Two hundred and sixty-three subjects each gave examples for one of five geographic categories: geographic features, geographic objects, geographic concepts, something geographic, and something that could be portrayed on a map. The frequencies of various responses were significantly different, indicating that the basic ontological terms feature, object, etc., are not interchangeable but carry different meanings when combined with adjectives indicating geographic or mappable. For all of the test phrases involving geographic, responses were predominantly natural features such as mountain, river, lake, (...) ocean, hill. Artificial geographic features such as town and city were listed hardly at all for geographic categories, an outcome that contrasts sharply with the disciplinary self-understanding of academic geography. However, geographic artifacts and fiat objects, such as roads, cities, boundaries, countries, and states, were frequently listed by the subjects responding to the phrase something that could be portrayed on a map. In this paper, we present the results of these experiments in visual form, and provide interpretations and implications for further research. (shrink)

Two hundred and sixty-three subjects each gave examples for one of five geographic categories: geographic features, geographic objects, geographic concepts, something geographic, and something that could be portrayed on a map. The frequencies of various responses were significantly different, indicating that the basic ontological terms feature, object, etc., are not interchangeable but carry different meanings when combined with adjectives indicating geographic or mappable. For all of the test phrases involving geographic, responses were predominantly natural features such as mountain, river, lake, (...) ocean, hill. Artificial geographic features such as town and city were listed hardly at all for geographic categories, an outcome that contrasts sharply with the disciplinary self-understanding of academic geography. However, geographic artifacts and fiat objects, such as roads, cities, boundaries, countries, and states, were frequently listed by the subjects responding to the phrase something that could be portrayed on a map. In this paper, we present the results of these experiments in visual form, and provide interpretations and implications for further research. (shrink)

Este artigo reexamina o posto de Ramon Llull na história da pregação da Baixa Idade Média ocidental, tendo em vista as novas abordagens sobre o tema da pregação e sua relação com o espaço do político. Discute-se também o projeto luliano de fundação de uma Ordem militar unificada cuja finalidade era dar suporte à pregação e conversão do infiel consoante a função eclesial da cavalaria cristã. O estudo da concepção luliana de conversão do muçulmano exige uma posição metodológica cuidadosa, uma (...) vez que envolve sentimentos ligados à alteridade, à violência e à intolerância. Diante disso, evitar-se-á qualquer dissociação entre discurso e seus enunciadores, certo de que a violência se origina das relações sociais, não de pensamentos coletivos transistóricos descolados de uma específica situação espaciotemporal. As obras lulianas são apologéticas e polemistas e, por isso, não podem ser tomadas por descrições imediatas de uma suposta mentalidade intolerante ou persecutória, característica de um medievo anárquico, mas, ao contrário, registros, isto é, mediações em que certa retórica está sendo mobilizada para a promoção de interesses de certos sujeitos em detrimento de outros; é um jogo de poder em que alguns sujeitos se autolegitimam enquanto procuram deslegitimar os outros. (shrink)

Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.

Annotation: This is a comprehensive and psychological history of art from a variety of cultures by one of the eminent thinkers of the twentieth century.

Burge famously argued that one can have thoughts involving a concept C even if one’s understanding of C is incomplete. Even though this view has been extremely influential, it has also been taken by critics as less than clear. The aim of this paper is to show that the cases imagined by Burge as being ones in which incomplete understanding of concepts is involved can be made clearer given an account of direct concept ascriptions—such as “Peter has the concept of (...) arthritis”—according to which these ascriptions are to be analysed in terms of ascriptions of the knowledge of what something is. The upshot is that the cases imagined by Burge can be explained is terms of the idea of subjects knowing in part what something is. (shrink)

Ainslie does not formally incorporate risk and uncertainty in his framework for modelling impulses and willpower. To provide a complete account of the motivational bases of choice behaviour, Ainslie should extend his framework to incorporate risk attitudes and subjective beliefs.

Philosophical critiques are prone to relapse into a sort of entrenchment in which the basic elements of a philosophy are kept from exposure, so that instead of advancing, philosophy easily becomes compartmentalized into specific trends. This article thus seeks the conditions of a non-entrenched, open-field philosophical critique in general and, in particular, of an open-field critique of Harman’s OOO (object-oriented ontology). For that purpose, the idea of precariousness is introduced, which is then confronted with some ideas concerning philosophical critique and (...) practice, in particular those of François Laruelle. Since we can find in Harman’s OOO an outline of what we call here an open-field critique, the field of combat against Harman will be the one concerning the idea of an open field itself. (shrink)

Les individus cherchent leurs marques dans de grands ensembles flottants : que faire pour vivre bien? Rompre avec tel ou tel formalisme ambiant? Durcir une ritualité traditionnelle? Les sentiments peuvent être très mêlés : l'identité de la personne humaine sera-t-elle renforcée grâce à une communauté de forte appartenance? Mais cette recherche d'identification n'est-elle pas habitée par la crainte d'un étouffement au sein d'un vivre-en-commun? Des pas de géant ont été accomplis pour critiquer la primauté de la communauté traditionnelle sur l'individu, (...) mais pas partout. Et l'individu a rencontré l'Etat sur son chemin, ce qui renvoie au fameux dilemme de J.-J. Rousseau : homme ou citoyen? La critique d'un vivre-en-commun selon des normes et des valeurs a pu s'appuyer sur l'universalité des Droits de l'homme, malgré l'ambiguïté de ces derniers. Le philosophe A. Clair met en valeur un tiers droit, celui de la fraternité. Dialoguant avec l'œuvre de H. Arendt, l'auteur approfondit notamment les relations entre l'autorité, la tradition et la religion ; de même qu'il discute la pensée communautarienne et l'œuvre de A. McIntyre : A. Clair entreprend de critiquer l'individualisme libéral et n'hésite pas à méditer à nouveaux frais la thèse de Machiavel sur la violence comme fondatrice des institutions. Qu'en est-il de la singularité historique de la communauté comme présence de l'humanité? Sans jamais prôner un quelconque communautarisme, l'auteur reprend, selon une argumentation courageuse, la question de la tension entre norme de vie bonne et vie en société. (shrink)

Introduction:Episodic memory is a cognitive process that allows the recall of experiences, learning, and the pursuit of future goals. During the aging process, episodic memory declines negatively, impacting social and psychological aspects in the elderly. Such intervention strategies as cognitive training are non-pharmacological ways of reducing these losses.ObjectiveWe systematically reviewed studies of the cognitive training of episodic memory in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions.MethodWe systematically searched the PubMed, PsycNET, Web of Science, and SciELO databases using the (...) descriptors “Episodic Memory” AND “Training” AND “Elderly” OR “Aging” OR “Dementia” in English and translated into Portuguese.ResultsOf the 572 articles that were identified by the search, 23 were included in the final analysis. The main variables that comprised the intervention protocols were investigated, as well as the outcome variables, efficacy, and risk of bias. The main results indicated effectiveness with regard to different forms of the cognitive training of episodic memory.ConclusionEpisodic memory training among the elderly can mitigate the negative effects of cognitive decline in dementia and healthy subjects promoting impacts at social, psychological, and economic levels. Although it is a widely studied topic, further empirical studies on the utility of episodic memory training in healthy elderly individuals and elderly individuals with clinical conditions are still needed. (shrink)

Il apparaîtra, en des termes explicites, que nous cherchons, prioritairement, à nous distinguer de cette lecture à livre ouvert, immédiate, qui caractérise une certaine école du commentaire de l'œuvre, qui suppose que la vérité du ...

FOREWORD Of Rats and Men 'They corrected his strabismus with glasses, his lisp with a metal loop, his stammer by mechanical exercises, ...

Le possible s'y revele a l'etat pur et c'est pourquoi le titre en devient un verbe actif; Le Sera.

This essay explores the thought of Heidegger and Sartre concerning whether existentialism is conducive to a certain ethics conceived of as a theory of moral conduct. In the Letter on Humanism, Heidegger stresses the importance of a return to the idea of “ethos” as a replacement for the metaphysically conceived “ethics.” Sartre, conversely, in his essay Existentialism is a Humanism outlines an ethics that draws heavily from the philosophical tradition. This paper’s guiding question is whether the study of human existence, (...) given the views of these thinkers, leads to a particular ethics, or whether it suggests something like Heidegger’s return to the ancient Greek notion of “ethos,” that is, morality conceived of as a manner of being. The paper outlines the basic conceptions of human being held by these two thinkers, and shows how their individual conceptions of ethics unfold from these. I explicate and bring these thinkers’ conceptions of ethics into contrast in order to approach an answer to the question of whether existentialism is conducive to an ethics. (shrink)

Este artigo é parte de um estudo mais amplo que tem como eixo a formação das noções comuns e a definição da razão na Ética de Espinosa. Neste artigo, examino a questão a partir da leitura de Gilles Deleuze em Espinoza e o problema daxpressão.

Biografische en ideehistorische vergelijking tussen de dichter en sprookjesschrijver Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) en de filosoof Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855),met ook aandacht voor hedendaagse vragen over onder meer geloof en wetenschap.