Caroline New is an energetic activist who has interpolated critical realist ideas into the front-line of political activism. In this wide-ranging interview, she begins by reflecting on her life and how she became a realist and her account is illustrated with personal anecdotes recalling memories of well-known philosophers and activists from the time. She discusses how her position set her apart from other feminists and she examines the interacting threads of longstanding debates on the political left, as well as (...) longstanding debates within critical realist circles, such as the relative importance of quantitative methods in social research and the scope for agency as a source of intentional change. Finally she brings some of her ideas to bear on contemporary issues. This engaging interview notably provides some of the social context in which critical realism developed, while also pointing towards its future potential. (shrink)

I examine the difficulties involved in the Aristotelian proposal to identify the knowledge of “what it is” and “why it is”, in order to better understand the outlines that delimit it. I propose that the connections by which Aristotle links definition and explanation, and hence essence and cause, depend on the mutual convertibility between nominal expressions and predicative sentences.

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal expor a posição filosófica crítica de Nietzsche em relação ao pensamento moral de Schopenhauer presente em O Anticristo, fragmentos 7, 8 e 9, nos quais há, diretamente, um comentário geral à compaixão (Mitleiden) como sentimento mortificador e prejudicial à vida, manifesto sobretudo através da noção schopenhaueriana de negação da vontade de vida. Em acordo com os comentários de Nietzsche, é possível compreender, justificadamente, que a compaixão, enquanto sofrer junto e partilhar do sofrimento, é recusável (...) por ocasião 1) de sua constituição antinatureza, 2) de redução e apagamento de diferenças individuais de sofrimento, potencialmente construtivas e transformativas, e 3) da negação do conflito como momento de afirmação da vida. (shrink)

Translation of the initial chapters of Aristotle’s Prior Analytics into Portuguese and introduction, which addresses interpretative disagreements and translation choices.

O artigo visa identificar traços da fenomenologia de Max Scheler na obra de Henrique Cláudio de Lima Vaz. Pretende-se aprofundar a compreensão do pensamento deste filósofo brasileiro ainda pouco estudado através da aproximação de outras fontes filosóficas implícitas em sua sua escritura ética. No primeiro passo, trata-se de investigar a influência do personalismo moral de Scheler sobre a questão ética em Lima Vaz. No segundo passo, intenciona-se propugnar o ineditismo da Ética filosófica em relação ao pensamento scheleriano graças ao sistema (...) ético-filosófico do autor que faz com que seu pensamento possa ser situado numa esfera mais elaborada do saber filosófico. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a ideia de que Schopenhauer reavalia a noção de extinção com o passar do tempo através do contato com pensamentos filosóficos e científicos contemporâneos a sua vida ligados a concepções evolucionistas. Em O mundo como vontade e representação não há espaço para a consideração da extinção das espécies animais, imutáveis e eternas; ao passo que em Parerga e Paralipomena e em Sobre a vontade na natureza é comum que o autor faça alusão a conceitos (...) como generatio aequivoca, ao surgimento de espécies animais por meio de generatio in utero heterogeneo e ao seu desaparecimento. (shrink)

O presente texto visa recorrer à interpretação do filósofo Michel Foucault sobre a Modernidade como atitude crítica e como tarefa filosófica para reivindicação de pensar uma educação outra. Essa alternativa está associada ao projeto de formação para a emancipação e a justiça social distante de um empresariamento das instituições e assujeitamento dos indivíduos. Como ponto de partida desta reflexão filosófica recorremos a interrogação do filósofo ao pressupor ser a Modernidade uma atitude e não como um período da história, tal questionamento (...) presente na conferência O que é a Crítica? de 1978 é a marca da atualidade da Modernidade elaborada por Immanuel Kant resgatada por Foucault. Dedica-se a escrita em abordar a concepção de crítica em Foucault como estratégia de questionamento e enfrentamento para pensar o presente como tensão, ação e transformação nos excessos de governo presentes na sociedade contemporânea, principalmente no campo da Educação. A suposição desenvolvida é a de que o sentido da crítica, entendida como a capacidade de interrogar a relação entre o poder, a verdade e seus efeitos sobre o sujeito. Para tanto a crítica se atualiza para a Educação como para os sujeitos, à medida que se age na direção de transformar as suas relações institucionais e consigo. (shrink)

O artigo analisa o erotismo como via de resistência à psicopolítica, sistema hegemônico de nosso tempo, segundo o filósofo sul-coreano, Byung-Chul Han. Esse modelo de organização social escraviza os indivíduos utilizando-se de um comando positivado dos comportamentos. Com isso, supera a tirania negativada do poder disciplinar vigente no século passado. O neoliberalismo do século XXI ordena, por estímulos afirmativos, que cada indivíduo se empreenda como um ‘eu-projeto’ por meio de três formas de controle psíquico-emocional que, na verdade, fazem-se modos violentos (...) de poder: a ditadura da transparência; o inferno do igual; a coação da liberdade opressora. Para o filósofo, eros é uma importante força transgressora capaz de interditar a truculência dessas violações, fazendo com que o ‘sujeito-nós’, eroticamente retomado, reacenda na sociedade a capacidade do laço e da mutualidade por meio do êxodo de si rumo ao outro. Contudo, o artigo também indaga até que ponto tal teoria consegue dar resposta à violência negativada do capitalismo colonial, sinônimo de assolamento e destruição da alteridade, ainda tão arraigado e atuante no contemporâneo. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a noção de corpo no pensamento do filósofo alemão Friedrich Nietzsche, mais especificamente a partir de uma leitura de alguns temas presentes na II Dissertação da Genealogia da Moral, basilares para se mobilizar tal noção. Dentre as questões elencadas encontram-se o papel da consciência, a memória, o esquecimento, o sentimento de culpa e a figura do criminoso que, partindo-se da leitura a que nos propomos, podem ser de fundamental importância para se pensar o (...) corpo em Nietzsche. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to investigate and discuss the notions of difference and representation in Emmanuel Levinas and Gilles Deleuze, articulating such notions through the example of a university extension project involving the formation of a musical ensemble composed of autistic children. Our research involved a review of four major philosophical works—Emmanuel Levinas’ Totality and Infinity; Among Us: Essays On Alterity; and “The Concept Of Difference In Bergson”; and Gilles Deleuze’s Difference and Repetition--in addition to secondary references. The (...) main articulations of the investigation carried out in the project consist of aspects such as: taking responsibility for the autistic child through cultivating asymmetrical relationships, a process that takes place through sensibility, below any representation; and not totalizing the alterity involved while maintaining, at the same time, its radical difference. In addition, there is an emphasis in the work on the difference of each child, beyond his or her diagnostic identity, understanding that all participants are undergoing unique processes of differentiation, and that some differences are not more privileged than others, in that that such hierarchies are determined by power relations. Another contribution of this research is the emphasis on the intensive affective flows of children, and the construction of relationships of mutual affection, which increases the circulation of vital energy in each one. Finally, the results of the project are offered as guidelines for clinical practice, and for the cultivation of a politics of difference, as an alternative to hegemonic practices in autism studies in contemporary times. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem por objetivo principal investigar e circunscrever a relação problemática entre intelecto e cérebro na obra de Arthur Schopenhauer, de acordo com a já conhecida formulação de Eduard Zeller. Desse modo, pode-se contemplar o lugar dos conceitos de intelecto e cérebro no âmbito da explicação metafísica da natureza, tendo-se sempre como noção diretora central a distinção entre os modos de consideração do mundo, apresentadas simultaneamente ainda no texto de O mundo como vontade e como representação e aperfeiçoada (...) e mencionada com mais cuidado nas obras posteriores. Se, por um lado, o mundo é objeto de investigação através da subjetividade e de suas formas de existência, por outro ele é investigado através de um modo de consideração objetivo, que, inicialmente, toma os objetos como existentes por si mesmos, independentemente de qualquer sujeito. Sem poder existir totalmente em separado, na medida em que cada objeto existe apenas para o sujeito, ambos os modos devem confluir para a explicação completa do mundo, como complementação um do outro: o intelecto deve ser também considerado do ponto de vista objetivo e o cérebro segundo a análise do modo de consideração subjetivo, integrando-o na explicação geral do mundo e da natureza. (shrink)

ENTREVISTA COM PROFESSORAS (ES) DE FILOSOFIA DO ENSINO SUPERIOR DO CEARÁ – BLOCO ICom: Ada Beatriz Gallicchio Kroef, Vicente Thiago Freire Brazil, Roberta Liana Damasceno Costa, Elizabeth Bezerra FurtadoPor: Antônio Alex Pereira de Sousa, Paulo Willame Araújo de Lima.

Ce compte rendu a déjà paru dans Territoire en mouvement – Revue de géographie et aménagement [En ligne], 34 | 2017. Luc Gwiazdzinski, La ville 24 heures sur 24, Paris, Rhuthmos, 2016, 254 p. Cet ouvrage présente les nouvelles relations de la ville au temps, ou comment la ville évolue en fonction de notre nouvelle occupation du temps. C'est une approche complexe qui est présentée ici, au travers des visions et analyses de spécialistes de différents domaines, mais qui tous ont (...) un lien - Recensions. (shrink)

Als wahrscheinlich älteste vollständige Überlieferung des Buddhismus reflektiert der Pali-Kanon in literarisch-narrativer Form die Auseinandersetzung mit religiös,Anderen' aus emischer Perspektive. Die Suttas berichten nicht nur, wie der Buddha Mitglieder seines Ordens belehrt, sondern auch, wie er Vertretern anderer religiöser Gruppierungen begegnet und mit ihnen diskutiert haben soll. Caroline Widmer untersucht, inwiefern in diesen Begegnungen religiöse Abgrenzung im Sinne eines Otherings literarisch dargestellt wird, und behandelt diese religionswissenschaftliche Fragestellung im Bereich des Buddhismus erstmals durch eine literaturwissenschaftlich angelegte Analyse der narrativen (...) Gestaltung der Pali-Suttas. Die Texte spiegeln jedoch nicht wie oftmals angenommen in erster Linie Toleranz oder Offenheit gegenüber anderen religiösen Ansichten wider; vielmehr sind durch einen hohen Grad an Selbstdarstellung und einem exklusiven Anspruch auf Wahrheitsbesitz geprägt. Erzählerisch wird diese Spannung so aufgelöst, dass der,Andere' das,Eigene' annimmt und dadurch seine,Andersheit' verliert. Die Untersuchung eröffnet einen neuen Zugang zu religionsgeschichtlichen Quellen, erlaubt detaillierte Einblicke in diesen systemspezifischen Prozess des Selfings und erläutert seine Funktion innerhalb der buddhistischen Überlieferung. (shrink)

_A provocative reassessment of the concept of an American golden age of European-born reason and intellectual curiosity in the years following the Revolutionary War_ The accepted myth of the “American Enlightenment” suggests that the rejection of monarchy and establishment of a new republic in the United States in the eighteenth century was the realization of utopian philosophies born in the intellectual salons of Europe and radiating outward to the New World. In this revelatory work, Stanford historian Caroline Winterer argues (...) that a national mythology of a unitary, patriotic era of enlightenment in America was created during the Cold War to act as a shield against the threat of totalitarianism, and that Americans followed many paths toward political, religious, scientific, and artistic enlightenment in the 1700s that were influenced by European models in more complex ways than commonly thought. Winterer’s book strips away our modern inventions of the American national past, exploring which of our ideas and ideals are truly rooted in the eighteenth century and which are inventions and mystifications of more recent times. (shrink)

Bisher ist die Rolle von Ethikkomitees und Ethikberatenden als Ressource im Umgang mit der Covid-19-Pandemie ungeklärt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird diskutiert, worin spezifische Herausforderungen bei der ethischen Bewertung von Fragen an Ethikkomitees im Pandemiekontext bestehen und welche möglichen Aufgaben für Ethikberatende identifiziert werden könnten. Dabei wird die Ansicht vertreten, dass es für die kompetente, professionelle Bearbeitung dieser Fragen hilfreich wäre, das theoretische Grundverständnis der Ethikberatung für den Pandemiekontext zu reflektieren, die begründungstheoretischen, normativen Argumente aktueller Publikationen und Stellungnahmen der Fachgesellschaften zu (...) diskutieren und Weiterbildungspotenzial sowie Kompetenzgrenzen zu identifizieren. Für werden zur Kompetenzerweiterung Public-Health-Ethik und Ethik der Menschenrechte vorgeschlagen, psychische Entlastung bei ‚moralischem Stress‘ wird als ethisch-psychologischer Kooperationsbereich diskutiert und die explizite Abgrenzung vom juristischen Bereich wird empfohlen. Ethikberatung könnte den konstruktiven Umgang mit ethischen Fragen im Pandemiekontext fördern, die Qualität von Entscheidungs- und Bewertungsprozessen verbessern und in der Versorgungspraxis pragmatische, konkrete Hilfestellung anbieten. (shrink)

This paper builds on existing research investigating CSR and ethical consumption within luxury contexts, and makes several contributions to the literature. First, it addresses existing knowledge gaps by exploring the ways in which consumers perform ethical luxury purchases of fine jewellery through interpretive research. Second, the paper is the first to examine such issues of consumer ethics by extending the application of theories of practice to a luxury product context, and by building on Magaudda’s :15–36, 2011) circuit of practice framework. (...) This is significant in that, to date, consumer research using practice theories has focused mainly on routine and habitual practices. Our findings and discussion provide an analysis of intentional and less intentional ethical consumer performances within the interconnected nexus of activities of consumers’ fine jewellery consumption practice, where meanings, understandings and intelligibility of social phenomena are worked through the various activities that shape such a practice. Finally, the paper concludes with significant managerial and policy-related implications, as our extended circuit of practice analysis conveys that if ethics and sustainability dimensions are to be embedded in fine jewellery consumption practice, they must first be made an intrinsic part of the nexus of the social and material environment of trading and consumption places. (shrink)

O presente artigo é fonte de estudos decorrentes da disciplina “Pesquisa Educacional”, do curso de pós-graduação em Educação, do Centro de Educação da Universidade Federal de Alagoas/UFAL. O artigo objetiva fazer um pequeno recorte acerca da pesquisa em educação, em três (3) vias de investigação, para poder complementar e embasar um projeto de pesquisa que envolve experiências, conceituação teórica e os sujeitos envolvidos. Buscaremos tratar da construção do objeto de pesquisa, da realidade do sujeito a ser pesquisado e dos contextos (...) que integram a pesquisa qualitativa e a pesquisa quantitativa e as diferenciam. Grande parte do referencial teórico fez parte das discussões em sala de aula sobre essa disciplina, além de textos complementares, que podem buscar nortear as ideias a serem desenvolvidas ao longo do processo de pesquisa acadêmica. (shrink)

Engineers encounter difficult ethical problems in their practice and in research. In many ways, these problems are like design problems: they are complex, often ill-defined; resolving them involves an iterative process of analysis and synthesis; and there can be more than one acceptable solution. This book offers a real-world, problem-centered approach to engineering ethics, using a rich collection of open-ended scenarios and case studies to develop skill in recognizing and addressing ethical issues.

Introduction Illegal practice of medicine by medical students is a worldwide problem. In Brazil, information about this issue is scarce.Objective To describe the perception of illegal practice of medicine by medical students.Methods A cross-sectional study in a stratified random sample of 130 medical students in the 6th to 12th semesters from a private faculty of medicine in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil, from September to October 2011. Students responded to a standardised questionnaire about the illegal practice of medicine by medical (...) students.Results Knowing medical students who practised medical activities without supervision was reported by 86% of the respondents, and 93.8% had heard about someone who performed such practices. Medical specialties most often associated with illegal practice were general medicine and occupational health . Illegal practice of medicine was more common in peripheral cities/towns than in the State capital, Salvador City . Only 10.5% of illegal activities were reported to the authorities. Unsupervised medical practice was more often reported in the 8th–9th semester and 10th–11th semester of medical school.Conclusions Illegal practice of medicine was commonly reported by the medical students questioned. The high frequency of reported illegal practice for financial reasons highlights the need for greater availability of paid internships for medical students. Educational institutions represent the social control responsible for supervising the activities of academics. (shrink)

O presente trabalho expõe de que forma a educação pode ser utilizada como ferramenta emancipatória para a superação do capital, tendo como base teórica o pensamento de István Mészáros. O principal objetivo dos que lutam contra a sociedade mercantil, a alienação e a intolerância, é a emancipação humana. Objetivo este alcançado quando o ser humano finalmente compreende, seja teoricamente ou na prática, todas as características de funcionamento de sua sociedade e de seu gênero, de tal forma que a luz científica (...) não seja algo que o cegue, mas que o faça ver onde seus olhos não alcançam. Tendo em vista o objetivo de transformar qualitativamente as condições objetivas da reprodução social, István Mészáros entende que há a necessidade de reconquistar o controle do capital enquanto estrutura, e não enquanto instância personificada do sistema capitalista e também transformar progressivamente as consciências. Considera-se então que para trabalhar as consciências, de acordo com o autor, fica evidente a relação entre educação e trabalho: uma vez que, cabe à educação elaborar tantas estratégias apropriadas, elaboradas e adequadas para transformar as condições objetivas de reprodução, como para a automudança consciente dos indivíduos chamados a concretizar a criação de uma ordem social metabólica radicalmente diferente, esta seria o socialismo. (shrink)

Izates, Helena, and Monobazos of Adiabene: A Study on Literary Traditions and History. By Michal Marciak. Philippika, vol. 66. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014. Pp. 316, illus. €62.

Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms following dopaminergic depletion in the substantia nigra. Besides motor impairments however, several non-motor detriments can have the potential to considerably impact subjectively perceived quality of life in patients. Particularly emotion recognition of facial expressions has been shown to be affected in PD, and especially the perception of negative emotions like fear, anger or disgust is impaired. While emotion processing generally refers to automatic implicit as well as conscious explicit processing, (...) the focus of most previous studies in PD was on explicit recognition of emotions only, while largely ignoring implicit processing deficits. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is widely accepted as therapeutic measure in the treatment of PD and has been shown to advantageously influence motor problems. Among various concomitant non-motor effects of STN-DBS, modulation of facial emotion recognition under subthalamic stimulation has been investigated in previous studies with rather heterogeneous results. While there seems to be consensus regarding the processing of disgust which significantly deteriorates under STN stimulation, findings concerning emotions like fear or happiness report heterogeneous data and seem to depend on various experimental settings and measurements. In the present review, we summarized previous investigations focusing on STN-DBS influence on recognition of facial emotional expressions in patients suffering from PD. In a first step, we provide a synopsis of disturbances and problems in facial emotion processing observed in patients with PD. Secondly, we present findings of STN-DBS influence on facial emotion recognition and especially highlight different impacts of stimulation on implicit and explicit emotional processing. (shrink)

A cause is proportional to its effect when, roughly speaking, it is at the right level of detail. There is a lively debate about whether proportionality is a necessary condition for causation. One of the main arguments against a proportionality constraint on causation is that many ordinary and seemingly perfectly acceptable causal claims cite causes that are not proportional to their effects. In this paper, I suggest that proponents of a proportionality constraint can respond to this objection by developing an (...) idea that is present in Yablo’s early work on proportionality, but which has strangely been ignored by both Yablo and others in the subsequent debate. My suggestion is that proportionality—and, indeed, causation itself—is relative to a domain of events. At the metaphysical level, this means that the causal relation has an extra relatum—namely, a domain of events. At the level of language, it introduces a new way in which causal claims are context-sensitive: what is expressed by a causal claim depends on the contextually relevant domain of events. As I argue, this suggestion allows us to accommodate the truth of ordinary causal claims while extending the explanatory benefits of a proportionality constraint. (shrink)

We review different conceptions of the set-theoretic multiverse and evaluate their features and strengths. In Sect. 1, we set the stage by briefly discussing the opposition between the ‘universe view’ and the ‘multiverse view’. Furthermore, we propose to classify multiverse conceptions in terms of their adherence to some form of mathematical realism. In Sect. 2, we use this classification to review four major conceptions. Finally, in Sect. 3, we focus on the distinction between actualism and potentialism with regard to the (...) universe of sets, then we discuss the Zermelian view, featuring a ‘vertical’ multiverse, and give special attention to this multiverse conception in light of the hyperuniverse programme introduced in Arrigoni and Friedman (2013). We argue that the distinctive feature of the multiverse conception chosen for the hyperuniverse programme is its utility for finding new candidates for axioms of set theory. (shrink)

In vertebrates, single cell analyses of replication timing patterns brought to light a very well controlled program suggesting a tight regulation on initiation sites. Mapping of replication origins with different methods has revealed discrete preferential sites, enriched in promoters and potential G‐quadruplex motifs, which can aggregate into initiation zones spanning several tens of kilobases (kb). Another characteristic of replication origins is a nucleosome‐free region (NFR). A modified yeast strain containing a humanized origin recognition complex (ORC) fires new origins at NFRs (...) revealing their regulatory role. In cooperation with NFRs, the histone variant H2A.Z facilitates ORC loading through di‐methylation of lysine 20 of histone H4. Recent studies using genome editing methods show that efficient initiation sites associated with transcriptional activity can synergize over several tens of kb by establishing physical contacts and lead to the formation of early domains of DNA replication demonstrating a co‐regulation between replication initiation and transcription. (shrink)

Cher, T-Pain, Saez, Châton, Booba, Benjamin Biolay, Bon Iver, Yung Beef, Lady Gaga, Neil Young ou encore PNL, tous ces artistes ont en commun l’usage de l’Auto-Tune. Ce dernier désigne un logiciel permettant d’ajuster, de corriger la voix à la suite d’un enregistrement ou durant une performance. Si initialement, l’Auto-Tune permet de chanter juste, cela est également utilisé pour produire des modulations sonores donnant un caractère artificiel, robotique, non linéaire à la voix humaine. Le premier titre avec une présence marquée (...) de l’Auto-Tune est « Believe » de Cher sorti en 1998 qui connaît un succès retentissant. Depuis, si quelques artistes – à l’image de Jay-Z et son titre D.O.A. pour « Death of Auto-Tune » (2009) – dénoncent cette pratique, l’Auto-Tune a conquis l’industrie musicale et serait utilisé dans la quasi-totalité des productions (Reynolds, 2019), toutes les esthétiques confondues. Malgré cette diffusion, encore peu de recherches académiques abordent cette question. Quels sont les enjeux liés à l’Auto-Tune? (shrink)