Subliminal perception (SP) is today considered a well-supported theory stating that perception can occur without conscious awareness and have a significant impact on later behaviour and thought. In this article, we first present and discuss different approaches to the study of SP. In doing this, we claim that most approaches are based on a dichotomic measure of awareness. Drawing upon recent advances and discussions in the study of introspection and phenomenological psychology, we argue for both the possibility and necessity of (...) using an elaborated measure of subjective states. In the second part of the article, we present findings where these considerations are implemented in an empirical study. The results and implications are discussed in detail, both with reference to SP, and in relation to the more general problem of using elaborate introspective reports as data in relation to studies of cognition. (shrink)

On οδ γγελός τίς κτλ. Jebb writes: ‘The sentence begins as if γγελός were to be followed by λθε:but the second alternative, συμπράκτωρ όδοû suggests κατεȋδε [had seen, though he did not speak]: and this, by a kind of zeugma, stands as verb to γγελος also.’ In support he cites only an atrocious zeugma from the MS. text of Hdt. iv. 106; but this has been corrected, as anyone may now see who will examine the text and apparatus of chs. (...) 106 and 107 as presented in Hude's edition. (shrink)

We live in a circular universe, of which each item must be defined in terms of other items, ultimately of its complement-opposite, by their mutual limitation. The employment of abstract, formally consistent, thought in this work is quite inadequate.thought is not metaphysically valid, because its formal consistency forces it to ignore—which in the realm of pure reason is tantamount to denying—some pertinent elements of reality—experience, and then implicitly at once and perhaps explicitly later to recognize the ignored elements, and thus (...) be unconsciously inconsistent with itself. Therefore mankind is forced to undertake the monumental task of constructing a philosophical method of thought which does not strive after formal consistency and so which is able as constantly as may be consciously to express both the recognized and the ignored elements of reality—experience, that is, in ontological terms, being and non-being, and the consistent and the inconsistent elements in thought. This the needed method can do only by relating items by their mutual restraint or measurement of various kinds and degrees, as will be explained below. To put the essential matter bluntly: philosophers must seek to learn discursively what scientists have always known intuitively—that the ultimate method of discovering truth is measurement, not abstract consistency. The proposed method must not, however, interfere with the rhetorical ordering of material, which must contain a conscious element of pure consistency, as will also be explained below. (shrink)

In Norway, by tradition a Lutheran country, the puritan ethics of a moral minority has a strong influence on the development and manifestations of medical ethics. Those who exert this influence are found primarily among politicians, the clergy, and, last but certainly not least, among nurses and doctors. The focus of interest is not so much on problems of bioethical moral theory or the teaching of bioethics to students, but very much on attitudes and policies with regard to substantive issues (...) traditionally regarded in Norway as burning bioethical issues, such as: medical research ethics, abortion, prenatal diagnosis, euthanasia, definitions of death, and reproductive technologies. (shrink)

The ‘four famous cruces’ of this satire are as interesting as notorious. I regard the first as solved, since I cannot imagine anybody improving upon Postgate's line 13 . But I find instead a hitherto undetected but quite palpable flaw in the opening words.

Following a discussion of some historical roots of conscience, we offer a systematized version of reflective equilibrium. Aiming at a comprehensive methodology for bioethical deliberation, we develop an expanded variant of reflective equilibrium, which we call ‘triangular reflective equilibrium’ and which incorporates insights from hermeneutics, critical theory and narrative ethics.We focus on a few distinctions, mainly between methods of justification in ethics and the social practice of bioethical deliberation, between coherence in ethical reasoning, personal integrity and consensus formation, and between (...) political and moral deliberation.The ideal of deliberation is explicated as a sharing of conscience within a special commitment to sincerity and openness to persuasion. Personal growth in wisdom is an indirect by-product of the continuous practice of moral deliberation. This is explicated in the light of Sternberg's balance theory of wisdom and in the context of medicine as a profession embodying altruistic responsibilities of care in democratic and pluralistic societies. (shrink)

The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has killed thousands across the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the latest but surely not the last such global pandemic we will face. The biomedical response to such pandemics includes treatment, vaccination, and so on. In this paper, though, we argue that it is time to consider an additional strategy: the somatic (non-heritable) enhancement of human immunity. We argue for this approach and consider bioethics objections we believe can be overcome.

Although increasing in usage, surrogacy remains the most controversial method of assisted reproductive technology. Many Christian ethicists have either objected tout court or expressed strong reservations about the practice. Behind much of this caution, however, lies essentialist assumptions about pregnant women or an overemphasis on the statistical minority of well-publicized disasters. The question remains whether Christian ethical reflection on surrogacy might change if informed by social scientific studies on the surrogacy triad. I offer a feminist Christian framework for surrogacy comprised (...) of seven principles drawn from this literature, the reproductive justice paradigm, human rights, and Reformed theo-ethical norms. I ultimately advance surrogacy under certain conditions as a moral good and focus on “altruistic” arrangements—including my own—without concluding that only non-commercial contracts could pass ethical muster. (shrink)

This paper presents two interpretations of the fiber bundle fonnalism that is applicable to all gauge field theories. The constructionist interpretation yields a substantival spacetime. The analytic interpretation yields a structural spacetime, a third option besides the familiar substantivalism and relationalism. That the same mathematical fonnalism can be derived in two different ways leading to two different ontological interpretations reveals the inadequacy of pure fonnal arguments.

The human Y chromosome contains very low levels of nucleotide variation. It has been variously hypothesized that this invariance reflects historic reductions in the human male population, a very recent common ancestry, a slow rate of molecular evolution, an inability to evolve adaptively, or frequent selective sweeps acting on genes borne on the Y chromosome. We propose an alternative theory in which human Y chromosome evolution is driven by mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome, which impair male fertility and (...) ultimately lead to a reduction in the effective population size (Ne) and consequently the variability of the Y chromosome. BioEssays 24:275–279, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.; DOI 10.1002/bies.10062. (shrink)

This essay examines how internationalization has been a part of the history of the History of Science Society (HSS) from its establishment in 1924 to the present. Although the HSS remains a US-based society and its annual meetings are held primarily in the US, attended by mostly US-based scholars, we argue that there has always been a strong commitment to internationalism that continues to this day. We walk through the hundred years of the Society in four phases, namely the Sarton (...) years (1924–52), the coming-of-age of the field in America (1953–88), the opening up of the HSS to the world (1989–99), and the new millennium (2000–present). We end with a concluding section to elucidate how the Society has transitioned beyond Sarton as it goes into its second centenary. Our sources of evidence include interviews with select past HSS presidents, founders and chairs of HSS interest groups and forums, statistics of HSS membership to be found in the Smithsonian archives and HSS Newsletters, and distribution and patterns of Society-awarded prizes. We also take note of the growing numbers of roundtables and panels on global and non-Western history of science at HSS annual meetings since the 2010s. As we celebrate the HSS Centennial, it is important to reflect on the one hundred years of the Society’s engagement with internationalizing the history of science. (shrink)

El artículo explora las relaciones entre el derecho, la democracia y el imperativo del trato igual, deteniéndose en el desarrollo de nociones como “comunidad política”, “actos políticos” o “derechos”, y proponiendo un entendimiento específico de los “derechos democráticos” en cuyo contexto el derecho de igual acceso a la protección judicial juega un papel crucial. El análisis combina exploraciones en el plano del lenguaje jurídico dogmático con acometidas filosóficas, filológicas, históricas y sociopolíticas, en consonancia con la idea de que las fuentes (...) históricas son las coordenadas que rodean la experiencia jurídica y el juego democrático. (shrink)

Elencos y discursos -- Discurso en los exámenes generales del Colegio El Salvador, pronunciado el 16 de diciembre de 1858 -- Aforismos -- Cuestión de método -- Impugnación a Cousin.

Erteleme davranışı ve yetersizlik duygusu, bireyin yaşam kalitesini olumsuz etkileyen iki önemli faktördür. Öte yandan, maneviyat bireylere güç, moral ve anlam kazandırarak, zorluklarla başa çıkmada ve olumsuz duygularla mücadelede önemli bir içsel kaynak sunar. Bu çalışma, yetişkin bireylerde erteleme davranışı ile yetersizlik duygusu arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve bu ilişkinin üzerinde maneviyatın oynadığı rolü araştırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma nicel desenli ve ilişkisel tarama yöntemi ile tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, yaşları 18 ile 60 arası değişen 600 gönüllü kadın ve erkek katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Veriler, (...) katılımcıların demografik özelliklerine ilişkin kişisel bilgi formu, Maneviyat Ölçeği, Genel Erteleme Davranışı Ölçeği ve Yetersizlik Duygusu Ölçeği ile Google forms anket yöntemi vasıtasıyla online olarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda yetişkin bireylerde genel erteleme davranışı ile maneviyat arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların maneviyat düzeyi arttıkça erteleme davranışı azalmaktadır. Yetersizlik duygusu ile maneviyat arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte maneviyat, erteleme davranışını anlamlı düzeyde yordamakta ve erteleme davranışını %5,3 açıklamaktadır. Katılımcıların maneviyat düzeyi arttıkça yetersizlik duygusu azalmaktadır. Bununla birlikte maneviyat, yetersizlik duygusunu anlamlı düzeyde yordamakta ve yetersizlik duygusunu %6,1 açıklamaktadır. Yetersizlik duygusu ile genel erteleme davranışı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların erteleme davranışı arttıkça yetersizlik duygusu da artmaktadır. Maneviyat ile erteleme davranışı arasındaki ilişkide yetersizliğin aracılık rolü anlamlı olup kısmen aracılık ettiği bulunmuştur. Buna bağlı olarak maneviyat ve yetersizlik duygusunun birlikteliği, erteleme davranışını %15,8 açıklamaktadır. Sosyodemografik özellikler ile Maneviyat Ölçeği, Genel Erteleme Davranışı Ölçeği ve Yetersizlik Duygusu Ölçeği arasında anlamlı düzeyde farklılıkların olduğu görülmekle birlikte bazı bağımsız değişkenler ile anlamlı düzeyde farklılıkların olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. (shrink)

Sufficient conditions are given under which ratifiable acts exist.

Este libro va dirigido esencialmente a los estudios de Postgrado de las Facultades de Filosofía de la UNED y de la UAM, en primer lugar, y de las universidades españolas e iberoamericanas en general. Pero sin duda interesará a cualquier persona que quiera estar al tanto del pensamiento filosófico actual. Es decir, de las Ideas propias de nuestro tiempo-espacio del pensar y de su diferencia histórica y mediática. La cuestión de la Filosofía de la Historia y la Historia Universal puesta (...) en cuestión, están en el centro de las investigaciones que se van hilvanando cronológicamente en estos dos libros dedicados al pensamiento y la intervención de Los hijos y las hijas de Nietzsche. Ya que estos dos libros: Materiales de Ontología Estética y Hermenéutica (Los hijos de Nietzsche I) y El retorno teológico-político de la inocencia (Los Hijos de Nietzsche II) tratan precisamente de eso: de dar cuenta de cómo y por qué se ha producido ese giro transhistórico: el que va, por así decirlo (y lo significativo es que se pueda decir así) desde la Dialéctica de La Historia Universal –Y la lógica de la Emancipación y Superación que la preside – hasta la Hermenéutica de la Historicidad Plural –y la lógica de la comprensión e interpretación dialogal que la constituye –, en busca de nexos o de acuerdos posibles entre las diferencias enlazadas. La percepción sincrónica y sus regímenes de enlace y sentido, como sobredeterminación condicional de los universos diacrónicos y cinéticos está en el centro operacional y corazón noético de todos estos escritos. Pues no otro sino el predominio condicionante de la sincronía sobre la diacronía expresa el giro esencial de nuestra época, en medio de las sociedades telemáticas de la comunicación. Estos trabajos que se entregan al lector, ya de escritura, ya de recreación audiovisual de la palabra, son solamente eso: materiales para una ontología estética y hermenéutica, del espacio y el tiempo, del acontecer del lenguaje del ser, en el que todos nosotros nos jugamos la vida–muerte que se construye entre todos; que cada cual puede construir a su manera para que podamos jugar juntos, con tal de respetar una sola regla: la ley del límite limitante que es condición del juego ontológico mismo y de su hermosa, inagotable, intensa, creatividad. Comprender que este desafío nos reclama hacia un nuevo pensar, viniendo desde la apelación de la propia voz del ser del tiempo, tal y como se vierte en las obras y en la experiencia del lenguaje de las acciones participativas extáticas, proporciona a la ontología estética (del espacio y el tiempo) y la ontología política (de la ley común) un complejo e inaplazable enclave: el de la ontología de nuestro propio presente, hoy todavía por emerger, y sometida a brutales fuerzas ilimitadas. (shrink)