An international consensus emerged in the years between 1900 and 1910 regarding the need to refocus antituberculosis efforts away from treating tuberculosis in adults and toward preventing active disease in children. This paper uses social history as a framework to explore pediatric health experiments in France (foster placement of city children with rural farm families), Germany (open‐air schools), and the United States (preventorium) for children considered ‘pretubercular’. The scientific, social, and political variables that reshaped prevailing ideas and practice with regard (...) to TB prevention during those years are described. The creation of the first preventorium in the United States is explained and the way in which French and German pediatric prevention strategies were adapted to address a specific population considered at high risk in the United States, indigent immigrants, is detailed. For each of these three nations, nurses were central actors. Their efforts provide a unique vantage point to study the cultural dimensions of risk and prevention embedded in nursing care and the interplay between science, culture, nurses, and the state. (shrink)

This study presents an organizational model to explain when and how trust permeates an organization, when it is constrained and to what extent it informs the perceptions of transparency among stakeholders. Through the use of qualitative research, resulting in five corporate case studies, and a separate quantitative analysis, it was possible to demonstrate ways in which trust can be diffused amongorganizational layers. These findings add to the literature by analyzing trust in organizational settings via reciprocal dyadic relationships in a social-structural (...) context. These findings suggest that functional elements and informal network position contributed to the dyad's ability to establish positive trust climates and specific communication and cooperative behaviors were critical in diffusing trust to the group level; the degree of organizational transparency positively correlated to the degree of dyadic and group-level trust. (shrink)

This volume provides an introduction to and review of key contemporary debates concerning connectionism, and the nature of explanation and methodology in cognitive psychology. The first debate centers on the question of whether human cognition is best modeled by classical or by connectionist architectures. The second centres on the question of the compatibility between folk, or commonsense, psychological explanation and explanations based on connectionist models of cognition. Each of the two sections includes a classic reading along with important responses, and (...) concludes with a specially commissioned reply by the main contributor. The editorial introductions provide a comprehensive survey and map through the debates. (shrink)

Reproductive medicine, a sector of a health care system increasingly captured by the demands of the marketplace, is enmeshed in a drive to sell certain human bits and pieces, such as gametes, cells, fetal eggs, and fetal ovaries, for reproductive purposes. The ethical objection raised by Kant and Radin to the sale of human organs -that this is incompatible with human dignity and worth - also applies to these sales. Moreover, such sales nullify the reproductive paradigm, irretrievably replacing it with (...) a ma nufacturing paradigm. This represents a change in kind, not just of degree, in the way that we view our capacity to generate children and destroys our concept of reproduction as an essentially human activity. In the face of a struggle to retain those common ethical values at the foundation of reproductive medicine, this form of commodification of the human body should be viewed as ethically unacceptable. (shrink)

How did I raise my arm? The simple answer is that I raised it as a consequence of intending to raise it. A slightly more complicated response would mention the absence of any factors which would inhibit the execution of the intention- and a more complicated one still would specify the intention in terms of a goal (say, drinking a beer) which requires arm-raising as a means towards that end. Whatever the complications, the simple answer appears to be on the (...) right track. (shrink)

What is introspective knowledge of one's own intentional states like? This paper aims to make plausible the view that certain cases of self-knowledge, namely the cogito-type ones, are enough like perception to count as cases of quasi-observation. To this end it considers the highly influential arguments developed by Sydney Shoemaker in his recent Royce Lectures. These present the most formidable challenge to the view that certain cases of self-knowledge are quasi-observational and so deserve detailed examination. Shoemaker's arguments are directed against (...) two models of ordinary perception, the "object perception model" and the "broad perceptual model". I argue that the core theses that Shoemaker associated with them are either dubious in their own right or applicable to certain cases of self-knowledge. Overall the aim is to show that there is such a variety of patterns in each case that simple analogies or disanalogies are unhelpful. (shrink)

What is knowledge of one's own current, consciously entertained intentional states a form of inner awareness? If so, what form? In this paper I explore the prospects for a quasi-observational account of a certain class of cases where subjects appear to have self-knowledge, namely, the so-called cogito-like cases. In section one I provide a rationale for the claim that we need an epistemology of self-knowledge, and specifically, an epistemology of the cogito-like cases. In section two I argue that contentful properties (...) in such cases have two features in common with observational properties of objects. In section three, I develop a quasi-observational account of self-knowledge for the cogito-like cases by considering various accounts of the nature of observational properties and by applying them to these cases. I conclude by addressing some important objections to the account. (shrink)

This article addresses the portrait as a philosophical form of art. Portraits seek to render the subjective objectively visible. In portraiture two fundamental aims come into conflict: the revelatory aim of faithfulness to the subject, and the creative aim of artistic expression. In the first part of my paper, studying works by Rembrandt, I develop a typology of four different things that can be meant when speaking of an image’s power to show a person: accuracy, testimony of presence, emotional characterization, (...) or revelation of the essential “air” (to use Roland Barthes’ term). In the second half of my paper this typology is applied to examples from painting and photography to explore how the two media might differ. I argue that, despite photography’s alleged ‘realism’ and ‘transparency,’ it allows for artistic portraiture and presents the same basic conflict between portraiture’s two aims, the revelatory and the expressive. (shrink)

The conception of subjectivity that dominates the Western philosophical tradition, particularly during the Enlightenment, sets up a simple dichotomy: either the subject is ultimately autonomous or it is merely a causally determined thing. Fichte and Freud challenge this model by formulating theories of subjectivity that transcend this opposition. Fichte conceives of the subject as based in absolute activity, but that activity is qualified by a check for which it is not ultimately responsible. Freud explains the behavior of the self in (...) terms of biological drives and social pressures, yet both forces are actively interpreted by the subject itself. The tensions that arise from these very different approaches show that both Fichte and Freud are trying to overcome this deeply imbedded dichotomy between freedom and determinism. Although some would respond to these tensions by trying to forge a Hegelian synthesis, such a resolution covers over the paradoxical nature of finite subjectivity. (shrink)

In addition to having an institutional site or scope, a theory of distributive justice might also have an institutional ‘reach’ or currency. It has the first when it applies to only social phenomena. It has the second when it distributes only socially produced goods. One objection to luck egalitarianism is that it has absurd implications. In response, Tan has defended a luck egalitarian account that has a strictly institutional reach. I argue, first, that Tan’s view contains two fatal ambiguities and, (...) second, that, to be sound, it requires an institutional currency. This second argument implies that virtually all extant luck egalitarian currencies are incompatible with his approach. I argue, third, that the alleged absurd implications often have little to do with the extent of luck egalitarianism’s reach. (shrink)

This essay discusses Vladimir Putin’s use and abuse of “History”­­ in the context of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. It takes as its point of departure Sergey Radchenko’s essay, “Putin’s Histories,” in which he charts three important strands of Putin’s Historical Narrative, which are summarized as (1) Putin’s (imperialist) History of Russia, (2), the “Great Patriotic War” narrative, and (3) Putin’s NATO ressentiment. The essay examines and expands each of these in turn, analyzing how they are used in Russia’s (...) war against Ukraine and how they help us to see that a central factor driving this war is Russia’s inability to see it itself as anything other than an empire. (shrink)

Teun van Dijk, despite he initiated his academic path on linguistics, and more specifically, in the area of grammars; he has developed over his academic whereabouts the idea that we cannot elucidate the mysteries of discourse by its purely structural analysis. More so, in time he has explored the fi..

Segregation Distorter (SD) is a meiotic drive system in Drosophila that causes preferential transmission of the SD chromosome from SD/SD+ males owing to induced dysfunction of SD+ spermatids. Since its discovery in 1956, SD and its mode of action have baffled biologists. Recently, substantial progress has been made in elucidating this puzzle. Sd, the primary gene responsible for distortion encodes a mutant RanGAP, a key protein in the Ran signaling pathway required for nuclear transport and other nuclear functions. The mutant (...) protein is enzymatically active but mislocalized to nuclei, which apparently disrupts Ran signaling by reducing intranuclear Ran‐GTP levels. Some evidence suggests that a defect in nuclear transport may be the main cause of sperm dysfunction. Although important questions remain, the basic mechanism of distortion is now understood sufficiently well that specific hypotheses can be formulated and tested. This previously mysterious genetic system may now offer unique insights into novel aspects of regulation by Ran. BioEssays 25:108–115, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical GreeceCynthia PattersonNancy Demand. Birth, Death and Motherhood in Classical Greece. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. xx + 276 pp.Motherhood appears in the title of this book, but inasmuch as motherhood is more than simply giving birth the book does not in fact have much to do with motherhood. The experience of giving birth and the likelihood of dying while doing (...) so are important topics for understanding women’s lives in antiquity, but they are neither all there is to motherhood nor all there is to the historical record of ancient Greek women’s lives. Believing, however, that it is “anachronistic” and the result of “modern preconceptions” to look for ways in which women’s lives and women’s social roles were valued in ancient Greek society, Demand begins with the assertion that “[Greek] women’s central role was as childbearers and little other evidence exists for them” (1) and ends with the sweeping conclusion that in its anxiety to control female sexuality and reproduction, the male Greek polis “fostered methods of control over women’s reproductivity that prejudiced their success in the primary role that the culture assigned to them, that of childbearing” and thus “the Greek polis was detrimental to the interests of both women and polis” (154). In brief, the argument is that the development of the medical discipline, and particularly the field of gynecology, in the fifth century served more the need of Greek males to control female sexuality than that of Greek females for physical well-being.Although the sources Demand makes use of are often non-Athenian in origin (e.g., the Hippocratic corpus itself) “the situation of women” in classical Athens is taken as her story’s low point and the connection between Athenian citizenship law and control of women is the highlight of her thesis: “The increasingly restrictive definition of citizenship status that went with the development of the [Athenian] polis thus brought with it suspicions that haunted male lives and fed men’s obsession with the control of their womenfolk” (151). To read the Periclean law of 451/50 requiring that citizens have both citizen father and citizen mother, however, as motivating an increasingly oppressive control of Athenian wives makes little sense. The need to guarantee the paternity of a woman’s child was as much present before as after 451. Demand takes it as given that Athenian women were subject to increasing control in the latter part of the fifth century, an assumption for which she offers no supporting evidence. Here and elsewhere in the book Demand’s unquestioning adherence to the “hypothesis of a connection between state formation and the subordination of women” (xx) produces forced and so unconvincing interpretations of important and complex texts and evidence. For those interested in ancient Greek scientific and medical views on human reproduction I would still recommend G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology (Cambridge 1983) and now Lesley Dean-Jones, Women’s Bodies in Classical Greek Science (Oxford 1994).Birth, Death and Motherhood begins with a description of “The Lives of Greek Women” (Ch. 1) centering on the oikos (household), “the cultural context [End Page 323] for reproduction for all women” (2). The topics are the standard ones: the prevalence of female infanticide, arranged marriages, and pressure to produce male offspring; and the life described is one that Demand clearly thinks Greek women themselves found oppressive. For example, she speaks of the Thesmophoria as the “most widely celebrated of the occasions that allowed women a temporary respite from the routines of the oikos,” and comments that the “newfound freedom” of women who were beyond the childbearing years “must have been welcome” despite the fact the “male community accorded them less value” (24 and 28). Although Demand recognizes that women’s religious responsibilities were significant—and “offered women the most socially acceptable opportunities to venture outside the home”—she insists that “to seek to find ways in which women functioned in public space, and to attribute a positive value to them, is basically anachronistic” (25). How so? It seems potentially much more anachronistic to insist, as Demand does, that the... (shrink)

Koehler's summary and critique of research on the base rate fallacy is cogent and persuasive. However, he may have overstated the case, and his suggestions for future research may be too restrictive. We agree that methodological approaches to this topic should be broadened, but we argue that experimental laboratory research and the Bayesian normative standard are useful and should not be abandoned.

Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2025, Page 145-148.

Gadamer's Truth and Method: A Polyphonic Commentary offers a fresh look at Gadamer's magnum opus, Truth and Method, which was first published in German in 1960, translated into English in 1975, and is widely recognized as a ground-breaking text of philosophical hermeneutics. The volume features essays from fourteen scholars--both established and rising stars--each of which cover a portion of Truth and Method following the order of the text itself. The result is a robust, historically and thematically rich polyphonic reading of (...) the text as a whole, valuable both for scholarship and teaching. (shrink)

After giving birth Latona arrives tired and thirsty in Lycia, but the locals refuse her a drink from their lake, so she turns them into frogs. Critics usually endorse Latona’s justice. This article reexamines the episode to develop a balanced reading and then historicizes that reading in relation to law and Augustus’ aqueduct projects. The conflict between goddess and mortals dramatizes tensions between emperor and citizens with conflicting interests in water. Ovid’s Lycian myth opens new perspectives on these conflicts and, (...) more generally, on the place of law in Augustan Rome. (shrink)

The overall goal of clinical ethics consultation is to “improve the quality of healthcare outcomes” (ASBH 2011, 3). I find this focus helps me avoid people pleasing, system allegiance, being swayed...

It is a familiar view in the philosophy of mind and action is that for a thought or attitude to constitute a reason for an action is for it to render intelligible, in the light of norms of rationality or reason, that action. However, I can make sense of your actions in this way by crediting you with attitudes that I myself do not hold. Equally, you can do this for my actions. So not all reasons for one’s actions are (...) one’s own reasons. What more is involved in a reason’s being one’s own reason for acting? (shrink)

But in Why I Am Not a Secularist, distinguished political theorist William E. Connolly argues that secularism, although admirable in its pursuit of freedom and diversity, too often undercuts these goals through its narrow and intolerant ...

Chapter One The most plausible arguments for the identity of mind and body that have been advanced in this century have been for the identity of mental ...