D’après l’oracle d’Apollon, Plotin avait une capacité extraordinaire à ne jamais vraiment succomber au sommeil. Porphyre, dans le commentaire qu’il donne de cet oracle, introduit l’idée remarquable d’une double attention, tournée tout à la fois vers l’intérieur et vers l’extérieur. L’éveil de Plotin ne serait donc pas simplement une autre manière de parler de la contemplation, mais engloberait aussi un pôle «pratique», dirigé vers le monde des sens et de l’action. L’étude des Ennéades nous montre que le commentaire de Porphyre (...) s’appuie vraisemblablement sur Plotin lui-même, lequel soutient que l’éveil du sage, fondé dans la contemplation des intelligibles (des Formes que Plotin présente littéralement comme «insomniaques»), s’exprime également à travers l’action. La thématique de l’éveil se révèle ainsi riche en enseignements, en particulier en ce qu’elle nous force à réviser notre interprétation de la vie du sage selon Plotin, une vie qui ne rejette pas l’action, mais fonde bien plutôt celle-ci dans la contemplation. (shrink)

Cet article étudie les notions de honte (αἰσχύνη) et de retenue (αἰδώς) dans la Stoa, les raisons pour lesquelles elles s’y trouvent opposées (la première comme passion, la seconde comme bon sentiment) et ce que la critique stoïcienne de la honte (définie comme peur de la mauvaise réputation) doit à l’origine à l’influence du cynisme sur Zénon. Dans un deuxième temps, l’auteur montre que la critique de la honte doit se comprendre dans le cadre plus large de la doctrine stoïcienne (...) de la διαστροφή ou perversion de la nature humaine, doctrine qui identifie l’influence du jugement de la foule (par l’intermédiaire de la pratique ordinaire du blâme et de l’éloge) comme l’une des deux principales sources de corruption de l’homme. Dans la dernière partie, l’auteur étudie le traitement des notions de honte ( pudor ) et de retenue ( reuerentia ) dans les Lettres à Lucilius 10 et 25 de Sénèque, où la honte est présentée comme une forme de contrainte positive à l’égard du non sage, contrainte qui doit toutefois ultimement s’effacer au profit de la retenue comprise comme respect de soi (de la raison) chez le sage. (shrink)

Ce volume propose de retracer l’histoire des questions relatives à la théorie de l’unité et de l’origine des vertus dans la philosophie ancienne. Réunissant, pour la plupart, les contributions présentées lors d’un colloque organisé à l’Université libre de Bruxelles par le Groupe de philosophie ancienne du Centre de Philosophie, les 24 et 25 mars 2011, l’ouvrage, par l’ampleur de la période qu’il couvre, constitue une entreprise jusque-là inédite. Il propose une lecture qui ne prétend pas à l’...

English summary: The key issues addressed in this book are those that focus on the idea of idea. The texts investigate how the same term can refer to diverse and even antithetical concepts, and also aim to elucidate this enigma and shed light on the problem of ideality in the extraordinary continuity of its philosophical treatment. The contributions have been compiled in order to provide the reader with a fine and well-documented itinerary of the philosophical idea. French text. French description: (...) En vertu de quoi les donnees sensorielles revetent-elles des formes stables et se pretent-elles a des significations partageables qui font que chaque chose est ce qu'elle est en depit de la diversite de ses apparences? Comment l'objectivite de ce sens et de cet etre se concilie-t-elle avec la subjectivite de ces apparences? Et comment se fait-il que, au-dela de la multiplicite des points de vue sur le monde, la Raison puisse faire valoir des pretentions universelles auxquelles elle donne les noms de vrai, de bien ou de beau? Ces grandes questions sont celles que cristallise l'idee d'idee. De cette histoire, certains jalons semblent particulierement bien connus: le statut objectif des Idees chez Platon et leur nette opposition avec les apparences sensibles; le statut subjectif des idees dans la philosophie moderne, o- elles tendent au contraire a coincider avec les apparences et a s'opposer aux eventuelles choses en soi; la fonction rationalisante des Idees chez Kant, qui prend acte de l'irrealite des idees mais ne renonce pas a rendre compte de leur nature regulatrice. La question reste cependant de savoir comment un meme terme a pu recouvrir des conceptions aussi diverses et, en apparence, meme antithetiques. C'est a elucider cette enigme et a eclairer par la meme le probleme de l'idealite dans l'extraordinaire continuite de son traitement philosophique que se sont collectivement livres des specialistes de ces differentes periodes de l'histoire de la philosophie. Fortement chevillees aux textes memes des auteurs concernes, leurs investigations ici rassemblees constituent un dossier qui devrait fournir au lecteur une vision fine et bien documentee de l'itineraire philosophique de l'idee. (shrink)

Cet article a pour objet premier de tenter d’expliciter deux notions importantes de la psychologie platonicienne, celles de phantasia et de phantasma. L’auteur, par une analyse de certains passages clés des Dialogues, tente de retracer la genèse de la distinction de ces deux notions, jusqu’à leurs définitions dans le Sophiste. Cette explicitation révèle, simultanément, le lien étroit que chacune de ces notions entretient avec la doxa ou opinion.— The purpose of this article is to try to clarify two important notions (...) of the platonic psychology, namely those of phantasia and of phantasma. The author, through analysis of key excerpts from the Dialogs, tries to relate the genesis of the distinction of these two notions, until their definitions in the Sophist. This explanation simultaneously reveals the link that both notions have with the doxa. (shrink)

Le traité I, 7 de Plotin, intitulé par Porphyre (disciple et premier éditeur de Plotin) Sur le premier bien, est, dans l’ordre chronologique, le cinquante-quatrième et dernier traité de l’Alexandrin, rédigé peu avant la mort de celui-ci, en 270 apr. J.‑C. Il s’agit d’un texte court (61 lignes dans l’editio minor de P. Henry et H.‑R. Schwyzer), divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre, partant du bien propre à chaque chose, détermine que le bien propre à l’âme est en même (...) temps le Bien a... (shrink)

Peut-on être courageux mais injuste? Sage mais intempérant? Juste mais ignorant? À ces questions, Socrate le premier répondit que c’était impossible. Le plongeur amateur qui se jette la tête la première dans un puits sans savoir ce qu’il fait n’est pas courageux – seulement téméraire et stupide. Savoir. Tout est là. Mais com- ment savoir quand il n’y a personne pour vous instruire, seulement des charlatans ou des inspirés qui ne savent pas ce qu’ils disent? S’il n’y a personne pour (...) enseigner la vertu, comment pourrait-elle être un savoir? Socrate n’est pas, cependant, à un paradoxe près, et ce sont ses paradoxes qui vont nourrir des générations succes-sives de philosophes, depuis Platon et Aristote jusqu’aux philosophes hellénistiques et aux platoniciens tardifs. La vertu est-elle unique ou multiple? Quelle est son origine? Quels sont les prére- quis de son émergence? Le présent ouvrage raconte l’histoire de ces questions dans la philosophie ancienne, en montrant également leur transposition dans l’univers chrétien par l’intermédiaire d’Augustin et l’écho qu’elles trouvent jusque dans l’œuvre de Nietzsche. Alors que la problématique des vertus a gagné une actualité et une pertinence renouvelées dans les éthiques contemporaines, il était utile de rappeler la diversité des manières dont les penseurs anciens se sont débattus avec ces questions centrales.0. (shrink)

I. Critique et licence dans la Grèce antique --.

How ought the historian to reconcile themselves philosophically with the fact of evental contingency and of its relationship to structural determination? Does the existence of contingent causation undermine the very concept of historical necessity, or do the two instead in dialectical entanglement? In this essay, I engage with the problem of historical contingency from a transcendental-materialist perspective informed by the work of Slavoj Žižek, tendering a philosophically serious response to the famous Pascalian conundrum of Cleopatra’s nose and its challenge to (...) structuralist accounts of historical causation. The position associated with Laplace – that is to say, that the course of history would be entirely predictable were one provided with a complete account of initial conditions – is firmly rejected. Instead, I revive Althusser’s attempt to craft a theory of ‘aleatory materialism’, in which the determinative power of structural forces nevertheless leave space for the radical and unpredictable transformation of a situation by the chance crystallisation of events and encounters. In this effort, I recruit conceptual architecture not only from the fields of historiography and philosophy, but also quantum physics, psychoanalysis, and mathematics. (shrink)

While Deleuze and Guattari's Anti-Oedipus is quite rightly considered a fully fledged response to May ’68 and as one with the radical politics of the 1970s, their 1980 follow-up, A Thousand Plateaus, has tended to provoke a more perplexed reaction. In this article, I will argue that we can nonetheless extract a definite line of argumentation serving a precise political end if we relate the text back to Foucault's mid-1970s output on power/knowledge. In particular, I will emphasise Deleuze and Guattari's (...) appropriation of the Foucaultian notion of dispositif via their concept of the assemblage, the former being understood as a concrete articulation of lines of power, knowledge and subjectivation, as well as the Foucaultian ‘diagram’, the latter being a more abstract or indeterminate stage of the dispositif whose relative indeterminacy, for Deleuze and Guattari, offers a means of escape. I will show that, making room for the assemblage's opening back onto the relative indeterminacy of its generative stages, the assemblage incorporates into itself a more immanent alternative to the dispositif that is focused on collective desire rather than power, within which resistance becomes a primary and generative dimension rather than a counter-attack. In the first section, I will outline Foucault's approach to power, knowledge and subjectivation, emphasising Deleuze's reading of Foucault though without trying to overdetermine my reading in this way. Next, I will turn to the Foucaultian diagram. In the third section, I will focus on A Thousand Plateaus, demonstrating how the notion of assemblage developed in this text responds to and builds upon Foucault's approach to power/knowledge and subjectivation in order to reconceive resistance. (shrink)

Pascal’s wager has received the attention of philosophers for centuries. Most of its criticisms arise from how the wager is often framed. We present Pascal’s wager three ways: in isolation from any further apologetic arguments, as leading toward a regimen intended to produce belief, and finally embedded in a larger apology that includes evidence for Christianity. We find that none of the common objections apply when the wager is presented as part of Pascal’s larger project. Pascal’s wager is a successful (...) argument in its proper place. However, the most interesting features of our first two presentations of the wager turn out to be either irrelevant or missing from our reading: infinite utility and the relativity of evidence. The successful wager is a boring wager. Still, this study shows us how the wager might profitably be incorporated into different apologetic contexts and why it often can’t. (shrink)

Guillaume Collett questions to what extent we can locate Deleuze within the Lacanian School during the late-1960s, prior to Guattari. In so doing, he offers a new, integrated reading of Deleuze's The Logic of Sense by understanding it as a 'psychoanalysis of sense', and gives a new interpretation of Deleuze's conception of philosophy itself. The Psychoanalysis of Sense shows that Deleuze was not merely aware of the debates animating the Lacanian School during the 1960s: he sought to contribute to them. (...) Emphasising his appropriation of the work of post-Lacanian Serge Leclaire, Collett explains how Deleuze constructed a more singular and immanent theory of the linguistic structure of the unconscious - granting the erogenous body a larger structuring role. (shrink)

Teresa Stanton Collett discusses the flawed conception of personhood that led to Roe v. Wade, the legal developments that led to the decision in Dobbs, and strategies for protecting the unborn in the new legal landscape.

This edition of _Leviathan_ is intended to provide the reader with a modestly abridged text that is straightforward and accessible, while preserving Hobbes' main lines of argument and of thought. It is meant for those who wish to focus primarily on the philosophical aspects of the work, apart from its stylish but often daunting early modern prose. The editors have updated language, style, punctuation, and grammar throughout. Very long, complicated sentences have been broken into two or more sentences for enhanced (...) readability. In some instances, terms within a sentence are rearranged for enhanced clarity. Occasionally, an equivalent contemporary word is substituted for an archaic one. Ellipses indicate omissions of more than one sentence. Care has been taken to maintain the strength, nuance, and flavor of the work, especially of Hobbes' most difficult arguments. In addition, the volume offers a general Introduction and concise headnotes to each chapter. Annotation is geared to the student or novice reader. A glossary of key terms is also included, as well as an index. (shrink)

Prior literature on ethical concerns in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) has often concluded that many stakeholders, such as workers and communities, have unjustly suffered as a result of takeovers and associated defences and that their rights as stakeholders have been violated. However, very few papers provide any guidance on how to evaluate a merger or acquisition from an ethical standpoint. This study looks at how ethical frameworks could be used to assess the ethical impact of a merger or acquisition and (...) gives practical guidance. It is proposed that decision makers should consider the impact on four stakeholder groups: shareholders, employees, customers and directors. We call the proposed method for doing this Partial Utilitarian analysis. We suggest two possible ways of applying the Partial Utilitarian analysis. One approach could rely on the evidence from a sample of recent deals. For this, empirical analysis is conducted on a sample of large M&As in the United Kingdom in the period 1993–2003. Alternatively, a better approach, requiring considerable management time, requires forecasting of the economic impact on the four groups of stakeholders. The paper shows how to do this. (shrink)

Wavefunction collapse models modify Schrödinger's equation so that it describes the rapid evolution of a superposition of macroscopically distinguishable states to one of them. This provides a phenomenological basis for a physical resolution to the so-called “measurement problem.” Such models have experimentally testable differences from standard quantum theory. The most well developed such model at present is the Continuous Spontaneous Localization (CSL) model in which a universal fluctuating classical field interacts with particles to cause collapse. One “side effect” of this (...) interaction is that the field imparts energy to the particles: experimental evidence on this has led to restrictions on the parameters of the model, suggesting that the coupling of the classical field to the particles must be mass-proportional. Another “side effect” is that the field imparts momentum to particles, causing a small blob of matter to undergo random walk. Here we explore this in order to supply predictions which could be experimentally tested. We examine the translational diffusion of a sphere and a disc, and the rotational diffusion of a disc, according to CSL. For example, we find that the rms distance an isolated 10−5 cm radius sphere diffuses is ≈(its diameter, 5 cm) in (20 sec, a day), and that a disc of radius 2 ⋅ 10−5 cm and thickness 0.5 ⋅ 10−5 cm diffuses through 2πrad in about 70 sec (this assumes the “standard” CSL parameter values). The comparable rms diffusions of standard quantum theory are smaller than these by a factor 10−3±1. It is shown that the CSL diffusion in air at STP is much reduced and, indeed, is swamped by the ordinary Brownian motion. It is also shown that the sphere's diffusion in a thermal radiation bath at room temperature is comparable to the CSL diffusion, but is utterly negligible at liquid He temperature. Thus, in order to observe CSL diffusion, the pressure and temperature must be low. At the low reported pressure of 5 ⋅ 10−17 Torr, achieved at 4.2°K, the mean time between air molecule collisions with the (sphere, disc) is ≈(80, 45)min. This is ample time for observation of the putative CSL diffusion with the standard parameters and, it is pointed out, with any parameters in the range over which the theory may be considered viable. This encourages consideration of how such an experiment may actually be performed, and the paper closes with some thoughts on this subject. (shrink)

Nirvana is often considered the quintessential goal of the Buddhist path. In this article, I focus on one aspect of the conceptualization of nirvana that becomes apparent through an analysis of its occurrence in early Indian epigraphy. Surveying pre-Gupta inscriptions, it becomes clear that the aspiration for nirvana has one recurring feature attached to it; the aspiration of the donor for the attainment of nirvana — whether for themselves or others — occurs when the donation is connected in some way (...) or another to the relics or figural or non-figural representations of the historical Buddha. This suggests that the idea of being in the Buddha’s presence grew in importance in relation to the efficacy of religious practice in this period. The same ideas can be seen emerging in the later canonical Pali Apadana, and connect to developments in the emergence of Mahayana. (shrink)

Laws do not suffice to make societies. Gabriel Tarde could have expressed this warning under two hats, first as a legal theorist, then as a sociologist. However, this does not lead him to dissolve society into merely individualistic calculations. His concept of imitation calls for a distributive description of social facts. Its other virtue directs our attention towards the secret sources of invention, which cannot be predicted by the legislator, and which keep the sociologist from being able to close his (...) system . The « social body » is infiltrated from all sides by upsurges of novelties, variations, and adaptations. Hence, and even though Tarde opted for a metaphysical foundation, his sociology is bound to pragmatic demands. The recent French controversy about the Islamic veil provides a testing board for such propositions. (shrink)

As a Catholic nun, to suggest Jacqueline Pascal as autonomous might at first glance seem contradictory. We show that her moral deference to the divine is not at all forfeiting her autonomy, but that aligning her own law with God's law is to align her own law with rationality itself, that is, the laws of nature. Her theoretical structure begins with a theory of virtue—viz., how and to whom we have an obligation to be moral. For her, acting in accordance (...) with cultural restrictions or following church orders against her own conscience would be living by the laws of another and so not acting autonomously. Pascal would not live by other's laws, regardless of whether her actions conform to the categories by which society expected her to act. The framework for her laws laid in Pascal's understanding of self-governance: if she wants to act virtuously then she must autonomously follow God's law by making it her own through the sentiments of her heart. Thus, she cannot live by the laws of men, but by the laws of her human nature and in alignment with a rightly ordered universe, that is, God's law, which we show parallels with a Stoic framework of autonomy. (shrink)

Considers Deleuze's ideas on philosophical practice in relation to his work. This book presents analyses of, and aims to provide some context for, this relation in Deleuze's work, by focusing on Deleuze's conception of the relation between thought and practice, the brain and the hand (or mouth).

This article is a study of formulaic passages in the Sanskrit Avadanasataka. Alongside a preliminary discussion of work on oral studies within Buddhism, and some recourse to wider oral studies on Indian texts, the focus of this article is a two-part study of formulae and constituents of formulae. The first part of the article details formulaic sections from the Avadanasataka, from short formulae about wealthy merchants to lengthy counterparts that detail the consequences of a Buddha's smile. The second part looks (...) in detail at constituents of the formulaic passages. The passages are constructed around semantic lists, which either constitute the whole formulaic phrase or passages, or can be identified as the building blocks for the passages. To my knowledge this is the first study of semantic list-based formulae in a Sanskrit text. (shrink)

My dissertation focuses on the moral philosophy of Descartes, Pascal, and Spinoza in the context of the revival of Stoicism within the seventeenth century. There are many misinterpretations about early modern ethical theories due to a lack of proper awareness of Stoicism in the early modern period. My project rectifies this by highlighting understated Stoic themes in these early modern texts that offer new clarity to their morality. Although these three philosophers hold very different metaphysical commitments, each embraces a different (...) aspect of Stoicism, letting it influence but not define his work. By addressing the Stoic themes on the morality of these three authors, I also hope to help better capture the intellectual climate of the time by bringing Stoic themes into the foreground. Stoicism is a Hellenistic philosophy that considered the passions a sickness of the intellect and the source of all human suffering; they believed the cure was virtue, which was obtained through replacing irrational passions with rational beliefs. Stoicism had a revival in the Renaissance ushering in a wave of Neostoic authors who play an important role in shaping the intellectual landscape of the following centuries. My first two chapters discuss Descartes, who wrote a “provisional morality” early in his public life, only (as I show) to ignore the subject of ethics until near his death. In my first chapter I argue that, though many present-day scholars misread Descartes’ first ethics as part of his final ethics, this earliest “provisional morality” mimics Neostoic Skeptics such as Montaigne and is provisional because his method of doubt is also provisional. In my second chapter I show that Descartes’ late, and more developed, moral theory attempts to synthesize a variety of ancient, and seemingly contradictory, ethical traditions: Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Aristotelianism. In many ways Descartes embraces Stoic morality, but as a mechanist he does not view passions as an intellectual sickness; rather they are a physiological event, an amoral instrument that can be used to help control one’s irrational desires. I further defend my thesis externally by showing that this is the reading supported by Descartes’ contemporaries including critics such as Leibniz and early Cartesians such as Antoine Le Grand and Pierre-Sylvain Régis My third chapter discusses Pascal, who embraces Stoicism differently. Pascal offers Stoicism as the first tier of a binary ethics: modeled after Augustine’s city of God and city of man, it is an alternative moral code for those who are ignorant of the good and true happiness. Finally, in my fourth chapter, I discuss two common misinterpretations of Spinoza’s ethics: one of them neglects the Stoic influence on his thought while the other embraces it too strongly, portraying him as an unadulterated Stoic. Although there are ways that he is more Stoic than Descartes and Pascal, such as in his panpsychism and monism, this does not extend to his morality. Rather than accepting either of the two readings, I highlight anti- Stoic themes that are also present. I conclude that if the discussion is contained to his morality, Spinoza is no more Stoic than the other Neostoics I discuss in previous chapters. (shrink)