Desde hace varias décadas, los estudiosos debaten si la conceptualización aristotélica de la amistad se enmarca en concepciones éticas egoístas o altruistas. Aunque el Estagirita sostiene que los virtuosos aman y desean el bien de su amigo “por el amigo mismo” y que son capaces de actos altruistas como sacrificarse por el prójimo, también realiza afirmaciones consistentes con el egoísmo, a saber, que las relaciones amistosas y las marcas de la amistad se originan y se encuentran eminentemente en la relación (...) que el hombre bueno mantiene consigo mismo, que el amor hacia los amigos procede del amor por uno mismo, que cada uno es el mejor amigo de sí mismo, y que debemos amarnos, ante todo, a nosotros mismos. En este trabajo, me propongo analizar los pasajes que han suscitado la polémica en cuestión (IX. 4 y 8) focalizando en la función argumentativa que desempeña la premisa del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo”. Puesto que tanto las lecturas altruistas como egoístas presuponen esta premisa, es imprescindible realizar un examen de las interpretaciones más relevantes del amigo en tanto “otro yo”. En suma, ya sea que se defienda una concepción egoísta o altruista de la amistad virtuosa, el eje del debate pasa por esclarecer la conceptualización aristotélica del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo” y el papel desempeñado por los amigos en la _eudaimonía_. Aquí sostengo una lectura “analógica” del amigo en tanto “otro sí mismo”, de acuerdo con la cual el amor por el amigo es análogo e irreductible al amor propio, lo cual es compatible con reconocer que la amistad tiene por condición de posibilidad el amor de sí mismo. (shrink)

En el siguiente artículo se expondrán algunos apartados específicos de la obra Los principios de la ciencia de Eduardo Nicol y cómo tal texto tuvo una repercusión destacable dentro del pensamiento latinoamericano de la década de los sesenta. El planteamiento aquí expuesto gira en torno a la influencia de Nicol que se desprende del momento en que nuestro autor viaja y publica extensivamente por diversos países en América Latina, ejemplos de ello serían sus cursos en la Universidad de La Habana (...) en 1955 o su visita a Colombia a principios de los 60. Momento en que sus publicaciones estimuladas por la editorial Fondo de Cultura Económica le llevaron a ser estudiado en diferentes facultades de manera interdisciplinaria. A partir de esto, sin la pretensión de abarcar las ramificaciones que puede llegar a tener el pensamiento de Nicol en América Latina, nos centraremos en un caso específico, la presencia de su obra en el libro ¿Extensión o comunicación? del pensador Paulo Freire. (shrink)

Religion is considered a cornerstone of business ethics, yet the values held dear by a religion, when professed by business organizations serving heterogeneous market segments in secularized societies, can generate conflict and resistance. In this paper, we report findings from a study of stakeholder reactions to the renaming of an Italian public hospital. After the construction of new facilities, the hospital was renamed for the recently canonized Roman Catholic Pope John XXIII. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence of public (...) criticism surrounding the name change. A fine-grained analysis of a sample of 734 respondents belonging to different stakeholder groups revealed that consumers predominantly supported the name change, while employees were often critical and concerned about possible religious influences on medical practice and scientific research. Moving beyond our empirical setting, we propose a process model of brand-religion alignment inspired by McCracken’s : 71–84, 1986) meaning transfer model, which considers both the alignment process and its reception by relevant audiences. The study also presents managerial implications useful for those brand managers who wish to create effective, respectful links with religion. (shrink)

Durante la última década del siglo XX y los primeros años del nuevo milenio, las instituciones públicas y/o de gobierno han pasado por un proceso de ajuste y cambio debido al arribo de las técnicas gerenciales provenientes del sector privado conocidas como Nueva Gestión Pública. Dichas técnicas han generado, por un lado, una modificación sustantiva en la forma de organizar, estructurar y operar los servicios públicos y, por otro, algunos cambios en la conducta de los servidores públicos pero desviándose de (...) la esencia de servicio público original. Ante este panorama, éste artículo se plantea reflexionar sobre si hay alguna alternativa a esta situación. (shrink)

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of cultural traits is an open challenge. This is intimately connected to cultural dynamics, which has been the focus of a variety of quantitative models. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of connecting those models to empirically accessible snapshots of cultural dynamics. In particular, it has been suggested that empirical cultural states, which differ systematically from randomized counterparts, exhibit properties that are universally present. Hence, a question about the mechanism responsible for the observed patterns (...) naturally arises. This study proposes a stochastic structural model for generating cultural states that retain those robust empirical properties. One ingredient of the model assumes that every individual’s set of traits is partly dictated by one of several universal “rationalities,” informally postulated by several social science theories. The second, new ingredient assumes that, apart from a dominant rationality, each individual also has a certain exposure to the other rationalities. It is shown that both ingredients are required for reproducing the empirical regularities. This suggests that the effects of cultural dynamics in the real world can be described as an interplay of multiple, mixing rationalities, providing indirect evidence for the class of social science theories postulating such a mixing. (shrink)

People tend to overestimate emotional responses to future events. This study examined whether such affective forecasting errors occur for feelings of regret, as measured by self-report and subsequent decision-making. Some participants played a pricing game and lost by a narrow or wide margin, while others were asked to imagine losing by such margins. Participants who experienced a narrow loss reported more regret than those who imagined a narrow loss. Furthermore, those experiencing a narrow loss behaved more cautiously in a subsequent (...) gambling task. Thus, the study provides self-report and behavioral evidence for a reversal of the affective forecasting phenomenon for feelings of regret. (shrink)

En este artículo nos disponemos desarrollar la tesis según la cual la crítica elaborada por Santiago Castro-Gómez a Enrique Dussel se trató de una desnaturalización del análisis del filósofo argentino sobre el proyecto moderno, en la cual Castro-Gómez puso de relieve las prácticas de las herencias coloniales como condición de posibilidad para la emergencia de la modernidad, sin necesidad de recurrir a la figura fundante del sujeto, aspecto que sí se encuentra presente en la propuesta del mendocino. Esta tesis se (...) demostrará mediante un diálogo crítico entre estos dos autores en torno al problema de la modernidad y la colonialidad a partir de tres claves analíticas, la posmodernidad, la modernidad y la descolonización, con el fin de pensar el modo en que las prácticas coloniales operaron en el proyecto moderno a través del uso de los valores presentes en la misma modernidad, sin que ello implique caer en una supuesta desmodernización. (shrink)

O presente artigo insere-se no contexto das reflexões sobre a prática de ensino em Filosofia e como esta viabiliza a efetivação da identidade da disciplina de Filosofia e do papel do professor na ação educativa. A pesquisa bibliográfica, com levantamento de literatura e aproximações entre teóricos da educação em filosofia, objetivou delinear as relações entre os pressupostos filosóficos da educação no ensino de Filosofia, as implicações da Historicidade da Filosofia no seu ensino, sinalizando o ensino de filosofia como investigação, ou (...) seja, capacitando o discente para investigar a realidade. A pesquisa também apresenta os apontamentos da pedagogia histórico-crítica, como possibilidade para o ensino de filosofia na busca da educação para a emancipação do sujeito. O alcance dos objetivos levou-nos a conclusão da pesquisa, apresentando horizontes para a efetivação da identidade da disciplina de Filosofia na educação básica, visando à emancipação dos sujeitos da prática educativa. (shrink)

New Realism and Phenomenology: Editor's Introduction.

We extend the construction of bad fields of characteristic zero to the case of arbitrary prescribed divisible green torsion.

l nostro obiettivo è di rintracciare l'origine dell'autocoscienza attraverso una indagine filosofica che, a partire dalle ricerche di Darwin, segue il filo che lega lo scienziato inglese alle concezioni pragmatiste sviluppate da Mead e Wright, i quali hanno messo in evidenza alcuni aspetti chiave che sviluppiamo poi in una ricostruzione sistematica e genealogica condotta con l'aiuto della fenomenologia classica e della filosofia di Carlo Sini.

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

Este artículo se centra en el concepto de gobierno. A partir de algunos planteamientos filosóficos de pensadores como Michel Foucault, Peter Sloterdijk, Maurizio Lazzarato y otros se despliega una argumentación sobre las formas como se fabrica lo humano. En un primer momento se hace una exploración terminológica desde un punto de vista antropológico del verbo "gobernar" para delimitar los alcances de esta reflexión; posteriormente se realiza un desplazamiento de la mirada hacia las nuevas formas como se gobiernan los seres humanos, (...) tanto desde lo colectivo como lo individual. This article focuses on the concept of governing. Based on some philosophical approaches by thinkers like Michel Foucault, Peter Sloterdijk, Giorgio Agamben, and Maurizio Lazzarato among others, an argument is developed about the ways how the human is constructed. Firstly, a terminological exploration on the verb "to govern/to rule" is carried out from an anthropological view in order to define the scope of this reflection. The view is subsequently turned to the new ways how humans are being governed, both in their collective and individual extent. (shrink)

Dos desdobramentos freudianos acerca da civilização, questionaremos como, diante da eminencia de um futuro trágico, a indagação de formas alternativas de gozo pode originar uma sociedade menos hostil. Partindo de noções como pulsão de morte, agressividade e Super-Eu, veremos que a racionalização dos afetos não reclama nossa destrutividade. Da antinomia entre Eros e Thanatos, Freud conclama a independência das pulsões agressivas, alegando que a civilização é vivenciada como mal-estar. Assinalando como os desejos do outro estão implicados nos nossos, acentuaremos que (...) a agressividade instaura o Super-Eu, cuja função é impor sobre o Eu a mesma hostilidade que este satisfaria nos outros. Exercendo autoridade interna, o Super-Eu atravessa a subjetividade, indicando que não há nada que não garanta nossa própria catástrofe. Mas se a civilização está edificada sobre o resto da liberdade individual, então talvez a responsabilização pelo desejo permita pensar novas formas de subjetivação e, quiçá, numa sociedade menos hostil. (shrink)

Recently, we have presented data supporting the notion that PIKfyve not only produces the majority of constitutive phosphatidylinositol 5‐phosphate (PtdIns5P) in mammalian cells but that it does so through direct synthesis from PtdIns. Another group, albeit obtaining similar data, suggests an alternative pathway whereby the low‐abundance PtdIns(3,5)P2 undergoes hydrolysis by unidentified 3‐phosphatases, thereby serving as a precursor for most of PtdIns5P. Here, we review the experimental evidence supporting constitutive synthesis of PtdIns5P from PtdIns by PIKfyve. We further emphasize that the (...) experiments presented in support of the alternative pathway are also compatible with a direct mechanism for PIKfyve‐catalyzed synthesis of PtdIns5P. While agreeing with the authors that constitutive PtdIns5P could theoretically be produced from PtdIns(3,5)P2 by 3‐dephosphorylation, we argue that until direct evidence for such an alternative pathway is obtained, we should adhere to the existing experimental evidence and quantitative considerations, which favor direct PIKfyve‐catalyzed synthesis for most constitutive PtdIns5P. (shrink)

Resumen El artículo muestra la relación estructural entre el testimonio y el juicio estético, y cómo la mentira estructural se implica irreductiblemente como la posibilidad de la verdad. Se explica la necesaria imposibilidad del testimonio como condición de su posibilidad, argumento anticipado por J. L. Borges: “No hay una sola hermosa palabra, con la excepción dudosa de testigo, que no sea una abstracción”. La argumentación se apoya en la teoría husserliana del syncategorema y en los deícticos ; asimismo, se toma (...) de I. Kant el papel de la imaginación y los efectos del “como si”.This essay demonstrates the structural relationship between testimony and aesthetic judgment. The implications of this discovery are several, the most important being the relationship between the lie and truth, implicating that lie indicates the irreducible possibility of truth. The essay explains the necessary impossibility of the testimony as a condition of its possibility, an argument anticipated in Jorge Luis Borges’ beautiful phrase, “There is not a single beautiful word, with the dubious exception of witness, that is not an abstraction”. The argument is based on Husserl’s theory of the syncategorem and on deictic words ; as well, it takes from Kant, the role of the imagination and the effects of the “as if”. (shrink)

l. Christianity and Institution Christianity is an established religion, an instituted religion-and these words have several meanings. ...

t. 1. Catégorie de sujet. Catégorie de grâce. t. 2. Catégorie de foi.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in Pyrrhonism among both philosophers and historians of philosophy. This skeptical tradition is complex and multifaceted, since the Pyrrhonian arguments have been put into the service of different enterprises or been approached in relation to interests which are quite distinct. The diversity of conceptions and uses of Pyrrhonism accounts for the diversity of the challenges it is deemed to pose and of the attempts to meet them. The present volume brings together twelve (...) essays by leading specialists which explore the history and philosophical significance of this form of skepticism: they discuss some thorny questions concerning ancient Pyrrhonism, explore its influence on certain modern thinkers, and examine it in relation to contemporary analytic philosophy. The essays combine historical and exegetical analysis with an assessment of the philosophical merits of the Pyrrhonian outlook, with the aim of understanding it both in its historical context and in connection with contemporary concerns. This volume, the first entirely devoted to a detailed study of the Pyrrhonian tradition, is intended to open up new exegetical and philosophical perspectives on Pyrrhonism and to motivate further examination of certain difficult issues. It will be a valuable resource for scholars of ancient philosophy, historians of modern philosophy, and epistemologists, as well as for graduate students interested in skepticism. (shrink)

"Diego Marconi analizza in questo saggio alcune tappe fondamentali della riflessione di Wittgenstein, illlustrando i motivi per cui gran parte della discussione filosofica odierna risalga all'esperienza intellettuale del filosofo di Vienna: dal "sapere senza fondamenti" al "pensiero debole", dalla filosofia analitica all'ermeneutica.

En el año 1986 Diego Gracia publicó el libro `Voluntad de verdad: Para leer a Zubiri`, que pronto se consagró como la obra de referencia para una primera introducción al pensamiento del filósofo español. Pero han pasado desde entonces treinta años, las obras publicadas de Zubiri y sobre Zubiri se han multiplicado, su interpretación ha ido evolucionando y el conocimiento sobre él es cada vez más amplio y profundo. Ya no es hora de hacer introducciones a su filosofía sino (...) análisis detallados y críticos de la misma. Eso es lo que Gracia ha intentado en múltiples trabajos sobre el tema publicados en diferentes lugares a lo largo de estas tres décadas (y en algunos que se publican por primera vez aquí). Antonio Pintor-Ramos se ha encargado de revisar todos esos trabajos, seleccionarlos, ordenarlos y formar con ellos el presente volumen, que ha resultado no ser una simple recopilación de textos sino un libro perfectamente organizado y sistemático. Esta obra ofrece, por tanto, una revisión actual del pensamiento de Zubiri, profunda y detallada, que sintetiza las diversas interpretaciones realizadas sobre él a la vez que expone con argumentos la que el propio Gracia asume como suya. (Fuente: Triacastela). (shrink)

South Africa shared with the world the warning of a new strain of SARS-CoV2, Omicron, in November 2021. As a result, many high-income countries (HICs) instituted complete travel bans on persons leaving South Africa and other neighbouring countries. These bans were unnecessary from a scientific standpoint, and they ran counter to the International Health Regulations. In short, South Africa was penalized for sharing data. Data sharing during pandemics is commonly justified by appeals to solidarity. In this paper, we argue that (...) solidarity is, at best, an aspirational ideal to work toward but that it cannot ground an obligation to share data. Instead, low-and-middle income countries (LIMCs) should be guided by the principle of reciprocity, which states that we ought to return good for good received. Reciprocity is necessarily a conditional principle. LMICs, we argue, should only share data during future pandemics on the condition that HICs provide enforceable assurances that the benefits of data sharing will be equitably distributed and that LMICs won’t be penalized for sharing information. (shrink)

Disagreement is a pervasive feature of human life whose skeptical implications have been emphasized particularly by the ancient Pyrrhonists and by contemporary moral skeptics. Although the connection between disagreement and skepticism is also a focus of analysis in the emerging and burgeoning area of epistemology concerned with the significance of controversy, it has arguably not received the full attention it deserves. The present volume explores for the first time the possible skeptical consequences of disagreement in different areas and from different (...) perspectives, with an emphasis in the current debate over the epistemic impact of disagreement. The thirteen new essays collected here examine the Pyrrhonian approach to disagreement and its relevance to the present epistemological discussions of the topic; the relationship between disagreement and moral realism and antirealism; disagreement-based skeptical arguments in contemporary epistemology; and disagreement and the possibility of philosophical knowledge and justified belief. Given the ever-growing interest in both the significance of disagreement and the challenge of skepticism, this volume makes a new contribution by conjugating two important trends in current philosophical research. (shrink)