v. 1. Eustratius on Book I and the anonymous scholia on Books II, III, and IV. Critical ed. with an introductory study / by H. Paul F. Mercken.

This volume presents, in a critical edition, the last part (Books VII-X) of the compilation of Greek commentaries on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics together with the corresponding text of the ethics itself, in the Latin translation of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln (+1253), the first part of which (Books I-VI) appeared in 1973. Thanks to this translation the composite Commentary had a great impact on the scholastic interpretation of the Ethics, as is witnessed by the works of Albert the Great and (...) John Buridan. The Latin text also contributes to an improvement of the Greek text of the Commentary, for it offers a more complete and a less corrupted version than the Greek manuscripts. (shrink)

코플스톤(F. C. Copleston), 고티에(R. A. Gauthier), 브레들리(. M. Bradley)를 비롯한 몇몇 학자들은 기본적으로 이교도로 대표되는 아리스토텔레스와 그리스도교로 대표되는 아우구스티누스 사이의 조화에 대한 성 토마스 아퀴나스의 시도가 단지 외관상의 조화에 불과하다고 주장한다. 이들의 이러한 입장의 이면에는 그리스도교의 ‘계시’의 문제가 그 중심에 있는 것을 볼 수 있다. 성 토마스 아퀴나스의 양심의 교설에 관한 제이퍼(Harry V. Jaffa)의 견해도 이와 같은 그의 기본적인 입장의 범주 안에 있다. 왜냐하면 언뜻 보기에도 양심이라는 용어는 아리스토텔레스의 용어가 아닌 그리스도교의 계시와 관련된 용어처럼 보이기 때문이다. 이와 같이 몇몇 학자들의 (...) 양심의 개념은 불행한 전개를 가지고 있다. 오늘날 대부분의 사람들은 계시와 관련되어 있는 것처럼 보이는 양심을 하나의 판단하는 그리고 자책하는 기능으로 간주하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 성 토마스 아퀴나스의 양심에 관한 개념은 상당히 다른 관점들로부터 전개되어 왔음을 알 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 몇몇 학자들 중에서 특히 제이퍼의 양심에 관한 이러한 중심적인 주장들과 이에 대한 반론에 관해서 두 가지로 나누어서 전개할 것이다. 첫째, 성 토마스 아퀴나스의 양심과 아리스토텔레스의 교설과의 관련성에 관한 문제이다. 이에 관하여 연구자는 성 토마스의 양심과 계시의 관련성을 주장함으로써 성 토마스 아퀴나스의 양심이 아리스토텔레스의 교설과의 관련성에 관하여 제이퍼와 머켄(P. Mercken)이 지적한 내용들을 먼저 살펴볼 것이다. 그리고 나서 연구자는 웨스트버그(D. Westberg), 랭스턴(D. C. Langston), 파츠(T. C. potts), 넬슨(D. Nelson) 등의 주장들을 중심으로 해서 성 토마스의 양심과 아리스토텔레스의 교설 사이의 밀접한 관련성들을 제시함으로써 그들의 주장에 대한 반론을 전개할 것이다. 둘째, 성 토마스의 양심의 진리 됨에 관한 증거의 문제이다. 이에 관하여 먼저 연구자는 이에 관한 제이퍼의 주장을 소개할 것이다. 그리고 나서 본 연구자는 크로우(M. Crowe)와 암스트롱(R. A. Armstrong)의 주장들을 중심으로 해서 이에 대한 반론을 제시할 것이다. 그리하여 연구자는 비록 아리스토텔레스가 양심에 관하여 명확하게 언급하고 있지는 않을지라도, 성 토마스의 교설 안에서 실천적 지혜, 덕들, 그리고 의지의 연약함과의 관련성 가운데 논의 되고 있는 성 토마스의 양심에 관한 교설은 아리스토텔레스의 교설들을 기반으로 하여 행위에 관한 교설을 하나의 실용적인 관점에서 설명함으로써 더 풍성한 공헌을 하고 있다는 것을 밝힐 것이다. 이어서 성 토마스 아퀴나스는 양심이라는 용어를 ‘자명’이라는 개념으로 설명함으로써 양심의 진리 됨에 대한 증거를 명확하게 제시하고 있다는 것을 드러낼 것이다. 결론적으로, 연구자는 성 토마스 아퀴나스가 언뜻 보기에는 그리스도교의 계시와 밀접하게 관련되어 있는 것처럼 보이는 양심에 관한 교설을 가능한 한 아리스토텔레스적으로 해석하려고 시도함으로써 그의 아리스토텔레스의 교설과 그리스도교의 양심에 관한 교설과 화해 및 발전시키려는 노력은 성공적이었다는 것을 단언할 것이다. (shrink)

Taking as its point of departure a sharp critique of Rawls's influential A Theory of Justice, this book looks at politics from an aesthetic perspective.

Problems about the accidental properties of properties motivate us--force us, I think--not to identify properties with the sets of their instances. If we identify them instead with functions from worlds to extensions, we get a theory of properties that is neutral with respect to disputes over counterpart theory, and we avoid a problem for Lewis's theory of events. Similar problems about the temporary properties of properties motivate us--though this time they probably don't force us--to give up this theory as well, (...) and to identify properties with functions from ⟨world, time⟩ pairs to extensions. Again, the replacement theory is neutral with respect to a metaphysical dispute that the old theory (arguably) forces us to take a stand on--the dispute over whether objects have temporal parts. It also allows us to give a smoother semantics for predication, to better accommodate our intuitions about which objects temporary properties are properties of, and to make temporally self-locating beliefs genuinely self -locating. (shrink)

What makes us human? Why do people think, feel and act as they do? What is the essence of human nature? What is the basic relationship between the individual and society? These questions have fascinated both great thinkers and ordinary humans for centuries. Now, at last, there is a solid basis for answering them, in the form of accumulated efforts and studies by thousands of psychology researchers. We no longer have to rely on navel-gazing and speculation to understand why people (...) are the way they are - we can instead turn to solid, objective findings. This book, by an eminent social psychologist at the peak of his career, not only summarizes what we know about people - it also offers a coherent, easy-to-understand, though radical, explanation. Turning conventional wisdom on its head, the author argues that culture shaped human evolution. Contrary to theories that depict the individual's relation to society as one of victimization, endless malleability, or just a square peg in a round hole, he proposes that the individual human being is designed by nature to be part of society. Moreover, he argues that we need to briefly set aside the endless study of cultural differences to look at what most cultures have in common - because that holds the key to human nature. Culture is in our genes, although cultural differences may not be. This core theme is further developed by a powerful tour through the main dimension of human psychology. What do people want? How do people think? How do emotions operate? How do people behave? And how do they interact with each other? The answers are often surprising, and along the way the author explains how human desire, thought, feeling, and action are connected. (shrink)

Essay Review of two books of A.N. Maxwell, last of the Neo-Popperians: The Comprehensibility of the Universe (1998) and The Human World in the Physical Universe (2001).

In this volume Russell Hittinger presents a comprehensive and critical treatment of the attempt to restate and defend a theory of natural law, particularly as proposed by Germain Grisez and John Finnis. A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory begins by examining the positions of various moral philosophers such as Alasdair MacIntyre, Alan Donogan, Elizabeth Anscombe, and Stanley Hauerwas, who wish to recover particular facets of premodern ethics. Hittinger then explores the work of Grisez and Finnis, who claim to (...) have recovered natural law in a manner that avoids the standard objections brought against it since the Enlightenment; they thus claim to have recovered natural law theory available once again for moral theology. Hittinger examines this new theory for internal coherence and consistency. In addition, he examines whether it is sufficiently comprehensive to explicate the religious, anthropological, and metaphysical questions that bear upon natural law ethics. He argues that the new natural law theory fails because it does not take into account philosophical anthropology and metaphysics. It cannot show how and why "nature" is normative for human activity. Hittinger concludes that if natural law theory is to be recovered, we must discover how to constructively bring theoretical rationality to bear upon ethics and practical rationality. Until this is done, he asserts, we will not have a defensible theory of natural law. (shrink)

The general context of this paper is the locality problem in quantum theory. In a recent issue of this journal, Redei (1991) offered a proof of the proposition that algebraic Lorentz-covariant quantum field theory is past stochastic Einstein local. We show that Redei's proof is either spurious or circular, and that it contains two deductive fallacies. Furthermore, we prove that the mentioned theory meets the stronger condition of stochastic Haag locality.

This article explores some of the ways in which the conceptual apparatus of A Thousand Plateaus, and especially its machinic metaphysics, can be connected to recent developments in computer modelling and social simulation, which provide new tools for thinking that are becoming increasingly popular among philosophers and social scientists. Conversely, the successful deployment of these tools provides warrant for the flat ontology articulated in A Thousand Plateaus and therefore contributes to the ‘reversal of Platonism’ for which Deleuze had called in (...) his earlier works, such as Logic of Sense. The first major section offers a brief exposition of some key concepts in A Thousand Plateaus in order to set the stage for the second and third major sections, which argue that the fabrication of a metaphysics of immanence can be accelerated by connecting its conceptual apparatus more explicitly to insights derived from philosophical analyses of computational modelling and simulation and the social scientific use of ‘assemblage theory’. The article concludes with a summary of the argument and a brief consideration of some of the potential ethical and political implications of this interdisciplinary engagement. (shrink)

It has been a decade since Computer Ethics came into prominence within the field of computer science and engineering, changing not only the profession but the classroom as well. The commercialization and globalization of the World Wide Web has impacted us all, both producers and consumers alike. What was once the province of the few has become the virtual society of the multitudes. Ethical issues concerning security, privacy, information, identity, community and equity of access once contained and localized, have assumed (...) additional complexity in the global environment. Every day, the front pages of our newspapers and magazines report violations of one sort or another.This paper will address two questions: As we move into the 21 st century, how can we shape 'ethical' information communication technology professionals? And, is our vision of an 'ethical' global on-line society a realistic one? (shrink)

If one is allowed to speak of progress in historical research, one may note with satisfaction the growing sophistication with which the relationship between science and religion has been examined in recent years. The "warfare" model, the "separation" paradigm, and the "partnership" ideal have been subjected to critical scrutiny and the glaring light of historical evidence. As John Hedley Brooke has so astutely noted, "Serious scholarship in the history of science has revealed so extraordinarily rich and complex a relationship between (...) science and religion in the past that general theses are difficult to sustain. Unfortunately, this more nuanced approach has not been as evident in studies of Islam and science. Though there has been some serious scholarship on the relation between science and religion in Islam, such work has made barely a dent in either the general accounts or the general perceptions of that relationship. These latter continue to be characterized by reductionism, essentialism, apologetics, and barely masked agendas. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

Liberal theory seeks to achieve toleration, civil peace, and mutual respect in pluralistic societies by making public policy without reference to arguments arising from within formative ideals about what gives value to human life. Does it make sense to set aside such conceptions of the good when it comes to controversies about stem cell research and the genetic engineering of people or animals? Whether it is reasonable to bracket our worldviews in such cases depends on how we answer the moral (...) questions that the use of these biotechnologies presuppose. I argue that the moral language of liberal justice – of rights and duties, interests and opportunities, freedom and consent, equality and fairness – cannot speak to these underlying concerns about what the human embryo is, why the natural lottery matters to us, and whether 'animal nature' is worth preserving. I conclude that liberal theory is incapable of furnishing a coherent or desirable account to govern the way we use our emerging powers of biotechnology. (shrink)

Bu makale, Osmanlı siyaset düşünce geleneğinde fazilet temelli kendine has ılımlı bir siyasî realizmin var olduğunu savunmaktadır. Günümüz siyasî realizm literatürü ve Osmanlı fazilet ahlâkına dayalı karşılaş- tırmalı metotla, siyasetin mahiyeti ve insanın doğasına dair realist unsurları teşhis etmeden Osmanlı siyaset düşüncesinde ahlâkî argümanların siyaseti, devlet fikrini ve kurumları nasıl inşa ettiğini anlayamayacağı- mızı iddia ediyorum. Osmanlı fazilet ahlâkı geleneğinde ahlâkın her şeyi kapsadığına dair kanının aksine siyasetin mahiyeti itibariyle tekil, değişken, ahlâktan bir ölçüde bağımsız bir gerçeklik olarak anlaşıldığını gösteriyorum. (...) Bununla bağlantılı olarak Osmanlı siyaset düşünce geleneğinde fazilet ahlâkından gelen in- sanın acziyeti anlayışının, siyasî aktörleri ve eylemleri değerlendirmede onu realist yapan unsur olduğunu ifade ediyorum. Son olarak ahlâkın kapsamı ve siyasetin mahiyetini (gerek birbirleriyle olan ilişkileri açı- sından gerekse de birbirlerinden bağımsız olarak varlıklarını) açıklamada tümeller probleminin nasıl bir rol oynadığına işaret ediyorum. Tümeller probleminin siyaset ve ahlâk arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiye dair getirdiği analitik ayrımları ılımlı siyasî realizmin kaynağı olarak sunuyorum. (shrink)

This question as to whether machines can, or could, be made to think, has become familiar in recent years since the renewed outburst of interest that has taken place in the development of Cybernetics. The notion of servo–mechanisms and the like has a history in remote antiquity but the form of its fundamental question has recently taken on a new and especially acute significance.