KazuoMuto (1913–1995) war Professor für das Studium des Christentums an der Universität Kyoto und gehörte der dritten Professorengeneration an. Er war sich der Stellung der Dialektischen Theologie voll bewusst, und davon ausgehend verfolgte er neue Möglichkeiten der Religionsphilosophie, wobei sich seine Forschungen an der subjektiven Innerlichkeit und der Moral im liberalen Protestantismus orientierte. Die Wahrheitsforschung als Wissenschaft verlange natürlich eine kritische Neutralität, aber sie muüsse auch religiöse Wahrheiten im Blickfeld haben, die sich nicht durch bloßes Zuschauen offenbaren, sondern erst dadurch, (...) dass man sich für sie engagiert. Kazuo analysierte die Argumente von Troeltsch, Barth und Tillich. Dabei stimmte er Tillichs ‘Korrelation zwischen der existentiellen Frage und der theologischen Antwort’ zu. Dennoch dachte er, dass die Ernsthaftigkeit des die existentielle Frage Stellenden der Theologie immanent sein müsse, und entwickelte dabei nicht nur eine ‘antwortende Theologie’, sondern auch eine ‘fragende Theologie’. Diese Haltung hatte er vor allem von Kierkegaard gelernt, so erklärte er, Frage und Antwort seien nicht voneinander getrennt, sondern müssten miteinander zusammenhängen. (shrink)

1. Seikyō ronkō -- 2-3. Shibunrui -- 4-10. Rangai shorui -- 11-12. Genshi shiroku -- 13-14. Fukureki.

Genshi shiroku -- Hakurokudō Shoin keijimon.

A new research project has, quite recently, been launched to clarify how different, from systems in second order number theory extending ACA0, those in second order set theory extending NBG are. In this article, we establish the equivalence between Δ01-LFP\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Delta^1_0\mbox{\bf-LFP}}$$\end{document} and Δ01-FP\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\Delta^1_0\mbox{\bf-FP}}$$\end{document}, which assert the existence of a least and of a fixed point, respectively, for positive elementary operators. Our proof also shows (...) the equivalence between ID1 and ID^1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\widehat{\it ID}_1}$$\end{document}, both of which are defined in the standard way but with the starting theory PA replaced by ZFC. (shrink)

This volume investigates the meaning of visual rhythm through Piet Mondrian's unique approach to understanding rhythm in the compositional structure of painting, drawing reference from philosophy, aesthetics, and Zen culture. Its innovation lies in its reappraisal of a forgotten definition of rhythm as 'stasis' or 'composition' which can be traced back to ancient Greek thought. This conception of rhythm, the book argues, can be demonstrated in terms of pictorial strategy, through analysis of East Asian painting and calligraphy with which Greek (...) thought on rhythm has identifiable commonalities. The book demonstrates how these ideas about rhythm draw together various threads of intellectual development in the visual arts that cross disparate aesthetic cultural practices. As an icon of early 20th Century Modernism, Mondrian's neoplasticism is a serious painterly and philosophical achievement. In his painting, Mondrian was deeply influenced by Theosophy, which took its influence from Eastern aesthetics; particularly East Asian and Indian thought. However, Mondrian's approach to visual rhythm was so idiosyncratic that his contribution to studies of visual rhythm is often under-recognized. This volume shows that a close inspection of Mondrian's own writing, thinking and painting has much to tell scholars about how to understand a long forgotten aspect of visual rhythm. Rodin's famous criticism of photography ("athlete-in-motion is forever frozen") can be applied to Muybridge's zoopraxiscope, the Futurists' rendition of stroboscopic images, and Duchamp's "Nude Descending a Staircase." Through a comparative study between Mondrian's painting and these seminal works, this volume initiates a new convention for the cognition of the surface of painting as visual rhythm. "Mondrian's simultaneous emphasis on the static and the rhythmic is hardly fodder for a publicist. Eiichi Tosaki has taken on the challenge of elucidating Mondrian's theories of rhythm, and particularly his conception of "static" rhythm. The result is a tour de force that will forever alter the reader's encounter with the works of Mondrian." Prof. Kathleen Higgins. (shrink)

dai 1-hen. [Hōgen no honshitsu] -- dai 2-hen. Hōritsu ni okeru jisshōteki to risōteki -- dai 3-hen. Hōritsu no hattatsu ni okeru hanrei no shokunō -- dai 4. Shingisoku ni kansuru jakkan no kōsatsu -- dai 5. Keiyaku no honshitsu ni kansuru jakkan no kōsatsu.

本書構畫「忠」概念在中國春秋戰國時代的演變，並嘗試藉此闡明其功能與特質。在春秋到戰國早期的政治思想中，「忠」和「忠信」概念對於國家社稷的生存幾乎是最高價值，而且到戰國中期更具有涵蓋「天下」的普遍性。然 而在戰國中期以後，道家與稷下思想家如慎到等人開始批判「忠」的價值，並且將原本以道德動機為主要內涵的「忠」概念、轉變成以個人利益為主要實踐動機的「忠」概念。面對此趨勢，戰國晚期的《荀子》和《呂氏春秋》都 試圖重新界定「忠」對國家運作的正面價值，而《韓非子》雖然基本上接受稷下學者之「反忠論」，但還是肯定「忠臣」是國家社稷安定的關鍵角色。本書也對中日韓及歐美學者過去研究「忠」概念的成果有詳細評述。.

Das Problem der Grundlegung der Ethik wurde am Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts mit der Frage nach der "naturalistic fallacy" in England 1 und durch einen phänomenologischen V ersuch auf Grund der Werttheorie auf dem Kontinent 2 wiederum zu einem der brennenden Themen der gegenwärtigen philosophischen Be­ smnung. Während es als ein zentrales Problem in der deutschen Philo­ sophie seit Nicolai Hartmanns "Ethik" in Vergessenheit geraten und durch die "Existenzphilosophie" fast abgelöst zu sein scheint, drängt sich die philosophische Besinnung auf dieses Problem (...) in Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten auf der Basis der neu entwickelten "analytischen Philosophie" bis heute weiter in den Vordergrund 3. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse ihrer scharfsinni­ gen Analyse bieten vielleicht für unsere Fragestellung eine ganz neue Perspektive. Damit ist aber nicht gesagt, daß jene "analy­ tisch-philosophischen Bestrebungen" die Frage nach dem Problem der Grundlegung der Ethik schon klar und eindeutig beantwortet hätten, sondern nur, daß sie die Streitfrage nun viel präziser her­ ausgestellt haben. Dabei handelt es sich einerseits um die Bestim­ mung des Wesens von sittlich "Gut" und "Böse" und der Werte überhaupt, worüber sich "Intuitionisten" und "Reduktionisten" 1 Wie wohl schon bekannt ist, hob G. E. Moore die "naturalistic fallacy" in seinem Werk Principia Ethica (5. 6-x7 u. a. ) hervor und glaubte, die naturalistischen sowie die metaphysischen Reduktionismen damit zurückzuweisen und einen utilitaristischen Intuitionismus zu begründen. 2 Wenn auch verschiedene Versuche von den Neukantianern sowie von Franz Brentano unternommen worden sind, muß man Max Scheler auf diesem Gebiet den den Ausschlag gebenden Beitrag zusprechen. (shrink)

We can easily discriminate self-produced from externally generated sensory signals. Recent studies suggest that the prediction of the sensory consequences of one’s own actions made by forward model can be used to attenuate the sensory effects of self-produced movements, thereby enabling a differentiation of the self-produced sensation from the externally generated one. The present study showed that attenuation of sensation occurred both when participants themselves performed a goal-directed action and when they observed experimenter performing the same action, although they clearly (...) reported that the tones were produced by other during action observation and by themselves during their own action. These results suggest that sensory prediction of action modulates ongoing auditory processing irrespective of who produces the sounds and that the explicit judgment of agency does not necessarily rely on the same mechanisms on which implicit perceptual measures such as sensory attenuation rely. (shrink)

Dr. Sato's volume deals with the origin and formation of the political thought of pre-imperial Xun Zi, with close focus on this synthesizer's formative theory ...

We introduce a new axiom called inductive dichotomy, a weak variant of the axiom of inductive definition, and analyze the relationships with other variants of inductive definition and with related axioms, in the general second order framework, including second order arithmetic, second order set theory and higher order arithmetic. By applying these results to the investigations on the determinacy axioms, we show the following. (i) Clopen determinacy is consistency-wise strictly weaker than open determinacy in these frameworks, except second order arithmetic; (...) this is an enhancement of Schweber–Hachtman separation of open and clopen determinacy into the consistency-wise separation. (ii) Hausdorff–Kuratowski hierarchy of differences of opens is faithfully reflected by the hierarchy of consistency strengths of corresponding parameter-free determinacies in the aforementioned frameworks; this result is valid also in second order arithmetic only except clopen determinacy. (shrink)

This article reports that some robustness of the notions of predicativity and of autonomous progression is broken down if as the given infinite total entity we choose some mathematical entities other than the traditionalω. Namely, the equivalence between normal transfinite recursion scheme and newdependent transfinite recursionscheme, which does hold in the context of subsystems of second order number theory, does not hold in the context of subsystems of second order set theory where the universeVof sets is treated as the given (...) totality. (shrink)

Crew Pairing is one of the most important and difficult problems for airline companies. Nets to fuel costs, the crew costs constitute the largest cost of airlines, and the crew costs depend on the quality of the solution to the pairing problem. Conventional systems have been used to solve a daily model, which handles only regular flights with many simplifications, so a lot of corrections are needed to get a feasible solution and the quality of the solution is not so (...) high. A fully dated model, which handles regular flights and irregular flights simultaneously, is extremely hard and has not been solved directly hitherto. The number of irregular flights tend to increase in Europe and Japan, hence the resolution of the practical fully dated pairing system is desired. This paper presents a new approach which solves directly the fully dated crew pairing by Genetic Algorithms. GA is improved with stochastic processes to attack the fully dated model, and many heuristics are included in the decoding mecanism of the GA. For several hundred flights per day for fully dated 2 months scheduling period, the system found better or equivalent solutions to the human scheduler’s without any simplification from 5 to 20 times faster. (shrink)

Sonzairon -- Shakai sonzai no riron -- Sonzai no muteki seikaku.