This paper describes the Eunomos software, an advanced legal document and knowledge management system, based on legislative XML and ontologies. We describe the challenges of legal research in an increasingly complex, multi-level and multi-lingual world and how the Eunomos software helps users cut through the information overload to get the legal information they need in an organized and structured way and keep track of the state of the relevant law on any given topic. Using NLP tools to semi-automate the lower-skill (...) tasks makes this ambitious project a realistic commercial prospect as it helps keep costs down while at the same time allowing greater coverage. We describe the core system from workflow and technical perspectives, and discuss applications of the system for various user groups. (shrink)

We study a modal system ¯T, that extends the classical (prepositional) modal system T and whose language is provided with modal operators M inn (nN) to be interpreted, in the usual kripkean semantics, as there are more than n accessible worlds such that.... We find reasonable axioms for ¯T and we prove for it completeness, compactness and decidability theorems.

This work intends to be a generalization and a simplification of the techniques employed in [2], by the proposal of a general strategy to prove satisfiability theorems for NLGM-s (= normal logics with graded modalities), analogously to the well known technique of the canonical models by Lemmon and Scott for classical modal logics.

Levinas is often credited with introducing a strong notion of ethics into postmodern thought. But his commitment to Zionism, his views on the Palestinian people, and his underformulated theory of justice raise questions about the desirability of his thinking for politics. In this study, the well-known encounter between Levinas and the Palestinians is addressed in order to determine how his philosophy of ethics can be deployed for political ends. As the philosopher famously concerned with the connection between self and the (...) Other, the relation between Levinas, Israel and the Palestinians stands as the natural political test of his ethics. Based on this encounter, it is demonstrated that Levinasian justice is too unsafe as a prescription for a political order. Only when Levinas' ethics as first philosophy is supported by love as first politics is his Messianic polity acceptable. (shrink)

Resumen: La tolerancia es un privilegio de los poderosos. Una persona puede tolerar sólo si tiene el poder para interferir con aquello que objeta. En este artículo analizaré las circunstancias en las que alguien tiene el poder para tolerar. Argumentaré que la respuesta debe incorporar consideraciones tanto prácticas como metafísicas. Específicamente, defenderé que alguien tiene el poder para tolerar cuando sus propiedades fundan tal poder en la situación práctica en que ella se encuentra, según es caracterizada por sus intereses prácticos. (...) Al hacerlo criticaré el análisis del mencionado poder realizado por Glen Newey. (shrink)

The first comprehensive survey of the criticisms of Leibniz's philosophical optimism in the first half of the eighteenth century, when what has been called the ‘debacle of the perfect world’ first began.

We prove first-order definability of the prime subring inside polynomial rings, whose coefficient rings are reduced and indecomposable. This is achieved by means of a uniform formula in the language of rings with signature $$. In the characteristic zero case, the claim implies that the full theory is undecidable, for rings of the referred type. This extends a series of results by Raphael Robinson, holding for certain polynomial integral domains, to a more general class.

La hermenéutica filosófica propone varias herramientas conceptuales útiles para la investigación, la crítica y el disfrute de las obras de arte. No obstante, existe una clara escasez de artículos de nivel intermedio que expliquen estos conceptos en el horizonte de su utilidad. Este artículo se enfoca en la noción de juego en la hermenéutica filosófica y realiza dos tareas: en primer lugar, interpreta la estética hermenéutica como respuesta a las necesidades teóricas y a los problemas filosóficos de su época. En (...) segundo lugar, destaca la relevancia del juego (Spiel) como estrategia fenomenológica para explicar la ontología de la obra de arte. Se argumenta que esta reinterpretación de la ontología de la obra de arte constituye una innovación filosófica que permite reconocer aspectos de la obra de arte que quedaban ocultos en otros abordajes estéticos del momento y que todavía son pertinentes de cara a las nuevas comprensiones de la obra de arte en la medida en que permiten reinterpretar el problema de la autonomía estética. (shrink)

Annotation. This edited collection is the first to explore the implications of "Quantum Aesthetics" for social life. Contributors, who represent various disciplines, apply this philosophy to their respective fields of study.

Los Comités Hospitalarios de Bioética (CHB) tienen la atribución de emitir sugerencias al personal de salud, ante casos clínicos difíciles que involucran problemas y/o dilemas bioéticos. A nivel mundial, y también en México, se encontró poca literatura relacionada, generando en ocasiones cierto grado de incertidumbre en los profesionales de la salud para su resolución. Objetivo: describir los motivos de presentación de casos clínicos de pacientes ante el CHB en un hospital de segundo nivel, desde junio de 2007 a junio de (...) 2018. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal; la muestra fue por conveniencia y se obtuvieron 48 registros de minutas. Resultados: el motivo de consulta más frecuente ante los CHB fue el apoyo en la decisión para la limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico, con 24 casos (50%). Se identificaron 34 dilemas bioéticos (71%) y 14 problemas bioéticos (29%). Conclusiones: ayudará a los servicios médicos tratantes a identificar e intervenir oportunamente, al basarse en situaciones previas sobre dilemas y/o problemas bioéticos. (shrink)

This article examines Nietzsche’s engagement with romanticism. It contrasts his early romantic period, and the influence of Goethe, Hölderlin, and Richard Wagner, with his later attempts to “cure himself” of all romanticism. It considers the extent to which Nietzsche shared Goethe’s famous equation of the classical with health and the romantic with sickness—which Nietzsche most often calls decadence. It argues that there are deep programmatic and even textual affinities between Nietzsche’s Zarathustra and Hölderlin’s Hyperion. It was fundamentally through his engagement (...) with Wagner that Nietzsche first came to realize that romanticism actually embodied a life-denying repudiation of this world rather than a genuine path to cultural renewal. (shrink)

El siguiente artículo ofrece un resumen de la panorámica descrita por Jean Luis Benoît acerca de la percepción actual de Alexis de Tocqueville en Francia [2009]. Sus apreciaciones hallan complemento en el relato de algunas circunstancias relacionadas con la primicia de la edición de la carta que dirigió a su hermano Edouard, el 20 de junio de 1831 desde Nueva York, inédita hasta marzo de 2013. Finalmente se ofrece una versión en inglés de la misma, probablemente en primicia, de modo (...) que todo el mundo pueda acceder a ella en cualquiera de sus tres versiones: francés, español o inglés. (shrink)

Combinant des méthodes employées en ethnoscience et en sociolinguistique, cet article formule une hypothèse destinée à expliquer pourquoi, dans certains types de situations, les membres de la société apache occidentale s’abstiennent de parler. En dépit de l’extrême insuffisance des données interculturelles sur le silence, certaines preuves recueillies suggèrent que cette hypothèse peut également s’appliquer à d’autres sociétés.

Blamelessly, most commentators attempt to deduce the political theory of Levinas from his interhuman philosophy. In contrast to the perceived state of ethical life in contemporary politics, the attractiveness of the asymmetric obligations owed by the ego to the Other make the deductive project seem urgent. But an inductive analysis of Levinas’ philosophy yields troubling prerequisites, including rigorous theocracy and a form of sociability in which no epistemological clarity is permitted that could determine in situ interpersonal duties. Such unfamiliar politics (...) enable the celebrated ethical relation of self for the Other. Designed as a polemic with the presumption that politics not ethics is first philosophy, the insights of the inductive analysis of Levinas’ thought will come as no surprise to observers who worry that power and sovereignty cannot be summarily excluded from social or even ethical relations. (shrink)

Caro, Jane There is much to celebrate about getting older, but one thing that is a little confronting is how often contemporaries are diagnosed with horrible, often fatal, diseases.

Basándome en la interpretación de Frederick Neuhouser 2014, examino varios aspectos usualmente no desarrollados en la literatura secundaria sobre una de las herramientas metódicas de la cual se sirve Rousseau en su Discurso sobre el Origen de la Desigualdad entre los Hombres : la así llamada “historia conjetural”. En concreto, examino las respuestas que daría Rousseau a las siguientes tres preguntas: 1) ¿cuáles son los criterios de éxito de tal artefacto metódico? 2) ¿hasta qué punto Rousseau puede estar seguro de (...) la superioridad de su posición frente a teorías alternativas? 3) ¿hasta qué punto es admisible sin objeciones la imagen que Rousseau nos presenta del estado puro de naturaleza? Respecto a la primera pregunta, ofrezco dos criterios cuya inspiración es el falsacionismo de Karl Popper. Respecto a la segunda pregunta, discuto principalmente con la interpretación de Nicholas Dent 2005. Finalmente, en la tercera pregunta considero tanto una objeción kantiana como una objeción hegeliana al DI, mostrando al mismo tiempo que estas objeciones no aplican si entendemos con mayor precisión el proyecto del DI. (shrink)

Under the symbol of Dionysus, god of annihilation, metamorphosis, tragedy, Nietzsche succeeded in fusing elements of the mythological with a new philosophical world view culminating in an anti-ethic «beyond good and evil». «Dionysian Aesthetics» delves into the three periods of Nietzsche's productivity, systematically analyzing the relationships between major works and adhering closely to Nietzsche's «Werdegang». The focus for an understanding of the aesthetic is shifted from «Die Geburt der Tragödie» to the late works of the philo- sophical-Dionysus period.

Du Mysticisme au XVIIIe Siècle Essai sur la Vie et la Doctrine de Saint-Martin le Philosophe Inconnu explore la vie passionnante du philosophe Saint-Martin, ainsi que ses doctrines et ses contributions à la pensée mystique. Avec une analyse fine et des recherches poussées, Elémé-Marie Caro offre un regard neuf sur le paysage intellectuel du XVIIIe siècle et livre des témoignages inédits sur la vie et l'oeuvre de Saint-Martin. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is (...) part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Se presenta un protocolo orientado a interpretar las prácticas científicas desde una perspectiva microscópica. Si bien existe una vasta literatura sobre este enfoque –por ejemplo, el constructivismo científico– aquí se hará hincapié, fundamentalmente, en el entramado psico-técnico que implica la elaboración de los componentes lógicos, teóricos y metodológicos del trabajo investigativo; temática postergada por perspectivas que, como la mencionada, han obnubilado su complejidad y relevancia. A objeto de reestablecer la autonomía del espacio técnico-racional de la labor científica, aquí, bajo la (...) inspiración de Gastón Bachelard, se propone el concepto de fenomenotecnia situada en tanto recurso que puede guiar los análisis sobre la construcción de protocolos teóricoconceptuales en un proceso de investigación. Al contrario de lo que se estila en la mainstream science del campo, la hipótesis apela por la centralidad de la racionalidad científica, en tanto característica irreductible del entramado socio-psico-técnico de las prácticas científicas. (shrink)

Este libro es parte de la colección e-Libro en BiblioBoard.

In Sophocles’ Ajax, a recurring conflict between two axiological systems gets thematized: the archaic, in which agonal values and personal excellence predominate, and the enlightened, which corresponds to the demands of already-developed cities and their values of equality and communal deliberation. This conflict is developed from a topic typical of the practical ideology of the time: the problem of measure and excess. The present work will account for the peculiar Sophoclean treatment of this problem through the analysis of the lexicon (...) in different passages of the work. As will be seen, characters as antagonistic as Ajax, Menelaus, and Agamemnon nonetheless concord in word choice when substantiating their decisions regarding how to act in situations of conflict. These words define common concepts typical of the archaic heroic code. On the contrary, other characters such as Tecmesa, the sailors’ choir, Odysseus himself, and Athena take different perspectives that are linked to enlightened demands._ _. (shrink)

This article examines Nietzsche’s engagement with romanticism. It contrasts his early romantic period, and the influence of Goethe, Hölderlin, and Richard Wagner, with his later attempts to “cure himself” of all romanticism. It considers the extent to which Nietzsche shared Goethe’s famous equation of the classical with health and the romantic with sickness—which Nietzsche most often calls decadence. It argues that there are deep programmatic and even textual affinities between Nietzsche’s Zarathustra and Hölderlin’s Hyperion. It was fundamentally through his engagement (...) with Wagner that Nietzsche first came to realize that romanticism actually embodied a life-denying repudiation of this world rather than a genuine path to cultural renewal. (shrink)

In this work we extend results from [4], [3] and [2] about propositional calculi with graded modalities to the predicative level. Our semantic is based on Kripke models with a single domain of interpretation for all the worlds. Therefore the axiomatic system will need a suitable generalization of the Barcan formula. We haven't considered semantics with world-relative domains because they don't present any new difficulties with respect to classical case. Our language will have, as in [1], constant and function symbols, (...) but they will have a rigid interpretation. In this instance the terms will be considered rigid designators, that is, their interpretations will be the same in all possible worlds (cfr. [5]). Nevertheless we will not consider languages with identity: in this way we avoid the problems of identity in modal contexts. On the other hand, we think that in that context would arise essentially the same problems which occur in classical predicative modal logic. Finally we will consider only denumerable languages because the extension to non denumerable ones isn't conceptually problematic. (shrink)

El siguiente texto pretende articular, en un plexo de sentido crítico, la potencia filosófico-política que se encuentra en una serie de posturas como la filosofía latinoamericana, el control cultural, la teoría crítica y la memoria, que impugnan, defienden y respaldan, en un mismo universo hermenéutico, la validez del pensamiento heterogéneo, haciendo de la crítica al pensamiento único y del rescate por las ontologías otras un “silbar en medio del ciclón”.