurumu ve öğretim durumu değişkenleri açısından incelenmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların epistemolojik inançları ile akademik erteleme durumları arasındaki ilişki de irdelenmiştir. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli benimsenmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında Deryakulu ve Büyüköztürk tarafından Türk kültürüne uyarlanan ‘Epistemolojik İnanç Ölçeği’ ile Çakıcı tarafından geliştirilen ‘Akademik Erteleme Ölçeği’ kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Türkiye’de farklı İlahiyat Fakültelerine devam eden öğrenciler (...) arasından kolay erişilebilir örneklem tekniğiyle seçilen 357 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 27 programı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların ölçeklerden aldıkları puan ortalamalarını karşılaştırmak üzere ikili gruplarda Bağımsız Örneklemler t Testi, ikiden çok grupta Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi testi kullanılmıştır. Çoklu gruplarda farklılaşmaların kaynağını tespit etmek amacıyla post hoc testlerinden LSD kullanılmıştır. Ölçek puanları arasındaki ilişkilere Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ile bakılmıştır. Tüm analizlerde.05 anlamlılık düzeyi olarak kabul edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda katılımcıların Epistemolojik İnanç Ölçeği’nde en yüksek ortalamayı “Tek Bir Doğrunun Var Olduğuna İnanç” alt boyutunda, en düşük ortalamayı “Öğrenmenin Çabaya Bağlı Olduğuna İnanç” alt boyutunda elde ettikleri görülmüştür. Ölçekler ile ölçek alt boyut puanlarında cinsiyet, sınıf, mezun olunan ortaöğretim kurumu ve öğretim durumu değişkenleri açısından anlamlı bir farklılaşma gözlenmemiştir. Araştırmada, epistemolojik inanç alt boyutları ile akademik erteleme olgusu arasında negatif yönde, zayıf fakat anlamlı ilişkiler bulgulanmıştır. Bu sonuç, epistemolojik inançlarda güçlenme arttıkça akademik erteleme eğiliminin azalabildiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Eğitim sürecinde, öğrencilerin öğrenmeye dönük kişisel ilgi ve çabaları geliştirilirse akademik erteleme eğilimleri azalabilir. (shrink)

This article examines Bolzano’s aesthetic cognitivism. It argues that, while reminiscent of German rationalist aesthetics and hence potentially appearing rigid and outdated, Bolzano’s version of cognitivism is, in fact, highly innovative and more flexible than the cognitivism championed by the rationalists. He imports from the rationalists the idea that aesthetic appreciation and creation are rule-governed, yet does not construe rule-following and engaging in free aesthetic activities as mutually exclusive. Furthermore, thanks to his nuanced treatment of the interaction between aesthetic values (...) and other types of values, Bolzano’s aesthetic cognitivism presents a fresh alternative to contemporary versions of aesthetic cognitivism. (shrink)

Noël Carroll proposes a generalist theory of art criticism, which essentially involves evaluations of artworks on the basis of their success value, at the cost of rendering evaluations of reception value irrelevant to criticism. In this article, I argue for a hybrid account of art criticism, which incorporates Carroll's objective model but puts Carroll-type evaluations in the service of evaluations of reception value. I argue that this hybrid model is supported by Kant's theory of taste. Hence, I not only present (...) an alternative theory of metacriticism, which has the merit of reinstating the centrality of reception value in art critics’ evaluations, but also show that, contrary to a common conception, Kant's aesthetic theory can house a fruitful account of art criticism. The benefit of this hybrid account is that, despite being essentially particularist, it should be appealing even to generalists, including Carroll. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada, Almanya’da İslamofobi’nin artışında etkenler tespit edilmekte, bu etkenlerden biri olarak görülen Neo-selefî yapıların bu etkideki rolü analiz edilmektedir. İslamofobi, İslam dininden ve Müslümanlardan korkma, nefret etme, endişe duyma veya önyargılı olma olarak tanımlanabilir. Müslümanlardan korkma veya Müslümanlara düşmanlık besleme anlamında İslamofobi’nin kökenleri İslam’ın ilk dönemlerine kadar uzanmaktadır. Tarihi kökenlere bakıldığında bu düşmanlığın Kudüs’ün, Endülüs’ün ve Hristiyan dünyanın hüküm sürdüğü diğer toprakların Müslümanlar tarafından fethedilme süreçlerine kadar gittiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise son 20-30 yıllık süreç içerisinde görülen İslamofobi’nin artışındaki (...) etkenlere odaklanılmıştır. Burada dönüm noktasını Amerika’da bir grup terörist tarafından gerçekleştirilen 11 Eylül 2001 saldırıları oluşturmaktadır. Bu saldırı, İslamofobi endüstrisi tarafından bütün Müslümanların terörizm ile ilişkilendirilmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Almanya, İslamofobi’nin en belirgin şekilde arttığı ülkelerden biridir. İslamofobi’nin artışı, Müslüman toplulukların günlük yaşamlarında karşılaştıkları ayrımcılık ve dışlanmayı artırırken, toplumsal uyum ve entegrasyon çabalarını zayıflatmaktadır. Bu olgunun Almanya’daki etkilerini anlamak, sadece Müslüman toplulukların karşılaştıkları zorlukları değil, aynı zamanda toplumun geneline yayılan etkileri de ortaya koymak açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma ile amaçlanan, batılı ülkeler genelinde İslamofobi’nin artışındaki etkileri tespit ederken, özellikle Almanya ölçeğinde bu etkenler içerisinde yer aldığını düşündüğümüz Neo-selefî grupların nefret ve şiddet içeren eylem ve söylemlerinin bu artıştaki etkisinin tespit edilmesidir. Bu selefî söylemlerin kelâmî bağlamı da konu çerçevesinde önem arz etmektedir. Neo-selefî grupların söylem, eylem ve faaliyetlerinin, batılı ülkelerde yaşayan yerel halklar nezdinde nasıl karşılandığı, korku ve endişe uyandırıp uyandırmadığı, Müslümanların ötekileştirilip dışlanarak potansiyel bir düşman olarak algılanıp algılanmadığı gibi hususlar analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, literatür taraması ve analitik yöntemler kullanılmıştır. İslamofobi, Selefîlik ve Neo-selefîlik kavramları kelâmî perspektifle detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmış, sonrasında ise İslamofobi’nin artışındaki temel etkenler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Tespit edilen etkenlerin analiz ve değerlendirmesi yapıldıktan sonra, özel olarak Almanya’da faaliyet gösteren radikal Neo-selefî grupların liderlerinin / vaizlerinin söylemleri çerçevesinde, toplumda bu gruplara yönelik algı tespit edilmeye çalışılmış ve bu olumsuz İslam imajının İslamofobi’nin artışındaki etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada, Almanya’da Neo-selefî grupların söylem ve faaliyetlerinin, İslamofobi’nin artışında önemli bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Neo- selefî yapıların radikal ve dışlayıcı söylemleri, Almanya’da yaşayan Müslümanların toplumsal entegrasyonunu zorlaştırmakta ve yerel halk arasında Müslümanlara yönelik korku ve önyargıları beslemektedir. Özellikle Pierre Vogel ve Hasan Dabbağ gibi Neo-Selafi vaizlerin, sosyal medya ve diğer platformlar üzerinden yürüttükleri nefret söylemleri, Almanya’da İslamofobi’nin artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, Müslümanların genel olarak terörizmle ilişkilendirilmesine ve toplumsal kutuplaşmanın artmasına neden olmaktadır. (shrink)

Background: Professional commitment, which constitutes one of the criteria of the professionalisation process, is directly affected by attitude towards the work, constituting the content of nursing profession. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of nurses’ attitudes towards work on their professional commitment. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional and analytical study. The data were collected from 293 nurses working at different units in a public hospital between April 2019 and May 2019. The data collection tool includes a (...) 10-question participant information form, the Nurses’ Professional Commitment Scale and the Attitude Towards Work Scale. Variables were analysed using multiple linear regression. Results: The nurses obtained high scores from overall professional commitment and attitude towards work scales and their subscales. Significant differences were found in the scale total and its subscales caused especially by the variables of professional experience, position, income level and the status of willingly choosing the profession ( p < 0.05). Nursing professional commitment was predicted by ‘content of the work’, (β = 0.32, p < 0.01), ‘working conditions’ (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), ‘co-workers’ (β = 0.30, p < 0.01) and ‘compensation’ (β = 0.21, p < 0.01), which accounted for 25.6% of the variance in nursing professional commitment. Ethical considerations: Ethics committee approval and institutional permissions were obtained. The participants were informed about the study and written consent was obtained. Conclusions: The nurses who had an increasing duration of professional experience, were working in managerial position, found their income level sufficient and chose the profession willingly had higher professional commitment and attitudes towards work. In addition, a significant correlation was found between nurses’ professional commitment and their attitudes towards work, and nurses’ professional commitments were explained with their attitudes towards work. It is important to increase and strengthen the attitude towards work that affects nurses’ professional commitments. (shrink)

Two dominant interpretations of Kant's notion of adherent beauty, the conjunctive view and the incorporation view, provide an account of how to form informed aesthetic assessments concerning artworks. According to both accounts, judgments of perfection play a crucial role in making informed, although impure, judgments of taste. These accounts only examine aesthetic responses to objects that meet or fail to meet the expectations we have regarding what they ought to be. I demonstrate that Kant's works of genius do not fall (...) within either of these categories. The distinguishing features of these works, namely, originality and exemplarity, become unrecognizable on these interpretations because originality and exemplarity lie in the work's ability to exceed one's expectations concerning its form and content. They contribute to artistic beauty through alternative transformation methods distinct from that of abstraction, namely, concept expansion and repudiation. These additional accounts of transformation lead to a rather surprising outcome: works of genius turn out to be paradigm cases where one can and indeed ought to form informed pure judgments of taste. (shrink)

This paper applies the account developed by Susanna Siegel in The Rationality of Perception to aesthetic cases and explores the implications of such an account for aesthetic engagement as well as curatorial and exhibitionary practices. It argues that one’s prior outlook – expertise, beliefs, desires, fears, preferences, attitudes – can have both aesthetically good and bad influences on perceptual experiences, just as it can have both epistemically good and bad influences. Analysing these bad influences in cases of ‘hijacked’ aesthetic perception (...) will reveal that, unless we recognize that our perception of high-level and low-level aesthetically relevant properties is norm-governed, we will be at a loss to explain what goes wrong in these cases. Just as perception can be rational or irrational, so too can it be apt or inapt. (shrink)

In his recent article, “Beauty and Utility in Kant’s Aesthetics: The Origins of Adherent Beauty,” Robert Clewis aims to offer a fresh perspective on Kant’s views on the relation between beauty and utility. While, admittedly, a fresh approach is hard to come by, given the extensive treatment of the topic, Clewis thinks that a study of its historical context and origins might give us the needed edge. The most interesting and novel aspect of Clewis’s discussion is his detailed treatment of (...) Kant’s changing use of the term “selbstständig” (which in general means “independent,” “self-standing,” “stable,” “lasting,” “self-subsisting”). In the process of tackling the more general question as to what kind of eighteenth-century model of beauty-utility relation Kant proposes, Clewis addresses other issues, such as the seeming inconsistency between Kant’s earlier and later views on free and purpose-based beauty. As noted in the editor’s footnote of the Critique of the Power of Judgment (KU), while Kant uses the term “selbstständig,” in his precritical period to refer to “purpose-based beauty” (what he calls in the KU adherent or dependent beauty), he uses the same term to denote free beauty (independent beauty, that is to say) in the KU.1 Clewis argues that even though Kant uses the same term to refer to both dependent and independent beauty, albeit in different periods of his life, this switch in the application of the term is not caused by a change in the meaning of the term from Kant’s perspective, but a change in Kant’s views concerning the status of free beauty. I agree with Clewis that Kant did not change his mind about the meaning of the term “selbstständig.” Nevertheless, I disagree with the line Clewis pursues.I will argue that Clewis’s mistake lies in thinking that, throughout his career, Kant endorsed what he calls the “blocking-unifi cationist” view on the relation between beauty and utility (“beauty and perfection/utility are distinct concepts yet can be united or unifi ed” (2018, p. 309)). As I will show, this mistake results in an inconsistent story about Kant’s aesthetics as well as an inconsistency within Clewis’ own argument. I will try to articulate a more consistent story about the development of Kant’s ideas on aesthetics in general and his ideas on adherent beauty in particular by proposing that, contra Clewis, earlier Kant subscribed to what Clewis calls the “containment” account (beauty is a form of perfection) while the later Kant changed his mind (having given up on rationalism) and came to defend a version of “blocking-unificationist” view. (shrink)

In this paper, in answering the question why Kant didn’t think very highly of music, I argue that for Kant (i) music unlike other art forms, lends itself more easily to combination judgments involving judgments of sense, which increases the propensity to make aesthetic mistakes and is ill-suited as an activity for improving one’s taste; (ii) music expresses aesthetic ideas and presents rational ideas only by taking advantage of existing associations while other art forms do so by breaking with the (...) laws of association and creating new associations. I propose that (ii) constitutes the reason why music is not a rich source for reflection and thereby cannot stimulate the enlargement of the cognitive faculties. Given that the standard Kant uses in setting up the hierarchy of fine arts in terms of their cultivating role is the enlargement of cognitive faculties, this explains why music is placed at the bottom of his hierarchy. (shrink)

In this paper the following theorem is proved regarding groups of finite Morley rank which are perfect central extensions of quasisimple algebraic groups.Theorem1.Let G be a perfect group of finite Morley rank and let C0be a definable central subgroup of G such that G/C0is a universal linear algebraic group over an algebraically closed field; that is G is a perfect central extension of finite Morley rank of a universal linear algebraic group. Then C0= 1.Contrary to an impression which exists in (...) some circles, the center of the universal extension of a simple algebraic group, as an abstract group, is not finite in general. Thus the finite Morley rank assumption cannot be omitted.Corollary1.Let G be a perfect group of finite Morley rank such that G/Z(G) is a quasisimple algebraic group. Then G is an algebraic group. In particular, Z(G) is finite([4],Section27.5).An understanding of central extensions of quasisimple linear algebraic groups which are groups of finite Morley rank is necessary for the classification oftamesimpleK*-groupsof finite Morley rank, which constitutes an approach to the Cherlin-Zil’ber conjecture. For this reason the theorem above and its corollary were proven in [1] (Theorems 4.1 and 4.2) under the assumption oftameness, which simplifies the argument considerably. The result of the present paper shows that this assumption can be dropped. The main line of argument is parallel to that in [1]; the absence of the tameness assumption will be countered by a model-theoretic result and results fromK-theory. The model-theoretic result places limitations on definability in stable fields, and may possibly be relevant to eliminating certain other uses of tameness. (shrink)

I argue that Kant’s aesthetic theory yields a fruitful theory of art criticism and that this theory presents an alternative both to the existing theories of his time and to contemporary theories. In this regard, my dissertation offers an examination of a neglected area in Kant scholarship since it is standardly assumed that a theory of criticism flies in the face of some of Kant’s most central aesthetic tenets, such as his rejection of aesthetic testimony and general objective principles of (...) taste. If art criticism is an enterprise of providing evaluations of artworks supported by reasons, then it is hard to see what the Kantian art critic can do for us. If I cannot defer to the critic’s judgment that she loved Blade Runner and there are no feasible general principles linking the depiction of futuristic cityscapes, or the accompaniment of a haunting minimalist soundtrack to the goodness of a film, then it does not seem to matter whether the critic communicates to me her evaluation of Blade Runner or supports her evaluation with descriptions of Blade Runner scenes. Nevertheless, the assumption that these Kantian tenets preclude the possibility of art criticism is mistaken and it is my aim to show how this can be. The project has two phases. In the first phase I develop a new interpretation of Kant’s theory of artistic beauty. In the second phase I make use of this interpretation to put forward a Kantian account of art criticism. Central to my interpretation is the notion that judgments of perfection, e.g., Blade Runner is an excellent neo-noir science fiction film, inform our aesthetic evaluations and receive support from descriptions of non-aesthetic properties of the film. It is precisely this underappreciated role of judgments of perception that I exploit in making room for Kantian art criticism. (shrink)

My aim in this paper is to expose a misrepresentation of Jean-Luc Nancy’s ideas on community in the secondary literature. I argue that discussions of Nancy’s work have failed to recognize a transformation that has occurred in his later thought, which distances him from Jacques Derrida. I propose that Nancy’s later work points the way beyond the “persistence of unhappy consciousness” in deconstruction through allowing for the possibility of the creation of a world alternative to globalization. Recognition of this transformation (...) is suggestive for how Nancy’s theoretical framework might be employed in analyses of recent resistance movements. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Baumgarten's Aesthetics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives ed. by J. Colin McQuillanEmine Hande TunaJ. Colin McQuillan, editor. Baumgarten's Aesthetics: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021. Pp. viii + 364. Hardcover, $130.00.Contemporary philosophers have often overlooked the originality and impact of Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten's views on aesthetics, and his contribution to the field is often reduced to his introduction of the term 'aesthetics' into the philosophical (...) lexicon. By illuminating the seminal character of Baumgarten's aesthetics and its enduring significance, J. Colin McQuillan's collection of twelve essays endeavors to rectify this neglect, particularly within the anglophone philosophical community. The collection aims to make recent scholarship on Baumgarten's aesthetics more accessible, with translated works from German scholars and their English counterparts presented in a single volume to entice anglophone readers. It stands as the first collection of essays devoted to Baumgarten's aesthetics to be published in English. Through the essays contained in this volume, readers are offered a comprehensive overview of Baumgarten's aesthetic theory and its progression as well as a deeper understanding of his substantial and influential contributions to the field.The collection begins with a comprehensive introduction by McQuillan, which provides insightful analysis of the reasons behind Baumgarten's neglected status and a concise biography of the philosopher. McQuillan lucidly summarizes Baumgarten's goals for his new science of aesthetics, the extent to which he was able to accomplish these goals, and what remained unfinished. McQuillan highlights Baumgarten's view that his aesthetics was not just a theoretical exercise, but rather had practical implications, such as the potential to enhance poetry, rhetoric, and other arts, and more generally all sensible cognition.The opening two essays of the collection offer dual perspectives on Baumgarten's aesthetics, one exploring the connection of his theories to the pursuit of establishing art as the presentation or representation of the absolute and the other presenting his aesthetics as modeled on the "art of invention" (ars inveniendi). Ursula Franke's essay contextualizes [End Page 711] Baumgarten's ideas within the historical framework and demonstrates his impact on the development of German idealist aesthetics, but it also serves as a valuable guide for further research on Baumgarten by providing an overview of contemporary research and avenues for engagement with his work. In the second essay, Stefanie Buchenau offers an insightful examination of the relationship between Baumgarten and Cicero, illuminating how the former crafted aesthetics as a new method of invention.The third and fourth essays of the collection have a narrower focus. In his analysis, Matthew McAndrew, following George Friedrich Meier, posits that Baumgarten, despite seemingly presenting two conflicting definitions of beauty—one attributing beauty to the object of cognition, and the other to the cognition itself—only held the former definition. Departing from previous interpretations that attempted to reconcile both definitions, McAndrew rejects the definition of beauty as the perfection of sensible cognition. Angelica Nuzzo argues that Baumgarten had a pluralistic understanding of truth and distinguished between aesthetic truth and logical truth. She examines Baumgarten's conception of aesthetic truth and contends that it is imperative to comprehend how poetry embodies and incorporates aesthetic truth. According to Nuzzo, Baumgarten believed that aesthetic truth is embodied.In the fifth essay, Simon Grote delves into the theological sources of Baumgarten's aesthetics. Grote claims that Baumgarten's definition of aesthetics was influenced by the definition of aisthēsis put forth by Halle Pietists. Indeed, he claims that seeing this connection between the Pietists and Baumgarten is vital to fully grasp the ethical dimensions of Baumgarten's early aesthetic theory. Like many Halle Pietists, Baumgarten was advancing a conception of moral education as involving the improvement of the human affects through the proper use of the sensible faculties. In the following essay, McQuillan examines the aspects of Baumgarten's aesthetics that set him apart from his rationalist predecessor Christian Wolff. Challenging the orthodox view that portrays Baumgarten as a Wolffian rationalist, McQuillan argues that Baumgarten limited the application of Wolff's mathematical method, circumscribed the scope of logic, and distinguished between sensible and intellectual perfection, separating what Wolff aimed to unite. In his contribution, Alessandro... (shrink)

ResuméDans cette étude, nous nous proposons d’analyser de la perspective sémiotique de la traduction l’œuvre intituléeDe la part de la princesse mortede Kenizé Mourad, écrivaine francophone, qui a une identité multiculturelle étant donné qu’elle est princesse ottomane du côté de sa mère et princesse indienne du côté de son père. Née à Paris dans des conditions de la Deuxième guerre mondiale, et orpheline de mère à l’âge d’un an et demi, Kenizé Mourad a été élevée dans le contexte culturel français (...) car son père en Inde ignorait qu’elle était vivante. Dans cette œuvre, elle raconte l’histoire tragique de sa mère en exil, la Princesse Selma, petite-fille du Sultan Mourad V, padischah ottoman. Nous abordons le texte et ses deux traductions turques intitulées toutes les deuxSaraydan Sürgünepour étudier les conséquences de la transformation des expressions neutres en français en des locutions idiomatiques en turc. Nous menons à bien cette interrogation au prisme de la notion de surinterprétation conçue dans le cadre de la Systématique de la désignification en traduction comme « un commentaire excessif du sens de l’original » tout en analysant en quoi les expressions idiomatiques constituent la surinterprétation et de quelle manière elles naturalisent le discours original. (shrink)

Books on Kant's Critique of the Power of Judgment usually fall into one of the following sorts: introductions, in-depth companions, scholarly work offering specific interpretations of certain aspects of the book. Where does Michel Chaouli's book fit within this taxonomy? Reading the preface and the first few dozen pages, one gets the impression that it falls under the third rubric, aiming to defend a specific interpretation of Kant's aesthetic theory: in making a judgment of taste, our imagination is productive; it (...) can make anything into an object of pleasure. According to Chaouli, the activity of making, as creative production, is also constitutive of aesthetic experience, and it demands... (shrink)

Background: Academic dishonesty has become a serious problem at institutions of higher learning. Research question: What is the frequency of academic dishonesty and what factors affect the tendency of dishonesty among Turkish health science school students? Research design: This descriptive and cross-sectional study aims to evaluate academic dishonesty among university nursing, midwifery, and dietetic students. Participants and research context: The study sample consisted of 499 health science students in Turkey. The tendency toward academic dishonesty was investigated using the Academic Dishonesty (...) Tendency Scale. Ethical considerations: Institutional review board approved the study. Written permission was obtained from the researcher to use Turkish version of the Academic Dishonesty Tendency Scale. Findings: Of all the students, 80.0% claimed to refer to Internet during homework preparation and 49.1% of students reported to cite the references at the end of article on some instances. Of the students, 56.1% claimed never to have cheated in the exams. It was found that academic dishonesty was partly low (1.80–2.59) in students. For students using a library while doing their homework, mean scores were significantly lower ( p < 0.05). There were also statistically significant difference between mean scores and student’s year in school, student’s perception of school success, and frequency of Internet use while doing homework ( p < 0.05). Discussion: The tendency of academic dishonesty was lower among students who use Internet and library more frequently. These findings are consistent with previous studies. Conclusion: Measurements to take against academic dishonesty should be directed toward not only students but institutions and instructors as well. (shrink)

The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effect of paternalistic leadership (PL) on ethical climate and the moderating role of trust in leader. Convenience sampling is used as a sampling procedure and the data were obtained from 227 Turkish employees. The findings indicated that PL had some effect on ethical climate. Furthermore, partial support was found for the moderating effect of trust in leader on the relationship between PL and ethical climate. The results of the study showed (...) the importance of PL on employees in following company rules and procedures and showing a sense of responsibility and care to customers, community, and others in the organization. (shrink)

Author replies to commentaries from Christopher Hill, Hannah Kim, Emine Hande Tuna, and Neil Van Leeuwen on Explaining Imagination (OUP, 2020) by Peter Langland-Hassan.

Employing the case of the global tuna-fish industry, it is argued that the process of globalization is contested terrain as it opens “free spaces” to some classes or groups and closes “free spaces” to others; that the nation-States' regulatory abilities are weakened; and finally, that while some social movements may gain, others are marginalized. Three basic conclusions are reached. (1) The industry's actions were successfully “contested” by environmental groups supported by the legislative and judicial branches of the US State. (...) (2) Simultaneously, pro-environmental legislation is currently threatened, along with several national and international environmental accords. (3) Workers in the US and, particularly, in Latin America are paying the consequences of the introduction of pro-environmental legislation and the actions of transnational corporations (TNCs). (shrink)

The burgeoning field of studies in expertise and experience is a useful theoretical approach to complex problems. In light of SEE, examination of the controversial and well known case study of dolphin bycatch in the US tuna fishery, reveals that effective problem-solving was hindered by institutional tensions in respect of decision-making authority and difficulties with the integration of different expertises. Comparing the profiles of four individuals, who played distinct roles in the problem-solving process, I show that to address a (...) complex problem, a suite of contributory expertises—rarely found in one individual—may be required; formal credentials are not a reliable indicator of who possesses these necessary expertises; interactional expertise and interactive ability are useful tools in combining the contributory expertises of others to yield a desirable collective outcome; and the concepts of contributory expertise and no expertise are useful tools for understanding the actual contribution of various parties to the problem-solving process.Keywords: Expertise and experience; Bycatch; Tuna-dolphin; Invention; Conservation technology; Interactional expertise. (shrink)

This study focus is how burnout felt by nurse in social caring institution for multiple disability child. Nurse as supported profession often feel burnout as caused by excessive workload. Such case that felt by nurse which cares multiple disability child. Workload and work demand often become problem which appear burnout. Such case is added by less balance between workload and nurse income that relative small and inadequate facilities. Result of study shows that burnout which felt subject because there is low (...) control to job. Subject less control their task which they must done. Such case is caused by limited in their education and knowledge background about nursing for multiple disability child. This study using interview technique. This study is conducted from November 2007 until April 2008. Subject of this study amount five persons. Such fifth of subjects felt burnout during work as nurse for multiple disability child. (shrink)

this with seared tuna best). Cook over high heat in wok until 2/3 to 3/4 cooked but not done. Set aside.

Effective altruism is the use of evidence and careful reasoning to work out how to maximize positive impact on others with a given unit of resources, and the taking of action on that basis. It’s a philosophy and a social movement that is gaining considerable steam in the philanthropic world. For example, GiveWell, an organization that recommends charities working in global health and development and generally follows effective altruist principles, moves over $90 million per year to its top recommendations. Giving (...) What We Can, which encourages individuals to pledge at least 10% of their income to the most cost-effective charities, now has over 3500 members, together pledging over $1.5 billion of lifetime donations. Good Ventures is a foundation, founded by Dustin Moskovitz and Cari Tuna, that is committed to effective altruist principles; it has potential assets of $11 billion, and is distributing over $200 million each year in grants, advised by the Open Philanthropy Project. [...] GPI Working Paper No. 8-2019. (shrink)

From a largely Western phenomenon, the “animal turn” has, in recent years, gone global. Animals and Human Society in Asia: Historical, Cultural and Ethical Perspectives is just such a timely product that testifies to this trend.But why Asia? The editors, in their very helpful overview essay, have from the outset justified the volume's focus on Asia and ensured that this is not simply a matter of lacuna filling. The reasons they set out include: the fact that Asia is the cradle (...) of early human settlement and animal domestication; Asia encompasses an extreme diversity of closely connected ecosystems and human cultures; Asia is the place where the world's major religions originated; and, as in other parts of the world, Asia's use of animals for food and other utilitarian purposes constitutes a prominent feature of its culture. All of these factors, they argue, made Asia a unique lab for the exploration of major developments in human civilization and the complexities of human-animal interactions.Based on these premises, the book is divided into four parts, each concentrating on areas that the editors consider to have paramount significance in world history: Part I, “Hunting and Domestication”; Part II “Animals as Food”; Part III “Animals at War”; and Part IV “Animals in Culture and Religion.” As many good works on animal studies do, the volume adopts a truly cross-disciplinary approach, uniting scholars from disciplines as diverse as archaeology, history, anthropology, art, religion, literature, and cultural studies. It too takes an interregional approach and covers a vast geographical area, stretching from the western edge of Asia in the Levant to Central Asia, where once roamed the horses of the nomadic pastoral tribes, to the other end of Asia, including India, China, and Japan. Temporally impressive as well, the work takes us from the deep history of the Paleolithic period up to the contemporary world, exploring the diverse roles that a wide range of animals—horses, donkeys, camels, elephants, tigers, and so forth—have played in Asia's rich and unique past and present.Strong in archaeology, Part I, “Hunting and Domestication,” responds to the much-called for “deep” or “coevolutionary” history of human-animal relations in recent years. The three chapters discuss, respectively, the roles that proboscideans have played in the diet and culture of early societies in Paleolithic China and beyond; the ways in which animals of all sizes have been increasingly integrated into the diet, daily uses, trade, and warfare in Holocene Negev; and the diversifying roles played by donkeys in the early Bronze Age in Southern Levant as a food source, a means of transport and in ritual sacrifices. Together, they demonstrate, with reference to telling archaeological evidence how the early societies in this region have been highly dependent upon the increasingly sophisticated interactions with and uses of mega-herbivores in the protracted and by no means clear-cut transition from hunting and herding towards the agricultural way of life, affirming the co-existing and co-constituting relations between humans and other animals in the deep past of Asia.The chapters in the section on “Animals at War” equally reveal the crucial roles that animals have played in the military sphere, as either a practical war technology or a show of military power. “Elephants in Mongol History” revisits the thesis of elephant-mounted troops in South and Southeast Asia as a barrier to Mongol expansion. Through its lively account of the pivotal battles in Mongolian history, especially that against India and China, it illustrates with great success the complex interactions between animals (especially elephants, horses, and humans), technology, and the geographical environment, which jointly exercised their influence on the outcome of warfare and degree of success of political rule. Turning away from the dynamic of warfare, the following two chapters explore the biopolitical question of the management of the horse as a bio-resource in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria (1250–1517) and early Ming Dynasty China, respectively. The first one places its focus on the breeding, procurement, and feeding of the horse subjects in question, while the latter concentrates on the human organization of various resources for the upkeep of government horses—a conventional area of study called “horse administration” in the institutional history of the government in China.The last section, “Animals in Culture and Religion,” examines the changing images of apex predators, such as lions and tigers, in Buddhist perceptions from South Asia to East Asia; the cult of the Horse King in late Imperial China; and the significance of animal signs in Mongolian historiography. They represent an established approach in animal studies that seeks to understand different aspects of human culture through symbolic or metaphorical animals. Instead of treating the animals discussed as mere abstractions, which has been a frequent criticism of works that adopt this approach, the relations between the symbolic animals and their prototype in the natural world were attentively explored. The essay on the cult of the Horse King, for example, closely links the wax and wane of the cult since late imperial China with the changing use and subsequent disuse of the actual horses in agriculture, transportation, commerce, and quotidian life. Yet, classic as these essays on symbolic animals are, one does feel slightly unsatiated when coming to the end of this section, which also marks the end of this volume. Having been reminded early in the introductory essay that Asia was “a major site for the emergence of moral teachings and ethical guidance on the treatment of animals” and how this legacy “still affects the lives of billions of humans to this very day,” one feels naturally rather let down that no article in this volume directly addresses this vital ethical dimension, especially since it belongs to a series on “animal ethics.”Indeed, regarding the task of placing either the nonhuman animals or the ethical relations between humans and other animals center stage, the essays in this volume achieve only varying levels of success. Some authors exhibit a more acute awareness of what “animal studies” or “animal ethics” might entail epistemically and methodically and experiment by paying closer attention to the species-specific characteristics, experience, and agency of nonhuman animals in order to cast off the deified anthropocentrism previously ruled in humanist scholarship. However, others have made no such attempt. For example, in Part II of “Animals as Food,” an essay on the production and consumption of milk in contemporary China, albeit alert to the issue of health hazards to consumers, omits any consideration of the subject from the dairy cows’ perspective under the modern intensive farming system. Moreover, otherwise superb research on the tuna-fishing industry in Japan, with its insightful discussion of the nexus between knowledge economies and imperial politics, too passes over any discussion of the fate of the tuna, whether collectively as a group of living organisms containing 15 species or individually as animals with an embodied experience. One does ponder whether these essays would fit better in a volume on the cultural history of food or on the entwining history of knowledge production, economics, and politics, which conventionally position human interests at the center of research.Taken as a whole, this is an impressive volume that directs our attention to the hitherto understudied world of Asia in animal studies. The long durée, with its interdisciplinary and interregional approach, also most powerfully presents a past in Asia that could not have been the same without the participation of animals at every level, from everyday life to the shaping of cultural values, the construction of belief systems, the building of a national identity, and even the rise and fall of regimes. Scholars and students interested in expanding the frontier of our understanding of the world with a more inclusive “we” should find a wealth of interesting subjects on which to build further research. Finally, the volume also presents a fitting occasion for all scholars committed to animal studies to consider the grave challenge confronting the field that arose alongside its growing respectability and rapid expansion: Should it be oriented toward the destabilization of our previously anthropocentric conception of the world? Or should no such perimeter be imposed, as in this volume? The overall breadth and limitations of this volume leave one pondering this issue. (shrink)