In Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen Axiomatik and Abriss der Logistik, Carnap attempted to formulate the metatheory of axiomatic theories within a single, fully interpreted type-theoretic framework and to investigate a number of meta-logical notions in it, such as those of model, consequence, consistency, completeness, and decidability. These attempts were largely unsuccessful, also in his own considered judgment. A detailed assessment of Carnap’s attempt shows, nevertheless, that his approach is much less confused and hopeless than it has often been made out to (...) be. By providing such a reassessment, the paper contributes to a reevaluation of Carnap’s contributions to the development of modern logic. (shrink)

In this paper, we approach the idea of group cognition from the perspective of the “extended mind” thesis, as a special case of the more general claim that systems larger than the individual human, but containing that human, are capable of cognition (Clark, 2008; Clark & Chalmers, 1998). Instead of deliberating about “the mark of the cognitive” (Adams & Aizawa, 2008), our discussion of group cognition is tied to particular cognitive capacities. We review recent studies of group problem-solving and group (...) memory which reveal that specific cognitive capacities that are commonly ascribed to individuals are also aptly ascribed at the level of groups. These case studies show how dense interactions among people within a group lead to both similarity-inducing and differentiating dynamics that affect the group's ability to solve problems. This supports our claim that groups have organization-dependent cognitive capacities that go beyond the simple aggregation of the cognitive capacities of individuals. Group cognition is thus an emergent phenomenon in the sense of Wimsatt (1986). We further argue that anybody who rejects our strategy for showing that cognitive properties can be instantiated at multiple levels in the organizational hierarchy on a priori grounds is a “demergentist,” and thus incurs the burden of proof for explaining why cognitive properties are “stuck” at a certain level of organizational structure. Finally, we show that our analysis of group cognition escapes the “coupling-constitution” charge that has been leveled against the extended mind thesis (Adams & Aizawa, 2008). (shrink)

Titre original : « Die Bedeutung des Geldes für das Tempo des Lebens » [1897/1900] in G. Simmel, Gesamtausgabe, vol. 5 : Aufsätze und Abhandlungen 1894 bis 1900, édité par H.-J. Dahme et D. P. Frisby, Francfort-sur-le-Main, Suhrkamp, 1992, p. 215-234. Traduction fr. A. Berlan. Ce texte a été originellement traduit et mis en ligne par la revue Trivium N° 9-2011. On entend souvent parler du « rythme de vie » et dire qu'il permet de distinguer les différentes périodes historiques, (...) les diverses régions - 1er XXe siècle – Nouvel article. (shrink)

La supposition d’un antagonisme entre art et marché ne va pas de soi. Le fonctionnement intrinsèque de la culture représente un système de marchés – même s’il ne s’agit pas toujours de marchés commerciaux. Dans nos sociétés de l’information et des médias, une part considérable des produits de consommation courante tombe sous la rubrique de la consommation culturelle. Les marchés culturels ont toujours été de ce type : on y offre de l’information qui est payée, en contrepartie, sous forme d’attention. (...) Cet article explore quelques-unes des implications de tels entrecroisements. (shrink)

This volume is the first collection focusing on the claim that we cannot but account for emotions if we are to understand the processes and evaluations related to empirical knowledge.

Excerpt from Wissenschaftliche Richtungen und Philosophische Probleme: Im Dreizehnten Jahrhundert Ein weiter Abstand trennt den Wissenschaftsbetrieb der modernen Welt von dem des abendlandischen Mittelalters. Das Interesse der Gegenwart gilt der vor unseren Sinnen ausgebreiteten raumlich-zeitlichen Welt. Sie wollen wir in immer wachsendem Umfange erkennen, die einzelnen Gebilde in ihrer charakteristischen Eigenart wie nach den gegenseitigen Beziehungen der Ahnlichkeit und Verschiedenheit erfassen, in den gleichformig wiederkehrenden Ereignissen. grossen wie kleinen, die Kegel des Ablaufs feststellen, in moglichster Vollstandigkeit die Bedingungen ausfindig machen, (...) an welche auf Grund einer tatsachlich bestehenden Einrichtung das Naturge-schehen sich gebunden erweist. Und indem wir diesen Weg gehen, findet das Wort Bacos von Verulam, dass Wissen Macht bedeutet, an jedem Tage neue Bestatigung in unserer glanzenden, vielgestaltigen, alle Zweige des Lebens umfassenden technischen Kultur. Dass sie uns dieses Leben bereichere, verschone, erleichtere, dass sie uns anleite, die der Natur abgelauschten Gesetze in den Dienst des Tagesbedurfnisses zu stellen, dass sie Mittel erfinde, die Entfernungen zu besiegen, welche dein Verkehr der Volker oder der nutzbaren Verwendung der Naturkrafte im Wege stellen, dass sie allen schadlichen Einflussen nachspure, welche die Gesundheit unseres Leibes bedrohen, und uns Waffen in die Hand gebe, ihnen zu wehren, - das erscheint heute vielen, vielleicht den meisten, als die eigentliche Aufgabe der Wissenschaft und das, was ihren Wert und ihren Ruhm ausmache. Wie weltentruckt, wie blutlos und schattenhaft erweist sich daneben das Treiben der mittelalterlichen Gelehrten! Die sinnfallige Wirklichkeit scheint sie nicht zu kummern. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

The author recalls a distinction between philosophy conceived as “analytics of truth” and philosophy as “ontology of the actual.” The latter might be seen as a diagnostics of our times. For this second type of philosophy questions of legitimation are prominent. According to the author, one can distinguish three main sources of legitimacy of beliefs and practices: religion, reason, and nature. Reason has been considered the most important legitimating ground as far as modernity is concerned. Nevertheless, it has never been (...) very clear what reason as a source of legitimation amounts to. The author, finally, points to the fact that, in times of increasing menace to the biosphere, “nature”– metaphorically speaking – may set a standard for human laws. (shrink)

The present reissue of Wallace's translation of Hegel's Philosophy of Mind includes the Zusatze or lecture-notes which, in the collected works, accompany the first section entitled Subjective Mind and which Wallace omitted from his translation. Professor J. N. Findlay has written a Foreword and this replaces Wallace's introductory essays.

Trust constitutes a fundamental strategy to deal with risks and uncertainty in complex societies. In line with the vast literature stressing the importance of trust in doctor–patient relationships, trust is therefore regularly suggested as a way of dealing with the risks of medical artificial intelligence (AI). Yet, this approach has come under charge from different angles. At least two lines of thought can be distinguished: (1) that trusting AI is conceptually confused, that is, that we cannot trust AI; and (2) (...) that it is also dangerous, that is, that we should not trust AI—particularly if the stakes are as high as they routinely are in medicine. In this paper, we aim to defend a notion of trust in the context of medical AI against both charges. To do so, we highlight the technically mediated intentions manifest in AI systems, rendering trust a conceptually plausible stance for dealing with them. Based on literature from human–robot interactions, psychology and sociology, we then propose a novel model to analyse notions of trust, distinguishing between three aspects: reliability, competence, and intentions. We discuss each aspect and make suggestions regarding how medical AI may become worthy of our trust. (shrink)

In this paper, the Executive Head of the Global Compact shares some of his own reflections on the evolution of the Global Compact initiative – United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan’s voluntary corporate citizenship initiative in the area of human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption. Two main themes are addressed. The first considers the Global Compact’s institutional context, examining how such an initiative is even possible in the historically hierarchical and traditionally business-unfriendly UN. The second concerns the voluntary nature of (...) the initiative and how it interacts with regulatory approaches. It explains what the Global Compact has to offer as a voluntary initiative, as well as how it can make a unique and complementary contribution to regulation-backed initiatives. The paper concludes with a brief consideration of what the future holds for the Global Compact. (shrink)

Activism undertaken by CEOs has been on the rise in recent years. Research on this practice has been primarily concerned with determining the conditions under which a CEO’s public statements on sociopolitical issues are beneficial or detrimental to her firm’s business performance. We complement this instrumental perspective on CEO activism with an ethical investigation of the implications of CEO activism for the democratic process. Drawing on political philosophy, we show that the answer to the question of whether CEO activism is (...) conducive to the democratic process depends on the view of democracy that is adopted. From the perspective of liberalism, the sole requirement that an instance of CEO activism must fulfill is that it is lawful, provided that the applicable law sufficiently protects people’s essential rights. However, from the viewpoint of republicanism, this is not a sufficient condition. Besides being law-abiding, CEOs should be “civic-minded” when intervening in public debates, i.e., concerned with the quality and fairness with which those debates are conducted. Based on the literature on republicanism, we suggest four possible criteria that civic-minded CEOs can apply to gauge the democratic conduciveness of a possible public intervention: added insight, timeliness, constructiveness, and transparency. Our article complements the predominantly instrumentally oriented literature on CEO activism and contributes, more broadly, to the literature that explores the normative dimensions of corporate political involvement, as well as to a growing strand of research that draws on philosophical theory to inform business leaders’ ethical decision-making. (shrink)