Within a German sample, the current cross-sectional questionnaire study conducts interreligious and interdenominational comparisons between Catholics, Protestants, free-church Protestants, Bahá’ís, Muslims, Spiritualists, i.e., religiously unaffiliated persons who label themselves as “spiritual,” and religious/spiritual “nones.” The comparisons refer to self-ratings of religiosity and spirituality, centrality of religiosity, as assessed by the Centrality of Religiosity Scale, and God concepts. The study is largely exploratory in nature, but also aims at identifying contexts of faith in which the term (...) “spiritual” is typically used as a self-description. The results show that only Spiritualists and free-church Protestants substantially label themselves as “spiritual.” However, they differ in many respects from each other, thus representing two distinct contexts of faith. The results further reveal a medium position of Catholics and Protestants in between the other subgroups, commonalities as well as specific differences between free-church Protestants, Bahá’ís, and Muslims, and some religious/spiritual approaches even within the “nones.”. (shrink)

Die Krise des Glaubens in der Neuzeit hat den Erfahrungsbegriff zu einem wichtigen Mittel der christlichen Selbstdeutung werden lassen. Mit diesem Begriff sollen der Wesenskern und das Kriterium des Christlichen erfasst werden. Eine Untersuchung der drei wichtigsten Grundmodelle, repräsentiert durch Schleiermachers unmittelbare Erfahrung in Anschauung und Gefühl, Rahners transzendentale Erfahrung und Swinburnes perzeptiven Ansatz, zeigt aber, dass der neue Begriff zu Verengungen in der theoretischen und praktischen Architektur des Christentums führt. Statt das Christentum durch eine isolierte, einheitliche Erfahrungskonzeption zu stützen, (...) erscheint es daher sinnvoller, den Erfahrungsbegriff selbst auf traditionelle Weise am Kriterium der Liebe Maß nehmen zu lassen. So wird es möglich, eine Vielfalt von religiös relevanten erfahrungsartigen Phänomenen zusammenzuführen, und gleichzeitig bleibt deren Strukturierung aus der Mitte der christlichen Religion gewahrt.As consequence of the modern crisis of faith, the concept of religious experience has risen to an important instrument of Christian self-interpretation. Experience can even acquire the role of a criterion of religion. However, an analysis of the three most influential models, Schleiermacher's immediate experience, Rahner's transcendental experience and Swinburne's perceptual approach, shows that the new concept conflicts with traditional theoretical and practical architecture of Christianity. Instead of founding the Christian faith on isolated and uniform concepts of experience, it seems more appropriate to take refuge to the traditional criterion of love. A broader variety of phenomena can be bound together as genuine religious experiences by that rule and remain at the same time dependent to the central source of the Christian religion. (shrink)

In a variety of ways, religiosity can help maintain or restore one's future capacity to act. Broadening the coping perspective for the psychology of religion (Pargament, 1997) seems to be an adequate theoretical framework for a differentiated analysis of who uses religiosity at what point, in what manner, and with which kind of outcomes in the process of coping with the future. We will introduce this approach and summarize the empirical results that are available up to now. Subsequently, (...) we will be occupied with religious cognitions about the future in a narrower sense: with the so-called millenarian or chiliastic ideas of some religious communities about the imminent end of this world. First, we will work out the specific criteria of such cognitions. Based on the approach of religious coping we will then examine whether millenarianism can be helpful in coping with the future. Our functional analysis proposes that central elements of chiliastic ideas serve to convince the believer that his life has meaning and purpose despite the obvious suffering and evil in the world. However, specific difficulties and risks are intertwined with chiliastic forms of coping with the future, namely: the derogation of this world, the problems arising from a prediction of explicit dates for the end of the world, and the connection between millenarianism and violence. (shrink)

In a variety of ways, religiosity can help maintain or restore one's future capacity to act. Broadening the coping perspective for the psychology of religion seems to be an adequate theoretical framework for a differentiated analysis of who uses religiosity at what point, in what manner, and with which kind of outcomes in the process of coping with the future. We will introduce this approach and summarize the empirical results that are available up to now. Subsequently, we will (...) be occupied with religious cognitions about the future in a narrower sense: with the so-called millenarian or chiliastic ideas of some religious communities about the imminent end of this world. First, we will work out the specific criteria of such cognitions. Based on the approach of religious coping we will then examine whether millenarianism can be helpful in coping with the future. Our functional analysis proposes that central elements of chiliastic ideas serve to convince the believer that his life has meaning and purpose despite the obvious suffering and evil in the world. However, specific difficulties and risks are intertwined with chiliastic forms of coping with the future, namely: the derogation of this world, the problems arising from a prediction of explicit dates for the end of the world, and the connection between millenarianism and violence. (shrink)

Despite the secularization process, popular religion in modern or post-modern societies still retains a central role. In this article, we analyze the worship of Santa Rosalia and Mamma Schiavona. The former is worshiped by Romani and Tamil people; the latter, the Mary of Montevergine Sanctuary, is also venerated by groups of homosexuals and transsexuals. The reworking of religious categories made by these subaltern groups reminds us of the dynamic nature of Catholicism, which changes thanks to continuous contact with external and (...) internal elements. Through Gramsci’s interpretation of popular religion as a symbolic instrument of social recognition and affirmation in opposition to the hegemonic culture, we demonstrate that popular religion plays a central social role in the construction of worldviews, sometimes in contrast with the hegemonic culture, not only as an affirmation of a different identity but as an affirmation of presence. (shrink)

The present study tested the hypothesis that centrality of religiosity as defined as the position of an individual’s religious construct system in personality moderates the relationship between the experience of forgiveness by God and forgivingness for others. Participants completed measures of forgiveness by God, forgivingness, and centrality of religiosity. The moderating hypothesis was tested by treating centrality of religiosity both as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable with reference to a typological distinction. (...) Results indicate that centrality of religiosity moderates the positive relationship between forgiveness by God and forgivingness for others, implying that this relation only occurs if the religious construct system is in a central position in personality, but not if it is in a subordinate position. These results underline the importance of considering centrality of religiosity as an individual difference variable. (shrink)

The current study aims to examine the role of religiosity and gender in affecting consumer ethics among Indonesian youths. A convenience sample of 482 students in a large private university in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, participated in the research. Established scales were adopted to measure the key constructs. Intrinsic religiosity and gender were used as the independent variables, while each dimension of consumer ethics was treated as the dependent variables. The results of seven multiple regression analyses indicated that (...) gender and intrinsic religiosity influence consumer ethics dimensions significantly, except for “downloading.” Individuals who live daily life according to their religion are less receptive toward unethical activities than those who do not. Further, females were found to be more ethical than male counterparts on five dimensions of consumer ethics. Males tended to be more supportive of “doing good” for the seller compared to females. In general, the findings suggest that gender and religiosity do matter in influencing consumer ethics among youths in Indonesia. These findings provide important insights for religious leaders, university lecturers, and policy makers in their efforts to reduce unethical acts among the young generation. (shrink)

The philosopher of religion and critic of idealism, Ludwig Feuerbach had a far-reaching impact on German radicalism around the time of the Revolution of 1848. This intellectual history explores how Feuerbach’s critique of religion served as a rallying point for radicals, and how they paradoxically sought to create a new, post-religious form of religiosity as part of the revolutionary aim. At issue for the Feuerbachian radicals was the emergence of a humanity emancipated from the constraints of mere institutions, able (...) to express itself freely and harmoniously. Caldwell also touches on Moses Hess, Louise Dittmar, and Richard Wagner in his discussion of the time. This book reconstructs the nature of Feuerbach’s radicalism and shows how it influenced early works of socialism, feminism, and musical modernism. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to show statuses of religious identity in Polish Catholic adolescents. The distinguished statuses result from intensive consolidation processes which are characteristic of this age. Integration of religious identity has an effect on potential openness versus reluctance to interreligious dialogue. The study was conducted on 60 participants at the ages of 18 to 29 using the Scale of Religious Identity by Wieradzka-Pilarczyk and Centrality of Religiosity Scale Z-15 by S. Huber. Three statuses of (...) religious identity with different developmental possibilities of entering into interreligious dialogue were distinguished. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:We examine whether religion influences company decisions related to corporate community involvement. Employing a large US sample, we show that the CCI initiatives of a company are positively associated with the level of Christian religiosity present in the region within which that company’s headquarters is located. This association persists even after we control for a wide range of firm characteristics and after we subject our results to several econometric tests. These results support our religious morality hypothesis which holds that (...) companies headquartered in regions with higher levels of Christian religiosity will engage in more CCI initiatives. We also find that while Catholic and mainline Protestant religiosity have a positive influence on firms’ CCI initiatives, evangelical Protestant religiosity does not. This supports our differentiated responses hypothesis which holds that institutional differences among religious groups will produce different effects on companies’ CCI. This hypothesis is based on institutional theory. (shrink)

Peer reporting is a specific form of whistelblowing in which an individual discloses the wrongdoing of a peer. Previous studies have examined situational variables thought to influence a person's decision to report the wrongdoing of a peer. The present study looked at peer reporting from the individual level. Five hypotheses were developed concerning the relationships between (1) religiosity and ethical ideology, (2) ethical ideology and ethical judgments about peer reporting, and (3) ethical judgments and intentions to report peer wrongdoing.Subjects (...) read a vignette concerning academic cheating, and were asked to respond to a question-naire concerning the vignette. Data were analyzed using structural equation methodology. (shrink)

At least 177 scales are available to researchers who want to measure religiosity, but questions exist as to exactly what these scales are measuring and in whom they are measuring it. A review of these scales found a lack items designed to measure ethical action in society or the world as a prophetic response to the experience of the divine. Instead, the vast majority of scales focus on internal experiences and beliefs or institutional relationships. A review of scale norm (...) groups found that norm groups often are not fully described, particularly in the area of race/ethnicity, and when they are described, they reveal an over-reliance on convenience samples of college students and an under-representation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Examples of scales with more fully described and more representative norm groups are given, and recommendations are offered for researchers using and developing religiosity scales. (shrink)

Ich will meine Gedanken folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Ein spontanes und früh erlerntes Glaubenserlebnis ringt immer mit einer wissenschaftlichen Analyse. Zwar wird die Religionspsychologie negativ aufgefaßt, aber sie hilft uns auch einzusehen, wie solch eine Einstellung entstehen kann. Die intensive Glaubenserfahrung enthält immer eine Totalitätsorientierung, die den eigentlichen Grund in transzendentalen Größen sucht. Eine aufgezwängte Umorientierung bringt immer einen gewissen Schmerz mit sich. Eine religionspsychologische Analyse der Glaubensmotive führt jedoch auch zu einem Verständnis für das wichtige Zusammenspiel, das die Symbol-motive der Tradition (...) haben, und müßte auch mit den persönlich erlebten Situationen seit der Kindheit rechnen. Dadurch, daß man Zusammenspielsmöglichkeiten zwischen den historisch gegebenen Modellen und den individuellen Situationen findet, geschieht ein Wechsel, der wichtige Modelle des menschlichen Lebens vertieft und ins Bewußtsein bringt. Dies ist doch kein selbstverständlicher oder automatischer Prozeß, sondern falsche Verbindungen und negative Bindungen sind auch möglich. Hier muß eine religionsspychologische Ethik entwickelt werden. Große Aufträge erwarten uns in der Zukunft. Das oben Erwähnte kann man auch so ausdrücken: Der Glaube an Gottes Wirken ist nicht streitig mit dem Handhaben wissenschaftlicher Modelle. Ebensowenig wie das Brot und der Wein des Abendmahls was anderes als Brot und Wein zu sein brauche, ebensowenig brauchen das Gesundbeten, das Zungenreden, die Prophezeiung, die Stigmatisierung, ja des Lebens heilige Momente etwas anderes zu sein als die Ergebnisse menschlich gegebener Prozesse, um Gottes Gegenwart zu erleben. Durch die innere symbolische Interaktion wird menschliche Dürftigkeit in eine Heiligkeit mit Ewigkeitswert verwandelt - und umgekehrt: Die jahrhundertelange Mythologie findet ihre menschliche Inkarnation. (shrink)

In recent years, researchers have paid special attention to religiosity and the practice of religious beliefs. If people put religiosity at the forefront of their affairs and maintain the roots of religion in various aspects of work and family life, they will see God present and watchful in doing all things, and the result of such a vision will be the successful performance of deeds and walking the path of perfection. Having a heartfelt belief in the value of (...) work and adhering to it will result in a greater desire to work. Religiosity is a variable that can be related to job variables. In addition, it can play an important role in the behaviours of employees. In Islam, work is a virtue and is necessary to balance the personal and social life of the individual. Given the importance of this issue, the present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between Islamic religiosity and job satisfaction of Muslim teachers in Malaysia. In total, 2200 Muslim teachers of Kuala Lumpur and Penang were selected for the study by simple random sampling. Data were collected by using standard questionnaires and analysed by Pearson's correlation coefficient in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). According to the results, there was a significant and positive relationship between teachers' Islamic religiosity and job satisfaction as P = 0.784 and T = 0.000 which was less than the Sig level of 0.05. CONTRIBUTION: According to Islamic teachings, working for a Muslim is like worship. Based on the findings of this research, teachers with higher Islamic religiosity enjoy higher job satisfaction. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Aufsatz wird eine kommunikations- und medientheoretische Untersuchung ausgewählter Divinationspraktiken unternommen. Im Zentrum stehen hierbei das Giftorakel der zentralafrikanischen Zande sowie die arabisch-islamische Geomantie. Dieses Unternehmen hat den Zweck, drei Thesen bezüglich Medien religiöser Kommunikation zu erproben, die sich dem Autor aus der Auseinandersetzung mit Ritualen und speziell Divinationsformen aus unterschiedlichen soziokulturellen Kontexten ergeben haben:1) Divinationsmedien unterscheiden sich in frappierender Weise von Medien der Alltagskommunikation; 2) diese besonderen Medien ermöglichen eine Kommunikation zwischen Wirklichkeitsbereichen und verkörpern damit ein fundamentales „Dazwischen“; (...) 3) von einer Innenperspektive betrachtet, werden Divinationsmedien oft als aktive Kommunikationspartner konzipiert und wahrgenommen – selbst wenn diese aus einer Beobachterperspektive unbelebte Paraphernalia sind.Um eine Grundlage für die Plausibilisierung dieser Thesen zu schaffen, ist anfänglich von Kommunikation und Medien sowie den Besonderheiten religiöser Kommunikation und Medien religiöser Kommunikation die Rede. Auf die detaillierte Beschreibung der Divinationspraktiken folgen ihre kommunikationstheoretische Analyse sowie eine zeichen- und medientheoretische Deutung dieser Ergebnisse.Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes liegt neben der Plausibilisierung seiner Thesen auch darin, Impulse für die religionswissenschaftliche Debatte um Medien, Materialität und Performanz zu liefern. Gerade in den Ergebnissen der Divinationsforschung sieht David Morgan, wie er jüngst in Material religion schrieb, ein ertragreiches Feld. (shrink)

Recalling the discussions with the religious scholar and friend Natalia Gavrilova, I decided to collect under one title three short and completely different texts - different in genre, time and purpose of writing. It seems to me that Natalia lived and thought precisely in connection with education-religiosity-sense. At least, the experience of our communication testifies to this version. We have repeatedly talked about the triple crisis - education, traditional religiosity and ultimate meanings. In memory of those conversations, I (...) want to say again about this crisis triad, and at the same time to offer possible Christian answers. (shrink)

In this paper, we examine the relationship between various Christian denominations and attitude and behavior regarding consumption of socially responsible products. Literature on the relationship between religiosity and pro-social behavior has shown that religiosity strengthens positive attitudes towards pro-social behavior, but does not affect social behavior itself. This seems to contradict the theory of planned behavior that predicts that attitude fosters behavior. One would therefore expect that if religiosity encourages attitude towards SR products, it would also increase (...) the demand for them. We test this hypothesis for four affiliations on a sample of 997 Dutch consumers, using structural equation modeling. We find that Christian religiosity, indeed, increases positive attitude towards SR products, except for the Orthodox Protestant affiliation. In accordance with the theory of planned behavior, attitude is found to increase the demand for SR products. We find no evidence of hypocrisy for any of the Christian denominations. (shrink)

This study examines whether religiosity is associated with the valuation multiples investors assign to fair-valued assets that are susceptible to managerial bias. Using a sample of U.S. banking firms, I find that the value relevance of such assets is higher for firms located in more religious counties than it is for firms located in less religious counties. Moreover, I find that this result is more consistent with the ethicality trait than the risk aversion trait of more religious individuals. Additional (...) tests show that the positive association between religiosity and value relevance of fair-valued assets is limited to firms with high fair value exposure, and it is stronger for firms with lower audit quality, lower institutional ownership, and lower analyst following. The results of this study suggest that investors perceive the role played by religiosity, in particular ethicality, in curbing managerial accounting biases and price accounting estimates accordingly. (shrink)

This article presents the results of an exploratory study that investigated the role that religiosity plays in determining consumer attitudes/beliefs in various situations regarding questionable consumer practices. Two dimensions of religiosity – intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness – were studied. Results indicated that an intrinsic religiousness was a significant determinant of consumer ethical beliefs, but extrinsic religiousness was not related to those beliefs.

Using an international sample of banks, we study how differences in religiosity across countries affect earnings management. Given that religiosity is a major source of morality and ethical behavior, it may reduce excessive risk taking and act as deterrence for earnings manipulations. Therefore, we predict lower earnings management in societies that have higher religiosity. Consistent with expectations, our cross-country analysis indicates that religiosity is negatively related to income-increasing earnings management for loss-avoidance and just-meeting-or-beating prior year’s earnings. (...) We also find that religiosity reduces income-increasing earnings management through abnormal loan loss provisions. In additional tests, we document that religiosity increases the information value of bank earnings, with both earnings persistence and cash flow predictability being enhanced by higher religiosity. For the crisis period analysis, our evidence shows that banks in countries with higher religiosity exhibit lower probability of reporting asset deterioration and lower probability of having poor performance. (shrink)

This article presents the results of a systematic literature review on religiosity and spirituality, particularly in the work context. We aimed to verify the state-of-the-art of scientific production related to these themes. To achieve the proposed objective, we identified 312 articles published in journals in the period between 1960 and 2018 using a rigourous method of analysis and sorting, which resulted in 52 appropriate studies. The analyses presented are based on the three bibliometric laws: those of Lotka, Bradford and (...) Zipf. This article brings contributions that encompass four approaches: measurement scales of spirituality and religiosity; behavioural benefits of religiosity in individuals; insertion of religiosity and spirituality in social service practice; and research directions. This research presents technical and managerial implications to provide theoretical support for the creation of programmes and/or practices of spirituality and religion in the workplace as an effective strategy, towards ethical attitudes. Also, this study contributes to the methodological achievement of SLRs in the field of religion in the workplace, highlighting an effective method for thematic mapping, and holistically identifying new research topics and directions, especially because of the several guidelines presented. (shrink)

_ Source: _Page Count 20 Research by Graham and Haidt suggests that beliefs, rituals, and other social aspects of religion establish moral communities. As such, they suggest religion is most strongly associated with the group-focused “binding” moral foundations of ingroup/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Two studies tested this hypothesis, investigating the role of political orientation in these relationships. These studies supported our hypothesis that general religiosity is positively associated with each of the group-focused moral foundations, even when controlling for the (...) role of political orientation. Further, we find religious and political orientations interact such that low-religious political liberals are least likely to endorse group-focused moral intuitions. Results are discussed in a moral foundations framework and consider the role of religiosity’s association with political orientation and group-focused moral foundations. (shrink)

Muslim youths must shun free sexual behaviours. However, these actions are highly prevalent, especially among the Muslim youth. This study aimed to determine the effect of qanun (local regulations based on Islamic law), religiosity and religious education on the sexual activity of Muslim youth. The study used a case-control design carried out in the province of Aceh, which applies the qanun, and in the province of North Sumatra, which does not apply the qanun. Researchers interviewed 552 Muslim youths using (...) the snowball method and disseminating online questionnaires; data were analysed through logistic regression using Jeffeys’s Amazing Statistics Program 16 (JASP) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The results of this study indicated that qanun ( p < 0.001; Exp B = 4.628), always prayed five times every day in the last 3 months ( p = 0.027; Exp B = 1.616), and looking for various information about Islamic topics ( p = 0.01; Exp B = 1.747) is associated with the prevention of sexual activity of Muslim youth. Qanun affected the prevention of sexual activities among youth; these activities were 4628 times higher in areas that do not have qanun for preventing sexual activities in Muslim youth. Muslim youth looking for various information about Islamic topics also affected the prevention of sexual activity among youth – it was 1747 times higher than those who did not seek information about various Islamic topics on preventing sexual activity in Muslim youth. Muslim youth in qanun areas were proven to have a lower sexual activity. Furthermore, Muslim youth with high religiosity (those who pray diligently and look for various information about Islamic topics) were proven to be able to prevent sexual activity. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the religiosity of Muslim youth. Contribution: This article is expected to explain the impact of qanun, religiosity, religious education and the prevention of sexual activity among Muslim youth. This research is expected to be one of the solutions that can be applied to prevent sexual activity in Muslim youth, which is occurring increasingly. (shrink)

Growth of the Hispanic consumer population in America is changing the marketplace landscape. Due to their considerable buying power, a better understanding of Hispanic consumer behavior has become a necessity. The marketing literature has examined issues regarding religiosity and attitude toward business in regards to consumer ethical beliefs as well as research differentiating consumers on the basis of ethnicity due to their inherently different religious principles. Therefore, the present study contributes to the existing consumer ethics literature by examining the (...) roles of religiosity and attitude toward business in determining consumer ethical beliefs. Furthermore, this study compares the relationships among religiosity, attitude toward business, and ethical beliefs at the sub-cultural level (i.e., between Hispanic and Anglo-American consumers). Survey data compare a sample of 187 predominately Catholic Hispanic consumers with a sample of 127 predominately protestant Anglo consumers. Results suggest a positive relationship between intrinsic religiousness and beliefs that questionable consumer activities are unethical. However, extrinsic religiousness does not impact consumer views as to the ethicality of consumer practices. Hispanics exhibit higher levels of extrinsic religiousness than Anglos, but no difference in terms of their intrinsic religiousness. Results also suggest that Hispanics have a more negative attitude toward business than Anglos do. Implications of these results are discussed. (shrink)

Auch wenn Prof. Hammachers Interesse an einer inhaltlichen Auseinandersetzung über Jacobis problematische antijudaistische Polemik gegen Fichte und den Rationalismus nur begrenzt ist - sein Hauptanliegen besteht, wie er sagt, darin, Dokumente, die in der Jacobi-Ausgabe nicht untergebracht werden konnten, an dieser Stelle zu publizieren –, so können doch einige seiner sachlichen Einlassung und Missverständnisse nicht unwidersprochen bleiben. Anderes dagegen möchte ich als Bestätigung, ja sogar als Verstärkung meiner These zu den antijüdischen Tendenzen in Jacobis Kritik an Fichte und dem Rationalismus (...) ausdrücklich unterstreichen. Und schließlich möchte ich Hammachers Hinweis auf Jacobis »religiöse Haltung« aufgreifen und ihr religionsgeschichtlich ein wenig genauer nachgehen. Dabei wird sich zeigen, dass hier ein wichtiges Forschungsdesiderat liegt, das verdient - gerade was die Kontroverse Fichte-Jacobi betrifft –, gründlich aufgearbeitet zu werden. Ich meine, den je spezifisch protestantischen »Sozialisationshintergrund« von Fichte und Jacobi und dessen Einfluss auf ihr Denken. (shrink)

We examine the role of religiosity on the financing activities in both Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesian provinces by using five different measures of religiosity: number of Islamic schools, hajj application, number of Islamic seminary schools, number of Mosques, and number of certified halal products. Based on regression analysis, the results show that both Islamic and conventional banks provide more financing in religious provinces. Religiosity also helps in reducing the volume of non-performing financing. Our the results (...) are still qualitatively valid after taking into account endogeneity issue that emanates from omitted variables (i.e., unobservable beliefs, ideas, and attitudes), and possible reverse causality between religiosity and the total amount of financing at the province level. (shrink)

The present study aims to underline the current discussions on the religiosity-health outcome relation, highlighting the tensions that may arise in the course of the medical practice on the following questions: a) Is religiosity itself an (independent) factor capable to affect the outcome of patients with heart failure, or is the association between religiosity and health benefits mediated by other social and psychological factors?; b) To what extent do religious beliefs conduct to illness avoidance or acceptance and (...) to adequate treatment commitment, in other words those beliefs support or contradict the medical approach?; c) What measures on social policies and medical counselling level would be more effective and appropriate for the Romanian system?; d) In which of the following policy areas could the bioethical dimension be more flexible and efficiently integrated: the doctor-patient relationship, the steps of the medical act, the curative decision making and/or the long-term support of the patient? A large understanding and evaluation of the ethical and legal frame regarding the patient’s information, treatment and healthcare is required for the medical practitioners as long as the shared decision making between patient and clinician is one based on modern medical principles followed by clinicians. (shrink)

Many studies related to religious and sports issues have been carried out. However, there are limited studies, especially those related to religiosity, anxiety and life satisfaction. To cope with this situation, this study aims to: (1) assess the religiosity, anxiety and life satisfaction of athletes; (2) determine the role of gender and the type of sport in those constructs and (3) establish the correlations between the constructs. The study involved 244 elite athletes from Papua province of Indonesia, with (...) an average age of 22.2 years. The athletes were from a variety of sports, either individual or team sports. The religiosity, anxiety and life satisfaction were measured using Spirituality in Sports Test (SIST), Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the association between explanatory variables (gender and type of sport) and all those three constructs. Path analysis was used to determine the correlations between the constructs. This study’s data suggested that both gender and the type of sport are associated significantly with the level of anxiety and life satisfaction of athletes but not with athlete religiosity. There is a strong and direct effect of religiosity on anxiety and on the happiness in life (life satisfaction). The higher the level of religiosity of the athletes, the happier their life is perceived and the lower the level of the anxiety. In conclusion, this study reveals that individual sport athletes and female athletes tend to have higher levels of anxiety and lower life satisfaction. In addition, religiosity has a direct effect on anxiety and life satisfaction of the athletes. Therefore, religious values might need to be internalised during the training of athletes to reduce the anxiety during the competitions. Contribution: This study provides a new insight into the role of religiosity in anxiety and life satisfaction of athletes. This study also identifies the groups of athletes that are prone to have higher anxiety and therefore should be concerned and targeted. The findings of this study could be used as a complement strategy to increase the athletes’ happiness and to reduce the anxiety during the coaching and training processes in order to be able to achieve targeted results in a competition. (shrink)

This article proposes a new interpretation of slave religious experience in mid-republican Rome. Select passages from Plautine comedy and Cato the Elder's De agri cultura are paired with material culture as well as comparative evidence—mostly from studies of Black Atlantic slave religions—to reconstruct select aspects of a specific and distinctive slave “religiosity” in the era of large-scale enslavements. I work towards this reconstruction first by considering the subordination of slaves as religious agents before turning to slaves’ practice of certain (...) forms of religious expertise in the teeth of subordination and policing. After transitioning to an assessment of slave religiosity's role in the pursuit of freedom, I conclude with a set of methodological justifications for this paper's line of inquiry. (shrink)

The article reviews the book Religiöse Erfahrung zwischen Emotion und Kognition: William James’ Karl Girgensohns, Rudolf Otto und Carl Gustav Jungs Psychologie des religiösen Erlebens [Religious Experience between Emotion and Cognition: William James, Karl Girgensohns, Rudolf Otto and Carl Gustav Jung on the Psychology of Religious Experience], by Henryk Machoń.

Sowohl bei dem Paul- als auch dem Hiob-Dilemma ist der Anteil der zweiten Entwicklungsstufe erstaunlich hoch. Es wurde ja bereits auf das Verantwortungsgefühl der Finnen auch in bezug auf die Religion hingewiesen. Vielleicht spiegelt sich dadurch einiges von dem im Volke lebendigen Protestantismus wider. Ende 2000 zählten 85% der Gesamtbevölkerung von Finnland zur evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche . Nach Schätzungen von Heino wird die Kirche immer noch für einen Moralisten gehalten, der die Menschen daran erinnert, was angemessen ist und was nicht. Vermutlich (...) liegt er dabei nicht falsch, wenn man das von den Vertretern der zweiten Stufe vermittelte Gottesbild betrachtet. Die auffällig großen Anzahlen der dritten Stufe bei den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchung, die auf Interviews von aktiven Kirchenmitgliedern beruht, liegen noch höher als erwartet. Dies kann durch die Vielzahl der Formen von Religiosität auf der dritten Stufe erklärt werden, vom Atheismus bis zum Fundamentalismus, wie auch Oser und Gmünder feststellen . Aufgrund dieser vorliegenden Ergebnisse läßt sich leicht der zweifachen Auslegung der dritten Stufe durch Schweitzer und Bucher zustimmen. Danach stellt die religiös ausgerichtete dritte Stufe eine natürliche Phase der Entwicklungs des Individuums auf dem Weg zur nächsten Stufe dar. Die nicht-religiös ausgerichtete dritte Stufe ist der Endpunkt einer Entwicklung. Bei meiner Untersuchung würde die dritte Stufe eben ausdrücklich die ausreligiös gerichtete Entwicklungsstufe ausmachen, wobei es sich sehr wohl z. B. um das Auseinandergehen von kirchlicher und persönlicher Religiosität handeln könnte. Dies unterstützt meine These von der Privatisierung der Religiosität, insbesondere bei Männern. Der Gesamtanteil der dritten Stufe läßt sich auch von der lutherischen Zwei-Regimentlehre her erklären. Die Einteilung in ein irdisches und geistiges Regiment, in diesseitige und jenseitige Angelegenheiten, wird den auffällig großen Anteil der dritten Stufe zumindest nicht senken. Bei ihren Überlegungen über den Unterschied zwischen der Transzendenz und der Immanenz betonen Oser und Gmünder die Verbindung der religiösen Reife mit der religiösen Weltanschauung. Je höher die religiöse Entwicklung ist, umso dringender benötigt man eine Auslegung der jeweiligen Situation nach den Kriterien des religiös-metaphysischen Weltbildes, die auf die Betrachtung der Welt als einer Ganzheit in unterschiedlichen neuartigen Situationen beruhen. In Finnland läßt sich allem An-schein nach die Integration der religiösen Dimensionen hinsichtlich der lutherischen Regimentlehre nur schwer auffassen. Hinzu kommt die Frage nach der Universalität der Entwicklung der religiösen Struktur und nach deren unveränderlicher, die Kulturgrenzen überschreitender Entwicklungslinie. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchung unterstützen mit gewissem Vorbehalt die Auffassung, nach der die Entwicklung der religiösen Struktur in verschiedenen Kulturen gleichartigen Gesetzmäßigkeiten unterliegen würde. Die Hinweise auf die Kulturverbundenheit religiöser Äußerungen werden gleichfalls zu einem gewissen Punkt durch das finnische Material bekräftigt. Die Kulturverbundenheit kann im Hintergrund geschichtlicher Ereignisse betrachtet werden. Die finnische Gesellschaft und damit verbunden auch das Weltbild und die Religiosität der Finnen gerieten gegen Mitte der 60er Jahre in eine Übergangsphase. Die Urbanisierung beschleunigte sich, und die traditionelle Agrarkultur begann sich aufzulösen. Mit der Zunahme der Arbeitstellen in der Industrie entstanden immer dichter bewohnte Siedlungen. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Entwicklung änderte sich auch das religiöse Weltbild allmählich. Die Veränderungen in bezug auf die Religiosität geschahen zumindest anfangs langsam, denn z. B. noch in der Mitte der 70er Jahre erwähnte Pentikäinen , folgende Termini als allgemein gebräuchlich für die finnische Lebensart: "The Finnish way of life and Finnish world view." Laut Heino bezeichnen die Wörter Unverbundenheit, Privatisierung und Synkretismus die Veränderung in der Religiosität der Finnen in den letzten Jahren. Den Statistiken zufolge zeigt sich auch im religiösen Leben das Streben nach Individualität und Unabhängigkeit. Das Nebeneinander vieler Religionen verblüfft ebenso. Diese von Heino beschriebene Lage der letzten Jahre kann als der Endpunkt des in den 60er Jahren begonnenen Entwicklungsprozesses angesehen werden. Aus der Perspektive der religiösen Entwicklung stimuliert die Umwelt nicht gerade die Entstehung eines reifen religiösen Denkens. Im Jahre 1967 waren die Befragten meiner Untersuchung im Alter von 23-37 Jahren. Daß man sich an das Weltbild der Jugend festklammert, kann sehr wohl eine Erklärung für den Stillstand der religiösen Entwicklung auf der zweiten oder dritten Stufe sein. Holm schrieb, wie unsere Kultur dazu neigt, religiöse Auffassungen als recht kindlich hinzustellen. Manch einer mag glauben, daß es bei religiösen Fragen nicht wie üblich erlaubt ist, seinen Überlegungen freien Lauf zu lassen. Es gilt, entweder den naiven Kindesglauben aufrechtzuerhalten oder seinen Glauben ganz aufzugeben. Holm betont, daß eine starke bewußte Arbeit nötig ist, um früh erlernte Überzeugungen verarbeiten, sich neu zu orientieren und sich weiter zuentwickeln. Steht solch ein Prozeß erst an den Anfängen oder ist er vielleicht noch nicht abgeschlossen? Zu Beginn meiner Untersuchung wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, daß die eigenen Erfahrungen eventuell in einer Verbindung mit der Entwicklungsstufe des religiösen Urteils stehen. Die Hypothese erwies sich als falsch. Die Ergebnisse meiner Untersuchung sind eigentlich recht logisch. Diesen Resultaten zufolge besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen einem religiösen Dilemma im eigenen Leben und einer hohen religiösen Entwicklungsstufe. Eigene Erfahrungen über religiöse Dilemmata oder Leiden fördern den Entwicklungsprozeß keineswegs. Diese Ergebnisse können als Stütze grundsätzliche Annahme strukturalistischer Theorien angesehen werden, d.h. die Annahme einer invarianten Sequenz. Die Stufen können nicht überschritten werden, sondern man unterliegt der immanenten Logik der Transformationen der Strukturen. Sie bekräftigen auch die von Kohlberg erwähnte grundsätzliche Vermutung der kognitiven Theorie, wonach die Entwicklung kognitiver Strukturen das Resultat des Interaktionprozesses zwischen der Struktur des Organismus und der Struktur der Umwelt ist und nicht so sehr das Ergebnis von Lernen und Reifung. Welche Rolle die Umwelt und das Lernen bei der religiösen Entwicklung spielen, bleibt noch bei umfangreicheren Projekten in der Zukunft zu untersuchen. (shrink)