인간의 도덕적 향상을 허용해야 하는지의 문제는 신경과학 시대에서 우리가 직면한 대표적인 윤리적 쟁점 가운데 하나이다. 도덕적 향상에 관한 대립적 입장은 생명보수주의와 초인본주의의 양 극단으로 분류된다. 생명보수주의는 인간의 도덕적 향상이 결국엔 인간다음과 인간 본성을 파괴할 위험성이 크다고 경고한다. 이와는 달리 초인본주의는 인류의 도덕적 향상은 더 나은 삶의 영위를 위해 필수불가결한 것이라고 주장한다. 생명보수주의는 인간 본성의 내재적 가치를 주장하지만, 초인본주의는 인간 본성은 문제가 많으므로 개선을 필요로 한다고 본다. 이에 이 논문에서는 초인본주의의 기본 개념과 철학, 초인본주의에서의 도덕적 향상 논리 및 생명정치학적 입장에 대하여 (...) 살펴본 후에, 초인본주의의 도전에 대응하기 위한 방안을 제안하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 이 논문에서는 초인본주의에서의 도덕적 향상 논리가 지닌 문제점을 지적함과 동시에 인간의 도덕성은 기술적 개입이 아닌 도덕교육을 통해 함양될 필요가 있음을 역설하였다. (shrink)

As a result of decomposition of a system consisting of two elements as a typical management pair “subject - object” or “manager – subordinate”, and interpretation of each of its components as an element that is characterized by a certain coefficient of transformation, it has been proposed to discover such systems as “subject - object”, “object - subject”, and “object - object” with the purpose of identifying one of the above mentioned modes that will be the most efficient in achieving (...) the planned results of common functioning. An analysis of contemporary publications helped to find examples off practical use of all of the variations of interaction between a manager and a subordinate that were planned for comparative research. The research of the process of interaction between a manager and a subordinate with the use of analytical description of a classic cybernetic system of two elements that are bound by feedback, discovered that the most effective pair is the “subject - subject” pair as the only mode of cooperation of the two elements on the basis of synarchy and sintelecsy receiving of synergetic result. (shrink)

Статья посвящена обсуждению корректности тезисов о гомогенности социокультурных оснований науки раннего Нового времени и механицизме как ее базовой мировоззренческой парадигме. Обсуждение строится на материале исследовательских программ Ф. Бэкона и Р. Декарта. Для этого в статье анализируется использование слова machina и его дериватов в текстах данных авторов. Сделанные наблюдения связываются с общими установками исследовательских программ Бэкона и Декарта, а также с культурным контекстом эпох Возрождения и Реформации, обращающим к античным и средневековым идеям. Показано, что в основании различий между программами Бэкона и (...) Декарта лежит различие между моделями мира, базовыми для античности (замкнутый на себя, самодостаточный космос) и Средневековья (творение Бога). (shrink)

Развитие биологических исследований Нового времени находилось в тесной связи с общим прогрессом научного познания. Разработка механики жидких и твердых тел, широкое применение в физике экспериментальных и индуктивных методов послужили основой гносеологическому оптимизму: задача усматривалась в открытии посредством разума единых для всей природы законов и тем самым окончательном объяснении всего сущего. На изучении методов науки сконцентрировалось внимание крупнейших философов эпохи. Интеллектуальное завоевание физического мира осуществлялось весьма успешно, казалось, что цель близка. Предстояло распространить механические представления на область органической природы и социальной жизни.В (...) XVII–XVIII вв. шло интенсивное формирование «биологической реальности», включающей совокупность теоретических представлений, разработку специфических методов исследования, научного языка и накопление фактуального материала. В этот период произошло становление ряда биологических дисциплин: систематики и сравнительной анатомии, эмбриологии и физиологии растений и животных, антропологии и др. Серия важнейших открытий продемонстрировала возможности применения экспериментального метода в биологии. Однако сфера его использования оставалась ограниченной. В качестве основного приема изучения фигурировало сравнительное описание. Совершенствование классификации живых организмов способствовало пониманию единства органического мира. В этот период развития науки сформировались направления, отличные от механицизма по своим онтологическим и гносеологическим установкам. Их сторонники считали, что представление об организмах как машинах приводит к утрате специфики объекта биологических исследований. Дискуссии в биологии XVII–XVIII вв. обозначили проблему оснований науки о живой природе. (shrink)

18 ноября 2003 г. в Институте философии РАН состоялось двенадцатое заседание семинара «Проблемы рациональной философии» (руководители А.И. Дубровский, И.Т. Касавин). С докладом на тему «Релятивизм как эпистемологическая проблема» выступила Л.А. Микешина, содоклад представил М.А. Розов. Кроме этого, выступали В.С. Степин, И.Т. Касавин, Е.А. Мамчур, Л.А. Маркова, В.М. Межуев, А.Л. Никифоров и др. Некоторые из представленных материалов мы и публикуем сегодня.

The novelties of the contemporary international order require a rethinking of the normative foundations of criminal justice. Although one can understand the relevance of basic principles such as th...

A review of Andy Clark's Surfing Uncertainty.

In the recent literature on causal and non-causal scientific explanations, there is an intuitive assumption according to which an explanation is non-causal by virtue of being abstract. In this context, to be ‘abstract’ means that the explanans in question leaves out many or almost all causal microphysical details of the target system. After motivating this assumption, we argue that the abstractness assumption, in placing the abstract and the causal character of an explanation in tension, is misguided in ways that are (...) independent of which view of causation or causal explanation one takes to be most accurate. On major accounts of causation, as well as on major accounts of causal explanation, the abstractness of an explanation is not sufficient for it being non-causal. That is, explanations are not non-causal by dint of being abstract. (shrink)

This article first summarizes research regarding the relationship between sports that intentionally structure multiple types of brain trauma into their practice, such as rugby and boxing, and the range of negative health outcomes that flow from participation in such sports. The resultant brain injuries are described as ‘now’ and ‘later’ diseases, being those that affect the child immediately and then across their lifetime. After highlighting how these sports can permanently injure children, it examines this harm in relation to existing British (...) laws and policies concerning child abuse. The conclusion drawn is that neither children nor adults on their behalf are legally able to give informed consent for participation, and that impact sport organisations effectively groom children into sustaining and accepting brain trauma. Adults providing brain-traumatizing versions of these sports are thus described as being complicit in a form of child abuse that we term brain abuse. The contradictions in existing sports policy are highlighted, where policy describes that children are to be protected from harm, and yet the very practice of such sports creates harm by design. Implications of the argument are that children should be prohibited from partaking in impact sports. (shrink)

The article discusses the theoretical and analytical relevance of spontaneity, the basis of creativity, considered as a central aspect of the semiotic model of C. S. Peirce, through the study of its incidence on human identity, on the self. To do so, I work with a series of technical concepts ..

Trata-se de tradução do Hípias Maior de Platão para o Português, com algumas notas de elucidação e justificação das opções.

Fodor argues that speech perception is accomplished by a module. Typically, modular processing is taken to be bottom-up processing. Yet there is ubiquitous empirical evidence that speech perception is influenced by top-down processing. Fodor attempts to resolve this conflict by denying that modular processing must be exclusively bottom-up. It is argued, however, that Fodor's attempt to reconcile top-down and modular processing fails, because: (i) it undermines Fodor's own conception of modular processing; and (ii) it cannot account for the contextually varying (...) top-down influences that characterize speech perception. (shrink)

Genomic research—including whole genome sequencing and whole exome sequencing—has a growing presence in contemporary biomedical investigation. The capacity of sequencing techniques to generate results that go beyond the primary aims of the research—historically referred to as “incidental findings”—has generated considerable discussion as to how this information should be handled—that is, whether incidental results should be returned, and if so, which ones.Federal regulations governing most human subjects research in the United States require the disclosure of “the procedures to be followed” in (...) the research as part of the informed consent process. It seems reasonable to assume—and indeed, many commentators have concluded—that genomic investigators will be expected to inform participants about, among other procedures, the prospect that incidental findings will become available and the mechanisms for dealing with them. Investigators, most of whom will not have dealt with these issues before, will face considerable challenges in framing meaningful disclosures for research participants.To help in this task, we undertook to identify the elements that should be included in the informed consent process related to incidental findings. We did this by surveying a large number of genomic researchers (n = 241) and by conducting in‐depth interviews with a smaller number of researchers (n = 28) and genomic research participants (n = 20). Based on these findings, it seems clear to us that routine approaches to informed consent are not likely to be effective in genomic research in which the prospect of incidental findings exists. Ensuring that participants’ decisions are informed and meaningful will require innovative approaches to dealing with the consent issue. We have identified four prototypical models of a consent process for return of incidental findings. (shrink)

Reply to a commentary by Felicitas Holzer and Ignacio Mastroleoon “Models of Consent to Return of Incidental Findings in Genomic Research.”.

Pretendemos mostrar neste artigo que Nietzsche também compreende de modos positivos o ascetismo em sua filosofia tardia. A partir da reconstrução dos sentidos do ascetismo na filosofia do espírito livre e na obra Assim falou Zaratustra, defendemos que Nietzsche estimasempre mais o ascetismo dos filósofos em suas obras Além do bem e do mal e na Genealogia da moral. Entretanto, é em 1888, que ele aprofunda a concepção de arte como forma de vida, estreitamente ligada a formas de ascetismo filosófico. (...) Nesse último ano de produção filosófica são desenvolvidos os projetos da fisiologia da arte e da construção de valores estéticos.Assim, o ascetismo, enquanto “dureza do artista”, é condição para a tarefa da transvaloração dos valores, que Nietzsche pretende efetivar em si mesmo. (shrink)

Esta leitura analisa o universo do livro infantojuvenil na tentativa de verificar a maneira como ocorrem os entrelaces texto-imagem-materialidade em situações que o diálogo intersemiótico não mais se pauta na mera leitura ou tradução. Busca-se, através do livro-objeto, demarcar as fronteiras dos modos de representação desses sistemas de linguagem a fim de desvelar as suas relações estéticas. A partir de várias concepções teóricas: Linden (2015), Melot (2012), Nova (2008) e, sobretudo, pelos estudos de artistas do livro-objeto Silveira (2013), Moraes (2008; (...) 2013), mapeia-se uma potencialidade semiótica na realização dos sentidos que requisita um novo leitor, mais atento e sensível, ao processo sígnico da construção de sentidos. (shrink)

During the past two decades, Iran has experienced a noteworthy growth in its biomedical research sector. At the same time, ethical concerns and debates resulting from this burgeoning enterprise has led to increasing attention paid to biomedical ethics. In Iran, Biomedical research ethics and research oversight passed through major periods during the past decades, separated by a paradigm shift. Period 1, starting from the early 1970s, is characterized by research paternalism and complete reliance on researchers as virtuous and caring physicians. (...) This approach was in concordance with the paternalistic clinical practice of physicians outside of research settings during the same period. Period 2, starting from the late 1990s, was partly due to revealing of ethical flaws that occurred in biomedical research in Iran. The regulatory and funding bodies concluded that it was not sufficient to rely solely on the personal and professional virtues of researchers to safeguard human subjects' rights and welfare. The necessity for independent oversight, emphasized by international declarations, became obvious and undeniable. This paradigm shift led to the establishment of research ethics committees throughout the country, the establishment of academic research centers focusing on medical ethics and the compilation of the first set of national ethical guidelines on biomedical research–one of the first and most important projects conducted by and in the MEHR. Although not yet arrived, ‘period 3’ is on its way. It is predictable from the obvious trends toward performance of high-quality clinical research and the appearance of a highly educated new generation, especially among women. (shrink)

Purpose: The remarkable increase of sophistication of artificial intelligence in recent years has already led to its widespread use in martial applications, the potential of so-called 'killer robots' ceasing to be a subject of fiction. -/- Approach: Virtually without exception, this potential has generated fear, as evidenced by a mounting number of academic articles calling for the ban on the development and deployment of lethal autonomous robots (LARs). In the present paper I start with an analysis of the existing ethical (...) objections to LARs. -/- Findings: My analysis shows the contemporary thought to be deficient in philosophical rigour, these deficiencies leading to an alternative thesis. (shrink)

Democracy is widely praised as a great achievement of humanity. However, in recent years there has been an increasing amount of concern that its functioning across the world may be eroding. In response, efforts to combat such change are emerging. Considering the pervasiveness of technology and its increasing capabilities, it is no surprise that there has been much focus on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to this end. Questions as to how AI can be best utilized to extend the (...) reach of democracy to currently non-democratic countries, how the involvement in the democratic process of certain demographic groups (e.g. ethnic minorities, women, and young people) can be increased, etc. are frequent topics of discussion. In this article I would like not merely to question whether this is desirable but rather argue that we should be trying to envisage ways of using AI for the exact opposite purpose: that of replacing democratic systems with better alternatives. (shrink)

Una de las mayores innovaciones del pensamiento de Leibniz y de gran significado para la filosofía posterior es, sin duda, su concepción de la fuerza, un concepto propio de la naturaleza de todo ente, y no simplemente de las cosas de la naturaleza. El texto quiere destacar dicho concepto, entendido como fuerza activa originaria frente a las concepciones de Aristóteles y la escolástica, pero también frente a las múltiples acepciones de fuerza introducidas por Leibniz. Además, para dar cuenta de su (...) naturaleza, se abordan las nociones de tendencia, ímpetu e impedimento. (shrink)