Este articulo investiga el cada vez más frecuente fenómeno de las intervenciones internacionales noviolentas para la transformación de conflictos y, en concreto, analiza los efectos que pueden tener dichas intervenciones sobre la protección y el empoderamiento de los activistas de derechos humanos que viven en situaciones de riesgo por su trabajo en entornos conflictivos altamente violentos. Para ello se situará el contexto en el que han surgido y se han desarrollado estas iniciativas, analizándose los principales elementos que las caracterizan, y (...) se estudiará el caso de la protección que proporciona Peace Brigades International a los defensores de derechos humanos, lo que permitirá extraer conclusiones relativas a las posibilidades que ofrecen las intervenciones internacionales noviolentas a la comunidad internacional en los campos de la prevención de la violencia, la gestión de conflictos y de construcción de la paz. (shrink)

La libreta como forma-de-vida. Sobre Autorretrato en el estudio de Giorgio Agamben.

To better understand risk management and mutual aid among American ranchers, we interviewed and mailed a survey to ranchers in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, and Cochise County, Arizona, focusing on two questions: When do ranchers expect repayment for the help they provide others? What determines ranchers’ degrees of involvement in networks of mutual aid, which they refer to as “neighboring”? When needs arise due to unpredictable events, such as injuries, most ranchers reported not expecting to be paid back for (...) the help they provide. When help is provided for something that follows a known schedule or that can be scheduled, such as branding, most ranchers did expect something in return for the help they provide. This pattern makes sense in light of computational modeling that shows that transfers to those in need without expectations of repayment pool risk more effectively than transfers that create debt. Ranchers reported helping other ranchers more often when they belonged to more religious and civic organizations, when they owned larger ranches, when they relied less on ranch vs. other income, and when they had more relatives in the area. Operators of midsize ranches reported helping other ranchers more frequently than did those on smaller and larger ranches. None of our independent variables predicted how many times ranchers reported receiving help from other ranchers. Although ranch culture in the American West is often characterized by an ethic of individualism and independence, our study suggests that this ethic stands alongside an ethic of mutual aid during times of need. (shrink)

Disagreement is a pervasive feature of human life whose skeptical implications have been emphasized particularly by the ancient Pyrrhonists and by contemporary moral skeptics. Although the connection between disagreement and skepticism is also a focus of analysis in the emerging and burgeoning area of epistemology concerned with the significance of controversy, it has arguably not received the full attention it deserves. The present volume explores for the first time the possible skeptical consequences of disagreement in different areas and from different (...) perspectives, with an emphasis in the current debate over the epistemic impact of disagreement. The thirteen new essays collected here examine the Pyrrhonian approach to disagreement and its relevance to the present epistemological discussions of the topic; the relationship between disagreement and moral realism and antirealism; disagreement-based skeptical arguments in contemporary epistemology; and disagreement and the possibility of philosophical knowledge and justified belief. Given the ever-growing interest in both the significance of disagreement and the challenge of skepticism, this volume makes a new contribution by conjugating two important trends in current philosophical research. (shrink)

In this introductory chapter, I first offer an overview of the two themes addressed in the present collection - namely, disagreement and skepticism - and their connection, then present the purpose and content of the volume.

This paper explores the notion of reciprocity in the context of active pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis treatment and related control policies and practices. We seek to do three things: First, we sketch the background to contemporary global TB care and suggest that poverty is a key feature when considering the treatment of TB patients. We use two examples from TB care to explore the role of reciprocity: isolation and the use of novel TB drugs. Second, we explore alternative means of (...) justifying the use of reciprocity through appeal to different moral and political theoretical traditions. We suggest that each theory can be used to provide reasons to take reciprocity seriously as an independent moral concept, despite any other differences. Third, we explore general meanings and uses of the concept of reciprocity, with the primary intention of demonstrating that it cannot be simply reduced to other more frequently invoked moral concepts such as beneficence or justice. We argue that reciprocity can function as a mid-level principle in public health, and generally, captures a core social obligation arising once an individual or group is burdened as a result of acting for the benefit of others. We conclude that while more needs to be explored in relation to the theoretical justification and application of reciprocity, sufficient arguments can be made for it to be taken more seriously as a key principle within public health ethics and bioethics more generally. (shrink)

The question of whether the Pyrrhonist adheres to certain logical principles, criteria of justification, and inference rules is of central importance for the study of Pyrrhonism. Its significance lies in that, whereas the Pyrrhonist describes his philosophical stance and argues against the Dogmatists by means of what may be considered a rational discourse, adherence to any such principles, criteria, and rules does not seem compatible with the radical character of his skepticism. Hence, if the Pyrrhonist does endorse them, one must (...) conclude that he is inconsistent in his outlook. Despite its import, the question under consideration has not received, in the vast literature on Pyrrhonism of the past three decades, all the attention it deserves. In the present paper, I do not propose to provide a full examination of the Pyrrhonist’s attitude towards rationality, but to focus on the question of whether he endorses the law of non-contradiction (LNC). However, I will also briefly tackle the question of the Pyrrhonist’s outlook on both the canons of rational justification at work in the so-called Five Modes of Agrippa and the logical rules of inference. In addition, given that the LNC is deemed a fundamental principle of rationality, determining the Pyrrhonist’s attitude towards it will allow us to understand his general attitude towards rationality. (shrink)

Externalism about artifactual words requires that (a) members of an artifactual word’s extension share a common nature, i.e. a set of necessary features, and (b) that possession of such features determines the word’s extension independently of whether the linguistic community is aware of them (ignorance) or can accurately describe them (error). However, many common artifactual words appear to be so used that features that are universally shared among members of their extensions are hard to come by, and even fewer can (...) be plausibly regarded as necessary; morevoer, it is highly doubtful that a speaker could manage to refer to kind A while being utterly ignorant of the role the As play in the A-producing community, and it is no less doubtful that an artifactual word that was used to refer to certain objects would keep referring to them (and be regarded as having referred to them) once it has been shown that the associated description is utterly false of such objects, the reason being that we could easily make things that do fit the associated description. Against generalized externalism, it is suggested that artifactual words come in (at least) three different semantic varieties: a few have an externalist semantics, others have an internalist semantics, still others have neither but rather behave as “family names” in Wittgenstein’s sense. (shrink)

This paper approaches the current epistemological debate on peer disagreement from a neo-Pyrrhonian perspective, thus adopting a form of skepticism which is more radical than those discussed in the literature. It makes use of argumentative strategies found in ancient Pyrrhonism both to show that such a debate rests on problematic assumptions and to block some maneuvers intended to offer an efficacious way of settling a considerable number of peer disputes. The essay takes issue with three views held in the peer (...) disagreement debate: there is an objective fact of the matter about at least most controversial questions; we possess theory-neutral evidence bearing on those questions which grants us access to the truth of the matter; and many peer controversies are resolved by attending to which disputant has correctly evaluated the objective evidence. With respect to the first two views, it is argued that the belief in both objective facts and theory-neutral evidence is subject to fierce dispute, and should not therefore be taken for granted in the discussion of peer disagreement. As for the third view, it is argued that from either a first- or a third-person perspective, there seems to be epistemic symmetry between the disputants which makes it necessary to suspend judgment. (shrink)

Accelerated changes to the planet have created novel spaces to re-imagine the boundaries and foci of environmental health research. Climate change, mass species extinction, ocean acidification, biogeochemical disturbance, and other emergent environmental issues have precipitated new population health perspectives, including, but not limited to, one health, ecohealth, and planetary health. These perspectives, while nuanced, all attempt to reconcile broad global challenges with localized health impacts by attending to the reciprocal relationships between the health of ecosystems, animals, and humans. While such (...) innovation is to be encouraged, we argue that a more comprehensive engagement with the ethics of these emerging fields of inquiry will add value in terms of the significance and impact of associated interventions. In this contribution, we highlight how the concept of spatial and temporal scale can be usefully deployed to shed light on a variety of ethical issues common to emerging environmental health perspectives, and that the potential of scalar analysis implicit to van Potter’s conceptualization of bioethics has yet to be fully appreciated. Specifically, we identify how scale interacts with key ethical issues that require consideration and clarification by one health, ecohealth, and planetary health researchers and practitioners to enhance the effectiveness of research and practice, including justice and governance. (shrink)

_Objective:_ The present work aims to detect the role of the rate of speech as a mechanism able to give information on patient's intrapsychic activity and the intersubjective quality of the patient–therapist relationship. _Method:_ Thirty clinical sessions among five patients were sampled and divided into idea units ( N = 1276) according to the referential activity method. Each idea unit was rated according to referential activity method and in terms of speech rate (syllables per second) for both patient and therapist. (...) A mixed-effects model was applied in order to detect the relationship between the speech rate of both the patient and the therapist and the features of the patient's verbal production in terms of referential activity scales. A Pearson correlation was applied to evaluate the synchrony between the speech rate of the patient and the therapist. _Results:_ Results highlight that speech rate varies according patient's ability to get in touch with specific aspects detected through referential activity method: patient and the therapist speech rate get synchronized during the course of the sessions; and the therapist's speech rate partially attunes to the patient's ability to get in touch with inner aspects detected through RA method. _Conclusion:_ The work identified speech rate as a feature that may help in the development of the clinical process in light of its ability to convey information about a patient's internal states and a therapist's attunement ability. These results support the intersubjective perspective on the clinical process. (shrink)

It is generally agreed that one of the key differences between ancient skepticism and modern and contemporary skepticism is that the ancient skeptic does not call into question the existence of the external world, but only our ability to know the properties or qualities of external objects. In this paper, I argue that in Sextus Empiricus's attack on the Epicurean criterion of truth one finds evidence that the ancient Pyrrhonist also suspends judgment about the existence of external objects.

In On Certainty, Wittgenstein addressed the issue of beliefs that are not to be argued for, either because any grounds we could produce are less certain than the belief they are supposed to ground, or because our interlocutors would not accept our reasons. However, he did not address the closely related issue of justifying a conclusion to interlocutors who do not see that it follows from premises they accept. In fact, Wittgenstein had discussed the issue in the Remarks on the (...) Foundations of Mathematics; his view had been that certain inferential practices are constitutive of our notions of thinking and inferring. I argue that his treatment of unfounded beliefs in On Certainty essentially replicates, mutatis mutandis, his treatment of basic logical inference. (shrink)

En este trabajo se explora el rol que la verdad de los enunciados fácticos juega en la aplicación de normas jurídicas y en la justificación de las decisiones judiciales. Se sostiene que la verdad es irrelevante respecto de la aplicación de normas jurídicas, entendida esta última en términos «inferenciales», y que lo es también respecto de la justificación interna de las decisiones que aplican esas normas. Se argumenta luego que la verdad de la premisa fáctica tampoco es condición necesaria de (...) la justificación externa, en diferentes sentidos. Se sostiene, en definitiva, que la verdad de la premisa fáctica no es condición necesaria de la justificación de la decisión judicial en ningún sentido plausible en que dicha justificación pueda ser evaluada. Esto no significa, sin embargo, que la verdad de dicha premisa sea irrelevante. (shrink)

This paper develops two new measures of labor tax avoidance based on social contribution expenses reported in financial statements and tests them and their determinants within a sample of 224 Italian firms defined as legally registered Mafia firms due to having been confiscated at some point by judicial authorities, in relation to alleged connections with Italian organized crime. Overall, our results reveal that before confiscation LMFs engage more in LTAV than lawful firms do, whereas after confiscation there is no significant (...) difference between both types of firm. Furthermore, we find that several factors have a significant influence on the probability of engaging in such a practice. This study can enhance further research on the effectiveness of our measures and on the determinants of LTAV in other contexts and for other types of firms. Moreover, these measures can be added to the other direct and indirect methods commonly employed to measure and detect undeclared work representing a primary means of LTAV. Finally, our study allows inferring conclusions on the relation between corporate social responsibility and tax avoidance, suggesting that socially irresponsible firms, such as LMFs, are more likely to adopt this practice. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between physical activity and eating habits during the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian adults. A sample of 1,929 participants answered an online survey, however 1,874 were included in the analysis. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eating habits was assessed inquiring about participants' intake of fruits, vegetables, fried foods, and sweets during the pandemic. Physical activity was assessed by asking participants about their weekly frequency, intensity and number of minutes/hours engaging (...) in structured physical activities per week. Participants were then stratified into categories based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity and into active or inactive. Increased sweets consumption was the most commonly reported change to eating habits, followed by an increase in the consumption of vegetables, fruits, and fried foods. Physical activity practice was related to lower consumption of fried foods and sweets. A cluster analysis revealed subjects with higher the level of physical activity was more likely to follow a healthy diet. Thus, physical activity was positively associated with healthier eating habits. Health authorities must recommend regular physical as a strategy to improve overall health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies should address the physical activity interventions to improve health status during a pandemic. (shrink)

Se realiza un estudio comparativo del problema de la percepción en Aristóteles y Maurice Merleau-Ponty, considerando el marco antropológico en el que se inscriben sus propuestas. Se establecen sus posibles puntos de contacto y sus diferencias más importantes. Se presta especial atención al vínculo entre el acto senso-perceptual yel movimiento, así como al problema de la conciencia perceptual y a la cuestión de la actualidad común entre el sentiente y el sensible.

En su curso Die Grundbegriffe der Metaphysik. Welt-Endlichkeit- Einsamkeit (1929/1930) Heidegger elabora una distinción entre órgano y útil, cuyo objetivo es la caracterización del organismo y su posterior comparación con el hombre. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar los límites entre lo orgán..

How is it possible that a phenomenon like psychoanalysis, which has dominated the cultural and intellectual life of the last century in Europe, North and South America, has had apparently no resonance in Hong Kong? While psychoanalysis is raising some interest in Mainland China and in Taiwan, it remains only marginally relevant in Hong Kong. This book attempts to explain why. Addressing the subject from an East to West approach, this study proposes an experience of displacement, as it is argued (...) that the chance for psychoanalysis today is not just to be exported to the East, but asking how psychoanalysis can be re-invented after experiencing the culture in Hong Kong. What remains of psychoanalysis, after this? How to re-invent and innovate psychoanalysis today? This study also debunks the myth that psychoanalytic research cannot be led by adopting a quantitative/statistical methodology. (shrink)

La sugestión que puede quedar de la siguiente lectura a la conversación, es que esta lejos de ser superflua, es una actividad seria y promisoria para fortalecer valores éticos. Naturalmente, se trata de una conversación que pueda asir la crítica, reflexión, el argumento, la comprensión. Notas para una lectura ética de la conversación es la apuesta por empezar a reflexionar desde el punto de vista de la filosofía una actividad que día a día fortalece los lazos ciudadanos. Pensar el valor (...) ético de la conversación es pensar en la posibilidad de identificar unos horizontes éticos y morales a través de la interlocución, especialmente en la conversación. La construcción de una identidad personal o de un yo también puede asirse en la conversación, dado que en esta actividad el conversador se narra y narra su vida a su compañero interlocutor. (shrink)

There are two prevalent accounts of semantic normativity: the prescriptive account, which can be found in some of Wittgenstein’s remarks, and the regularity account, which may have been Sellars’s view and is nowadays defended by some antinormativists. On the former account, meanings are norms that govern the use of words; on the latter, they are regularities of use which, in themselves, do not engender any prescriptions. I argue that only the prescriptive view can account for certain platitudes about meaning, which (...) motivate the very idea of semantic normativity. After some preliminary clarifications about the form that alleged semantic norms should take in order to be prima facie plausible, I argue—against some antinormativists—that whatever normativity is involved in the meaning of words cannot be brought back to a general norm of truth as distinct from specifically semantic norms, for semantic norms already involve a norm of truth. Next, I examine what I take to be the strongest objection to semantic normativity, namely the identification of meaning with use: as use is just a bunch of facts, it cannot be attributed any normative import. Nowadays, this view has been defended by Paul Horwich. After criticizing Horwich’s claim that meaning, though not normative in itself, has unmediated normative implications, I propose a different view of the relation between use and meaning, on which meaning is not quite identical with use but is grounded on use. I propose as a model the idea of a hyperconformist social system: a system in which customs, and only customs, generate norms. I suggest that language is such a system, and describe two reasons why it is plausible for language to work like that. Finally, I analyze statements of meaning on the model of Ruth Millikan “pushmi-pullyu” representations, i.e. as having both descriptive and normative import. I point out that, however, there are exceptions to meaning’s being grounded on use, as there are cases in which semantic norms are dictated by authorities of several kinds. Lastly, I briefly discuss the suggestion that meaning supervenes on use, showing that, aside from its inherent difficulties, it does not explain why meaning would supervene on use. (shrink)

This paper investigates the question “when is a logic more expressive than another?” In order to approach it, “logic” is understood in the model-theoretic sense and, contrary to other proposals in the literature, it is argued that relative expressiveness between logics is best framed with respect to the notion of expressing properties of models, a notion that can be captured precisely in various ways. It is shown that each precise rendering can give rise to a formal condition for relative expressiveness (...) that has appeared in the literature. Five such conditions are exposed, tested for some properties and compared to each other. As the formal conditions for relative expressiveness have various levels of stringency, some results on lifting some conditions to stricter ones are explored. Finally, a discussion on the properties of these formal conditions is presented. Special attention is given to notion of meaning equivalence, and how one may consider that it holds or not, depending on the weight attributed to logical and non-logical constants in expressiveness comparisons. (shrink)

This paper argues that the gesture of being silent —or “subjective silence”— can be described as a specific modulation of attention, in which consciousness gains awareness of a specific realm of experience where the body appears as a transcendental dimension of the self. Taking Dauenhauer’s typology as a point of departure, I will describe what I understand with the expressions “subjective silence” –and “the gesture of being silent”– and try to show its specific relation to “attention,” according to Husserl’s description (...) of it. Second, that the noematic field of this “subjective silence” is the realm of the pre-predicative, since it allows consciousness to maintain a certain intentional tension that does not focus on any categorial object. Finally, I will try to show that in this realm of the pre-predicative, the body appears as an immanent dimension of consciousness and, therefore, not as a mere object but as a transcendental instance of the self. (shrink)

Whether using semiotics to criticize psychoanalysis, whether to incorporate the abject among its problematizations, or to highlight its ambiguities, it is a fact that Judith Butler largely (re)mobilizes the notions and criticisms left by Julia Kristeva. Starting with her thesis on Hegel, she finds in this author useful tools to problematize the ways in which certain subjects are execrated in the same way that we execrate our excesses. Based on his reading of Kristeva, we will see that Butler builds a (...) critique of semiotics and his theory of abjection, understanding this as paradigmatic for the problematization of the performativity of bodies-genders. Considering that gender acts do not necessarily obey the laws that challenge them, it is by (re)mobilizing Kristeva from a queer-feminist perspective that Butler makes us think about the potential of, in terms of power, not treating them as illegitimate, unlivable and pathologizable a priori a significant portion of forms of body-gendering. Through a queer-feminist reading of Kristevian semiotics and abjection, this article seeks to analyze one of the steps through which Judith Butler makes us think about how “flawed” the expectations of identity coherence, fixity and stability are. (shrink)

In his treatise De vita contemplativa, Philo tell us about the Therapeutae, a philosophic sect located in the outskirts of Alexandria, in a pleasant site near Lake Mareotis. Although the Jewish philosopher is not very explicit about the concrete details of its daily life, he does provide us with information on some aspects of it, like the clothing used by the Therapeutae, the ἐσθὴς, which, though being very elementary, can help us to understand the secluded and contemplative style of life (...) of this Ascetic Hebrew Congregation. (shrink)

Resumen. Filón en el tratado De vita contemplativa nos narra el devenir cotidiano de una comunidad filosófica judía, integrada por hombres y mujeres, que viven retiradamente en un poblado a las afueras de Alejandría, junto al lago Mareotis: los terapeutas. En este artículo pretendemos analizar el caserío del poblado mareótico, el tipo de construcciones que albergaron a esta congregación, sus características y su posible ubicación. Este estudio nos proporcionará un mayor conocimiento del medio en que desarrollaron su actividad contemplativa y (...) filosófica los terapeutas alejandrinos, y la relación de estas edificaciones con su propia vocación ascética y filosófica. (shrink)

En el artículo se analizan los instrumentos filosóficos y literarios usados por Voltaire. En primer lugar, se analiza el lugar que ocupa la actividad literaria en la labor intelectual del autor, resaltando su inclinación a vincular la literatura con la filosofía. Después, se resalta la utilización sistemática de la fábula y la parábola en el desarrollo de la historia. En tercer lugar, se ilustra la forma en la que ciertos acontecimientos vitales determinan la evolución de la disputa entre optimismo y (...) pesimismo. Finalmente, se resalta la habilidad literaria de Voltaire al desarrollar la disputa en temas como la filantropía, la guerra, el amor, los infortunios, el suicidio, el mal y la melancolía. Se defiende la tesis de que para mantener viva la disputa el autor sacrificó la verosimilitud, ejerciendo una actitud filosófica-literaria de apertura, es decir, una concepción de reflexión y continua polémica. (shrink)

Most ethical studies on gift giving in business are limited to the application of rationalist ethical principles through a “third‐person” judgment to condemn certain practices such as bribes or manipulative actions, or to question the morality of certain commercial gifts or actions in corporate philanthropy. Such ethical analyses are generally based on extrinsic principles that lead to a dichotomous discussion on the morality of gift‐giving in terms of ethically acceptable and unacceptable gifts. Much less attention has been paid to the (...) gift giver's “first‐person” moral judgment. Thus, this paper contributes to this vacuum by drawing from Thomas Aquinas's approach to internal human acts and their moral evaluation. One of Aquinas's crucial points is his distinction between the object chosen (finis operis) and the intention of the agent (finis operantis) as a structural mental unity. From this perspective, the paper proposes a typology of gift giving, which aids reflection when making personal moral judgments in a variety of situations. Accompanied by illustrative examples, eight types of gift‐giving acts are identified and grouped into three categories: ethically unacceptable giving (bribery and manipulative and malevolent gifts), ethically acceptable giving (instrumental and reciprocal gifts), and ethically excellent giving (gratitude, gratuitous, and solidarity gifts). (shrink)

Neste artigo, apresentamos algumas possíveis contribuições inferidas da Filosofia de Charles Sanders Peirce que podem fundamentar os estudos sobre as ciências psíquicas, especificamente as Teorias da Mente Expandida. Para isso, utilizamos o pragmaticismo de Peirce e seu conceito de mente. Segundo ele, a mente é intensiva, interativa, expandida e mutável. No processo da expansão mental existem conexões entre as cognições (quase-mentes) guiadas por quase-propósitos, que são atualizações da Causa Final (finious). Ela é uma potência de excitação que busca a ampliação (...) da razoabilidade. O finious é intensificado a partir de estados de irritação, derivados dos atritos entre quase-mentes que estão em relação. Essas resistências são resolvidas por meio da geração e transformação de hábitos que ampliam e tornam mais complexas as mediações correlacionadas. Desta forma, o que era alteridade – por ação do hábito – passa a fazer parte de uma mente expandida. Do ponto de vista pragmaticista, as consequências experimentais do conceito de mente expandida devem ser: a emergência, a evolução e o acoplamento de regularidades materializadas em corpos heterogêneos. Do estudo dessas regularidades deve ser possível inferir: as associações de propósitos e mediações para a resolução da “irritação” das quase-mentes envolvidas em um processo de expansão mental. Cabe a um psicólogo investigador da mente expandida a atualização desses processos em contextos específicos. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza el famoso y “terrible” diálogo que presenta Tucídides en su Guerra del Peloponeso entre los atenienses y los melios y busca destacar elementos que mostrarían una visión trágica de la historia y de los asuntos humanos por parte de su autor. Para ello se utiliza, como elemento heurístico, la interpretación que Nietzsche hizo de este diálogo, específicamente en los parágrafos 92 y 93 de Humano, demasiado humano I. De acuerdo con la interpretación del texto se sugiere que (...) la de Nietzsche es, al menos, incompleta, para afirmar lo cual se usa un esquema de análisis con dos planos: el de lo particular-visible y el de lo general-invisible. La dialéctica entre estos planos, que se expande en el diálogo mismo entre lo que concretamente éste dice y lo que deja en silencio, revelaría en qué medida el análisis de Nietzsche se centra solo en uno de ellos, mientras que el otro, como complemento del primero, revelaría la visión más amplia del propio autor del diálogo como una visión trágica. (shrink)

As an instrument for participatory technology development, Scenario-Based Design offers significant potential for an early inclusion of future users. Over the course of a 3-year research project, this method was examined as a procedure for participatory technology development. Methods and instruments aimed at achieving a potential user’s participation, and the resulting cooperation of heterogeneous social groups can be seen as translation tools. Their purpose is to act as translators between different social fields and the specific knowledge associated with them. These (...) translation capabilities and participatory methods should result in the best possible convergence of different orientations and purposes. In this paper, attempting to achieve the best possible convergence is described as a dilemma of alignment. Several approaches will be used to describe the dynamic of the alignment dilemma within the above-mentioned project. The reconstruction follows one question that is proposed as a heuristic pattern to meet the requirements of an accurate analysis of holistic participatory methods: Who or what has to adjust to whom or what, why, when, and in which way? The main conclusions include the finding that the alignment dilemma is not equally balanced, that the agency of epistemic objects within the process has to be captured, and that it is easy for translation—provided primarily by core instruments of the participatory method used—to begin to overwrite the needs and purposes of one social group with the interests and orientations of another. (shrink)

Le texte qui suit est la traduction d’un texte du philosophe japonais Wataru Hiromatsu, intitulé « Imiron Kenkyû Oboegaki ». C’est un article publié dans le Nagoya Kogyô Daigaku Gakuhô en 1965. La traduction a été faite à partir de la version contenue dans...

This article aims to underline the philosophical and methodological originality of Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe by Brunner, Conze and Koselleck. In it, history emerges only when temporalization becomes part of the experience of the world, thereby causing a shift in men’s horizon of expectation in relation to the space of experience such that they no longer coincide. Political concepts become historicized as indicators of change. The article reflects also on the concept of "new time" in this work and on its relationship to (...) the historical concept of "the modern age" or "modernity" . According to Koselleck, the late eighteenth century and the Enlightenment are the true "epochal threshold" , when the standard bearers of a genuinely "new time" used theory of history to co-ordinate the various elements which made up the concept of modernity. (shrink)

This paper sets out as its objective the exploration of some of the key passages and most relevant theoretical plexuses of the Grundzüge des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters by Johann Gottlieb Fichte devoted to the theme of historical narrative and, more generally, of historiography. In particular, we will first of all aim to show the specific status of Historie. Secondly, we will try to outline the differences that Grundzüge establishes between the functions of Wissenschaftslehrer and those of Historiker, in an attempt to (...) show, at the same time, the nexus linking the two and the activities they perform. (shrink)

O presente artigo toma como ponto de partida a questão da verdade - verdade em si e, sobretudo, verdade "para mim". Levanta-se, assim, a questão de saber em que medida é possível fundamentar a verdade no indivíduo. Por outro lado, trata-se igualmente de saber até que ponto a verdade tem a ver com dados inteligíveis, com actos noéticos e cognitivos bem como com tudo aquilo que, numa palavra, nos disponibiliza para a racionalidade. O artigo busca resposta para estas questões, sublinhando (...) sobretudo o facto de que Kierkegaard, sempre em busca de um delicado equilíbrio entre a Fé e a Razão, se confronta com a natureza paradoxal de um evento histórico, a Øjeblikket, o qual se apresenta como o fundamento mesmo das "razões" ou, por outras palavras, da verdade propriamente dita. /// What is truth? Moreover, what is "truth for me"? Is it possible to ground truth in the individual? But does not truth have, eo ipso, to do with intelligible data, with noetic and cognitive acts as well as with all that that, in a word, makes us fully available for rationality? The present paper searches for an answer, whereby it is underlined how Kierkegaard, always in search of a delicate balance between Faith and Reason, comes across the paradoxical nature of an historical event, of the Øjeblikket, which to him appears as the roc on which to ground "the reasons" or, in other words, that that we properly call the truth. (shrink)

Marañón ha pasado a la historia del siglo XX como arquetipo, debido a su actitud coherente y a su “talante liberal”. Marañón fue, sobre todo, un moralista en el sentido kantiano. Una persona autónoma que no se rigió por criterios externos, sino por deber; un convencido del papel transformador de las ciencias positivas en pos de una sociedad más feliz y más justa gracias a una profunda reforma intelectual. Marañón, como Fernando de los Ríos, integró krausismo, neokantismo y socialismo y (...) desde esa plataforma ideológica, propugnó el necesario cambio moral del pueblo español. (shrink)