Results for 'audience'

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  1.  2
    There Is No Ethical Automation: Stanislav Petrov’s Ordeal by Protocol.Technology Antón Barba-Kay A. Center on Privacy, Usab Institute for Practical Ethics Dc, Usaantón Barba-Kay is Distinguished Fellow at the Center on Privacy Ca, Hegel-Studien Nineteenth Century European Philosophy Have Appeared in the Journal of the History of Philosophy, Among Others He has Also Published Essays About Culture The Review of Metaphysics, Commonweal Technology for A. Broader Audience in the New Republic & Other Magazines A. Web of Our Own Making – His Book About What the Internet Is The Point - forthcoming - Journal of Military Ethics:1-12.
    While the story of Stanislav Petrov – the Soviet Lieutenant Colonel who likely saved the world from nuclear holocaust in 1983 – is often trotted out to advocate for the view that human beings ought to be kept “in the loop” of automated weapons’ responses, I argue that the episode in fact belies this reading. By attending more closely to the features of this event – to Petrov’s professional background, to his familiarity with the warning system, and to his decisions (...)
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  2.  24
    Audience Design in Multiparty Conversation.Si On Yoon & Sarah Brown-Schmidt - 2019 - Cognitive Science 43 (8):e12774.
    How do speakers design what they say in order to communicate effectively with groups of addressees who vary in their background knowledge of the topic at hand? Prior findings indicate that when a speaker addresses a pair of listeners with discrepant knowledge, that speakers Aim Low, designing their utterances for the least knowledgeable of the two addressees. Here, we test the hypothesis that speakers will depart from an Aim Low approach in order to efficiently communicate with larger groups of interacting (...)
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  3.  57
    Audiences, relevance, and cognitive environments.Christopher W. Tindale - 1992 - Argumentation 6 (2):177-188.
    This paper discusses the fundamental sense in which the components of an argument should be relevant to the intended audience. In particular, the evidence advanced should be relevant to the facts and assumptions that are manifest in the cognitive environment of the audience. A version of Sperber and Wilson's concept of the cognitive environment is applied to argumentative concerns, and from this certain features of audience-relevance are explored: that the relevance of a premise can vary with the (...)
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  4.  12
    An Audience Effect in Sooty Mangabey Alarm Calling.Fredy Quintero, Sonia Touitou, Martina Magris & Klaus Zuberbühler - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    How does intentional communication evolve? Comparative studies can shed light on the evolutionary history of this relevant feature of human language and its distribution before modern humans. The current animal literature on intentional signaling consists mostly of ape gestural studies with evidence of subjects persisting and elaborating with sometimes arbitrary signals toward a desired outcome. Although vocalizations can also have such imperative qualities, they are typically produced in a functionally fixed manner, as if evolved for a specific purpose. Yet, intentionality (...)
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  5.  13
    Contextual Integration in Multiparty Audience Design.Si On Yoon & Sarah Brown-Schmidt - 2019 - Cognitive Science 43 (12):e12807.
    Communicating with multiple addressees poses a problem for speakers: Each addressee necessarily comes to the conversation with a different perspective—different knowledge, different beliefs, and a distinct physical context. Despite the ubiquity of multiparty conversation in everyday life, little is known about the processes by which speakers design language in multiparty conversation. While prior evidence demonstrates that speakers design utterances to accommodate addressee knowledge in multiparty conversation, it is unknown if and how speakers encode and combine different types of perspective information. (...)
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  6.  18
    L'audience, Un Puissant Artefact.Régine Chaniac - 2003 - Hermes 37:35-48.
    La mesure d'audience est au coeur de l'activité des médias dits de masse: elle sert de référence pour quantifier les auditoires et s'impose comme mode de consultation du public. Le présent numéro d'Hermès présente tout d'abord les systèmes de mesure d'audience des différents médias , mettant en évidence que l'audience est le résultat d'un ensemble de contraintes et d'un consensus toujours fragile entre les partenaires concernés. La deuxième partie, plus particulièrement centrée sur la télévision généraliste, analyse les (...)
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  7.  6
    Audience Data and Editorial Decision-Making: Evolution and Applications of Web Analytics in Newsrooms.Mohit Kumar Maurya & Anoop Kumar - 2024 - Journal of Media Ethics 39 (4):263-278.
    As web analytics become increasingly common in newsrooms worldwide, it is imperative to understand how they are employed to meet news organizations’ journalistic and business goals. This study examines the evolution and applications of web analytics in newsrooms through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature. It situates the rise of web analytics in the larger historical, social, and financial context. It explores the strategies news organizations adopt to integrate web analytics in news production. After discussing the impact of analytics on (...)
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  8. The audience in shame.Stephen Bero - 2020 - Philosophical Studies 177 (5):1283-1302.
    Many experiences of shame centrally involve exposure. This has suggested to a number of writers that shame is essentially a social emotion that involves being exposed to the view or appraisal of an audience—call this the Audience Thesis. Others reject the Audience Thesis on the basis of private experiences of shame that seem to involve no exposure. This disagreement marks a basic fault line in theorizing about shame. I develop and explore a simple but effective way to (...)
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  9.  8
    Audience labour, discourse dynamics and challenges for analysis.Phil Graham - forthcoming - Critical Discourse Studies.
    This paper theorises and exemplifies the place of audience labour in the propagation of Discourse and discourses. Audience labour is simply the work of people engaged in mediation processes as they gather themselves into groups defined by specific media events (sport, music, news, movies and so on). It compares the environments and practices of the mass media era and those of the current era to show that the most economically valuable work in media is done by audiences, and (...)
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  10.  5
    Anticolonial Audiences and Revolutionary Theater in the Vietnamese Maquis.Kevin D. Pham - 2024 - Philosophy and Global Affairs 4 (1):106-129.
    A common theme conspicuously emerges from the few translated and published narratives of Vietnamese who participated in resistance against French colonialism in the 1950s. These narratives tend to identify moments of being an audience member to theater as having significant roles in these individuals’ political awakening and desire to sacrifice themselves for anticolonial struggle. Drawing on these narratives, this essay shows how some audience members engage in an empowering kind of political theorizing that elicits cross-cultural revelation, is progressive, (...)
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  11.  68
    Audience role in mathematical proof development.Zoe Ashton - 2020 - Synthese 198 (Suppl 26):6251-6275.
    The role of audiences in mathematical proof has largely been neglected, in part due to misconceptions like those in Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca which bar mathematical proofs from bearing reflections of audience consideration. In this paper, I argue that mathematical proof is typically argumentation and that a mathematician develops a proof with his universal audience in mind. In so doing, he creates a proof which reflects the standards of reasonableness embodied in his universal audience. Given this framework, we (...)
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  12.  20
    The Philosophy of Argument and Audience Reception.Christopher W. Tindale - 2015 - New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Recent work in argumentation theory has emphasized the nature of arguers and arguments along with various theoretical perspectives. Less attention has been given to the third feature of any argumentative situation - the audience. This book fills that gap by studying audience reception to argumentation and the problems that come to light as a result of this shift in focus. Christopher W. Tindale advances the tacit theories of several earlier thinkers by addressing the central problems connected with (...) considerations in argumentation, problems that earlier philosophical theories overlook or inadequately accommodate. The main tools employed in exploring the central issues are drawn from contemporary philosophical research on meaning, testimony, emotion and agency. These are then combined with some of the major insights of recent rhetorical work in argumentation to advance our understanding of audiences and suggest avenues for further research. (shrink)
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  13.  15
    Peer audience effects on children's vocal masculinity and femininity.Valentina Cartei, David Reby, Alan Garnham, Jane Oakhill & Robin Banerjee - unknown
    Existing evidence suggests that children from around the age of 8 years strategically alter their public image in accordance with known values and preferences of peers, through the self-descriptive information they convey. However, an important but neglected aspect of this 'self-presentation' is the medium through which such information is communicated: the voice itself. The present study explored peer audience effects on children's vocal productions. Fifty-six children (26 females, aged 8-10 years) were presented with vignettes where a fictional child, matched (...)
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  14.  48
    Multiple Audiences as Text Stakeholders: A Conceptual Framework for Analyzing Complex Rhetorical Situations.Rudi Palmieri & Sabrina Mazzali-Lurati - 2016 - Argumentation 30 (4):467-499.
    In public communication contexts, such as when a company announces the proposal for an important organizational change, argumentation typically involves multiple audiences, rather than a single and homogenous group, let alone an individual interlocutor. In such cases, an exhaustive and precise characterization of the audience structure is crucial both for the arguer, who needs to design an effective argumentative strategy, and for the external analyst, who aims at reconstructing such a strategic discourse. While the peculiar relevance of multiple (...) is often emphasized in the argumentation literature and in rhetorical studies, proposals for modelling multi-audience argumentative situations remain scarce and unsystematic. To address this gap, we propose an analytical framework which integrates three conceptual constructs: Rigotti and Rocci’s notion of communicative activity type, understood as the implementation of an interaction scheme into a piece of institutional reality, named interaction field; the stakeholder concept, originally developed in strategic management and public relations studies to refer to any actor who affects and/or is affected by the organizational actions and who, accordingly, carries an interest in them; the concept of participant role as it emerges from Goffman’s theory of conversation analysis and related linguistic and media studies. From this integration, we derive the notion of text stakeholder for referring to any organizational actor whose interest becomes an argumentative issue which the organizational text must account for in order to effectively achieve its communicative aim. The text stakeholder notion enables a more comprehensive reconstruction and characterization of multiple audience by eliciting the relevant participants staged in a text and identifying, for each of them, the interactional role they have, the peculiar interest they bear and the related argumentative issue they create. Considering as an illustrative case the defense document issued by a corporation against a hostile takeover attempt made by another corporation, we show how this framework can support the analysis of strategic maneuvering by better defining the audience demand and, so, better explaining how real arguers design and adapt their topical and presentational choices. (shrink)
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  15.  31
    Audience Democracy 2.0: Re-Depersonalizing Politics in the Digital Age.Kristina Broučková & Kateřina Labutta Kubíková - 2024 - Human Affairs 34 (1):136-150.
    This paper aims to explore the changes that representative democracy is experiencing as a result of the transformation of communication channels. In particular, it focuses on non-electoral representation in the form of movements that emerged throughout the 2010s and that were defined by a strong social media presence (e.g. Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, Yellow Vests). Despite not attempting to gain political power via elections, these movements, through online and offline activities, nonetheless managed to shape the realm of (...)
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  16.  26
    The Audience of the Fourth Evangelist.Paul S. Minear - 1977 - Interpretation 31 (4):339-354.
    Reading the Fourth Gospel in search for its first audience can lead to a fresh awareness of the way in which the contemporary disciple is its audience.
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  17.  18
    The Audience for Science in Eighteenth Century Edinburgh.Steven Shapin - 1974 - History of Science 12 (2):95-121.
  18.  11
    The audience as actor: the participation status of the audience at the victim hearings of the South African TRC.Annelies Verdoolaege - 2009 - Discourse Studies 11 (4):441-463.
    In this article Goffman's theories on participation framework and change in footing are applied to discursive material from the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The main finding is that a discursive setting such as the public hearings of a truth and reconciliation commission can be highly intricate and layered when considering the role of the various discourse participants. The testifying victims, the TRC commissioners and the audience engaged in various forms of subordinate communication — byplay, crossplay and sideplay (...)
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  19.  54
    Studying Rhetorical Audiences – a Call for Qualitative Reception Studies in Argumentation and Rhetoric.Jens Elmelund Kjeldsen - 2016 - Informal Logic 36 (2):136-158.
    In rhetoric and argumentation research studies of empirical audiences are rare. Most studies are speaker- or text focussed. However, new media and new forms of communication make it harder to distinguish between speaker and audience. The active involvement of users and audiences is more important than ever before. Therefore, this paper argues that rhetorical research should reconsider the understanding, conceptualization and examination of the rhetorical audience. From mostly understanding audiences as theoretical constructions that are examined textually and speculatively, (...)
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  20.  5
    Audience engagement in the discourse of TV news kernels: The case of BBC News at Ten.Debing Feng - 2020 - Discourse and Communication 14 (2):133-149.
    Existing studies have extensively explored audience engagement in TV news, but not enough attention has been paid to the discursive presentation of this phenomenon in the discourse of TV news kernels. Based on a pool of news items collected from BBC News at Ten, this article aims to investigate how the discourse of news kernels is constructed and presented to engage the audience. The analysis shows that news values and journalist–audience interaction are two main ways employed by (...)
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  21.  99
    Audience in Context.Dan López de Sa - 2014 - Erkenntnis 79 (1):241-253.
    In recent discussions on contextualism and relativism, some have suggested that audience-sensitivity motivates a content relativist version of radical relativism, according to which a sentence as said at a context can have different contents with respect to the different perspectives from where it is assessed. The first aim of this note is to illustrate how this is not so. According to Egan himself, the phenomenon motivates at least refinement of the characteristic moderate contention that features of a single context (...)
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  22.  18
    Audiences in argumentation frameworks.Trevor J. M. Bench-Capon, Sylvie Doutre & Paul E. Dunne - 2007 - Artificial Intelligence 171 (1):42-71.
  23.  24
    Mass-audience interactive narrative ethical reasoning instruction.Mark Piper - 2017 - International Journal of Ethics Education 2 (2):161-173.
    In this paper I introduce, elaborate, and defend a new form of ethical reasoning instruction. The pedagogy, which I have titled mass-audience interactive narrative ethical reasoning instruction, is an initiative designed to teach ethical reasoning effectively on a broad scale over an extended period of time. The hope is that such a program, if duly supported, will help to ensure the widest possible engagement, and high levels of retention, in an institution-level program of ethical reasoning.
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  24.  34
    Audience‐Contingent Variation in Action Demonstrations for Humans and Computers.Jonathan S. Herberg, Megan M. Saylor, Palis Ratanaswasd, Daniel T. Levin & D. Mitchell Wilkes - 2008 - Cognitive Science 32 (6):1003-1020.
    People may exhibit two kinds of modifications when demonstrating action for others: modifications to facilitate bottom‐up, or sensory‐based processing; and modifications to facilitate top‐down, or knowledge‐based processing. The current study examined actors' production of such modifications in action demonstrations for audiences that differed in their capacity for intentional reasoning. Actors' demonstrations of complex actions for a non‐anthropomorphic computer system and for people (adult and toddler) were compared. Evidence was found for greater highlighting of top‐down modifications in the demonstrations for the (...)
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  25.  74
    Making the audience a key participant in the science communication process.Carol L. Rogers - 2000 - Science and Engineering Ethics 6 (4):553-557.
    The public communication of science and technology has become increasingly important over the last several decades. However, understanding the audience that receives this information remains the weak link in the science communication process. This essay provides a brief review of some of the issues involved, discusses results from an audience-based study, and suggests some strategies that both scientists and journalists can use to modify media coverage in ways that can help audiences better understand major public issues that involve (...)
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  26.  27
    How audience and general music performance anxiety affect classical music students’ flow experience: A close look at its dimensions.Amélie J. A. A. Guyon, Horst Hildebrandt, Angelika Güsewell, Antje Horsch, Urs M. Nater & Patrick Gomez - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Flow describes a state of intense experiential involvement in an activity that is defined in terms of nine dimensions. Despite increased interest in understanding the flow experience of musicians in recent years, knowledge of how characteristics of the musician and of the music performance context affect the flow experience at the dimension level is lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate how musicians’ general music performance anxiety level and the presence of an audience influence the nine flow dimensions. (...)
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  27.  16
    Audience—Actor Boundaries and Othello.Laurie Maguire - 2012 - In Maguire Laurie (ed.), Proceedings of the British Academy Volume 181, 2010-2011 Lectures. pp. 123.
    This lecture explores the boundaries between audiences and actors, and what happens when audiences interact with actors and their characters. Its illustrative case is Desdemona's response to Othello. When Desdemona marries Othello she crosses the boundary from audience world to the world of fiction. In so doing, she initiates a structure in which things that should be kept separate merge: genre, language, characters, plots. The mergings are consistently coded as theatrical: this is a tragedy of theatre boundaries gone wrong. (...)
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  28.  12
    An audience with … the public, the representative, the sovereign.Niccolo Milanese - 2017 - Filozofija I Društvo 28 (1):5-21.
    The right of audience, in common law, is the right of a lawyer to represent a client in a court. Royalty, the Pope and some Presidents grant audiences. What does the power to grant an audience consist in? And what does it mean to demand an audience? Through a reading of the way in which the vocabulary of theatre, acting and audience is involved in the generation of a theory of state by Hobbes and Rousseau, this (...)
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  29.  17
    The audience as/for Accomplice: Code-breaking in the comedy thriller.Marvin Carlson - 1992 - Semiotica 92 (3-4):287-308.
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  30.  28
    Audience Perceptions of COVID-19 Metaphors: The Role of Source Domain and Country Context.Britta C. Brugman, Ellen Droog, W. Gudrun Reijnierse, Saskia Leymann, Giulia Frezza & Kiki Y. Renardel de Lavalette - 2022 - Metaphor and Symbol 37 (2):101-113.
    Metaphors abound in descriptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: it is described, among other things, as a war, a flood, and a marathon. However, not all metaphors may resonate equally well with members...
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  31.  19
    Audience engagement with news on Chinese social media: A discourse analysis of the People’s Daily official account on WeChat.Chunlei Pan & Geqi Wu - 2022 - Discourse and Communication 16 (1):129-145.
    Delivering news on social media platforms is an increasingly important consideration in journalism practice. However, little attention has been paid to audience engagement with news on social media, especially the discursive presentation of news on the Chinese social media platform WeChat. Based on 36 news reports collected from the People’s Daily official account, this study analyses how news discourse is constructed and presented to engage audiences. The results suggest that highlighting proximity, personalisation, positivity and human interest in news values (...)
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  32.  28
    The Audience as Reader is Seldom Caught in the Act?Pat Brereton - 2000 - Film-Philosophy 4 (1).
    Martin Barker, with Thomas Austin _From Ants to Titanic: Reinventing Film Analysis_ London: Pluto Press, 2000 ISBN: 0-7453-1579-8 (pb); 0-7453-1584-4 (hb) v + 222 pp.
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  33.  23
    Building Ethical Narratives: The Audiences for AICPA Editorials.Dean Neu & Gregory D. Saxton - 2022 - Journal of Business Ethics 182 (4):1055-1072.
    This study examines how the American Institute of Certified Professional Accountants (AICPA) uses character and concept words to communicate normative narratives to different internal audiences. Our analysis of 552 editorials published in the AICPA’s Journal of Accountancy during the 1916–1973 period illustrates how the AICPA communicated similar yet different normative narratives to firm partners and students. During this time period, the centrality of ethically infused words such as ethics, conduct, and independence not only varied across different time periods but also (...)
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  34.  43
    History, Metahistory, and Audience Response in Livy 45.D. S. Levene - 2006 - Classical Antiquity 25 (1):73-108.
    The paper studies Livy's account in Book 45 of the aftermath of Aemilius Paullus' conquest of Macedon employing two interpretative methods, both common in recent studies of historians. The first is “metahistory,” in other words interpreting events within a historical narrative as commenting covertly on the genre of history and on the work as an example of that genre. The second is seeing how internal audiences provide a guide for the reader's interpretation. These, though theoretically independent, are in practice often (...)
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  35.  83
    Audience Matters: Teaching issues of race and racism for a predominantly minority student body.Julie E. Maybee - 2011 - Educational Philosophy and Theory 43 (8):853-873.
    Some of the literature about teaching issues of race and racism in classrooms has addressed matters of audience. Zeus Leonardo, for example, has argued that teachers should use the language of white domination, rather than white privilege, when teaching about race and racism because the former language presupposes a minority audience, while the latter addresses an imaginary or presupposed white one. However, there seems to be little discussion in the literature about teaching these issues to an audience (...)
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  36.  18
    Audience surveillance and the right to anonymous reading in interactive media.Lemi Baruh - 2004 - Knowledge, Technology & Policy 17 (1):59-73.
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  37.  43
    Audience, Implicit Racial Bias, and Cinematic Twists in Zootopia.Dan Flory - 2019 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 77 (4):435-446.
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  38.  9
    Audience preference prediction for commercials using fNIRS.Atahan Agrali, Siddharth Bhatt, Rajneesh Suri, Kurtulus Izzetoglu, Banu Onaral & Hasan Ayaz - 2018 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
  39. Audience Criticism and the Historical Jesus.J. Arthur Baird - 1969
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  40.  24
    The Audience of Ammianus Marcellinus and the Circulation of Books in the Late Roman World.Darío N. Sánchez Vendramini - 2018 - Journal of Ancient History 6 (2):234-259.
    Since the late nineteenth century, studies of Ammianus’ audience have reached widely divergent conclusions. Research has focused on two opposed theses: while some scholars have seen the pagan senatorial aristocracy as the audience of the Res Gestae, others have assigned that role to the imperial bureaucracy. However, in thinking that a work could reach—or target—exclusively the members of a specific social group, the prevalent views on Ammianus’ audience contradict what we know about the circulation of books in (...)
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  41.  6
    Theatre Audience Group Suggestions and the Individual Specimen.Ingvar Holm - 1981 - Communications 7 (2-3):291-300.
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  42.  8
    An Audience for Moral Philosophy?S. E. Marshall - 1992 - Philosophical Quarterly 42 (169):513-514.
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  43.  33
    Constructing Audiences in Scientific Controversy.Jason A. Delborne - 2011 - Social Epistemology 25 (1):67-95.
    Scientists, their allies, and opponents engage in struggles not just over what is true, but who may validate, access, and engage contentious knowledge. Viewed through the metaphor of theater, science is always performed for an audience, and that audience is constructed strategically and with consequence. Insights from theater studies, the public understanding of science, and literature on boundary work and framing contribute to a proposal for a framework to explore the construction of audiences during scientific controversy, consisting of (...)
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  44.  61
    Audience Psychology and Censorship in Plato’s Republic.Sarah Jansen - 2015 - Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy 19 (2):205-215.
    In Republic X, the “problem of the irrational part” is this: Greek tragedy interacts with non-reasoning elements of the soul, affecting audiences in ways that undermine their reasoned views about virtue and value. I suggest that the common construal of Socrates’s critique of Greek tragedy is inadequate, in that it belies key elements of Plato’s audience psychology; specifically, the crucial role of the spirited part and the audience’s cognitive contribution to spectatorship. I argue that Socrates’s emphasis on the (...)
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  45.  72
    The problem of audience in historical economics: Rhetorical thoughts on a text by Robert Fogel.Donald N. McCloskey - 1985 - History and Theory 24 (1):1-22.
    Both history and economics have rhetorics which limit their practitioners as to what sorts of evidence and what sorts of logical appeals they can make if they wish to retain an audience. The thesis of Robert Fogel's Railroads and Economic Growth could be summed up by a three-line proof, but Fogel used courtroom procedure, scientific jargon, statistics, simulation, and the traditions of economic and historical argument to persuade an audience of both historians and economists. It was a book (...)
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  46.  45
    The audience reaction to Mother Teresa's prayer breakfast talk in Washington, D.C.Arthur H. Matthews - 1994 - The Chesterton Review 20 (2/3):391-392.
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  47.  40
    Dogwhistles and Audience Design: A New Definition.Maurizio Mascitti - 2023 - Manuscrito 46 (3):2022-0071.
    In recent years, scholars have vividly debated over the definition and features of dogwhistles. As Jennifer Saul has widely argued in her works, political dogwhistles are powerful tools of manipulation. However, the current debate still lacks a convincing definition of dogwhistles, which sometimes are treated like spy codes while, at other times, they are labelled as instances of hate speech, as in Santana (2019). Instead, I propose a definition of dogwhistles that is based on the analysis of the audience (...)
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  48. Audience and Autopoiesis.B. Clarke & D. Chansky - 2016 - Constructivist Foundations 11 (3):610-612.
    Open peer commentary on the article ““Black Box” Theatre: Second-Order Cybernetics and Naturalism in Rehearsal and Performance” by Tom Scholte. Upshot: Scholte’s approach to theater as a black box to be probed indicates that the vocabulary of second-order cybernetics provides an analytical repertoire adequate to the complexity of theatrical phenomena, from the construction of the play in rehearsal to the delivery of the play in performance. While it was hard to discern the precise details in some of Scholte’s experimental protocols, (...)
     
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  49. The audiences of'Behemoth'and the politics of conversation.Geoffrey M. Vaughan - 2003 - Filozofski Vestnik 24 (2):291-307.
     
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  50. Networked Audiences: Attention and Data-Informed Journalism.Gilad Lotan - 2014 - In Kelly McBride & Tom Rosenstiel (eds.), The new ethics of journalism: principles for the 21st century. Los Angeles: SAGE.
     
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