En 1997, un sondage profond fut réalisé dans l'angle sud-ouest de la pièce V du palais d'Amathonte, là où l'on soupçonnait que les sols des trois états successifs du bâtiment étaient conservés. Si les deux derniers états ne fournirent que peu d'indications, il en fut tout autrement du premier. Une base de colonne en calcaire, de forme cylindrique, était enchâssée dans le sol en plâtre. La poursuite du sondage, dans la seule moitié ouest, permit de mettre au jour une quantité (...) de tessons relativement importante. Il s'agit de céramique locale que les méthodes traditionnelles de la typologie et des analyses de thermolumniscence ont permis de dater de la seconde moitié du IXe siècle av. J.-C. La présence d'une colonne dans un édifice de cette époque indique qu'il s'agit sans aucun doute d'un bâtiment d'apparat, selon toute vraisemblance du premier palais de la cité-royaume, mais aussi du plus ancien palais de l'âge du fer actuellement connu à Chypre. Une telle découverte est d'une importance majeure dans l'actuel débat sur l'époque d'apparition des cités-royaumes insulaire. (shrink)

This brilliant exposition of the critique of identity is a classic in contemporary philosophy and one of Deleuze's most important works. Of fundamental importance to literary critics and philosophers,Difference and Repetition develops two central concepts—pure difference and complex repetition&mdasha;and shows how the two concepts are related. While difference implies divergence and decentering, repetition is associated with displacement and disguising. Central in initiating the shift in French thought away from Hegel and Marx toward Nietzsche and Freud, _Difference and Repetition_ moves deftly (...) to establish a fundamental critique of Western metaphysics. (shrink)

"Mille Plateaux (Paris, Éditions de Minuit, 1980) est le second des deux volumes ayant pour sous-titre Capitalisme et schizophrénie issu de la collaboration entre le philosophe Gilles Deleuze et le philosophe et psychanalyste Félix Guattari. Cet ouvrage continue à explorer par des voies inédites - en s'attaquant notamment à une série d'erreurs afférentes selon les auteurs à l'arborescence, à l'État, au langage... - la question déjà avancée dans L'Anti-Œdipe (premier volume) d'une ontologie révolutionnaire des devenirs ("presque imperceptibles") qui ne (...) cessent de défaire l'histoire des identités ("primauté des lignes de fuite") et de produire des "coups" imprévisibles au sociologue et au militant. Sans doute le livre politique de Deleuze et Guattari le plus important, grâce à sa conception originale du pluralisme (l'individu n'y est pas conçu comme fondement de l'organisation sociale : les subjectivités sociales sont toujours au-dessus ou en dessous du niveau de l'individu, composant et décomposant des collectivités de toutes sortes)"--Wikipedia = Mille Plateaux (Paris: Editions de Minuit, 1980) is the second of two volumes which comes in the series of Capitalism and Schizophrenia is a result of collaboration between the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, philosopher and psychoanalyst. This book continues to explore new paths - including addressing a series of errors by the authors related to the tree, the state, the language... - that are already dealt with in Anti-Oedipus (first volume) of an ontology of revolutionary futures; the latter continues to unravel the history of identities ("primacy of lines of flight") and produce "coups" unforeseeable to the sociologist and activist. No doubt the political book of Deleuze and Guattari's is the most important, with its original conception of pluralism (the individual is not conceived as the foundation of social organization: social subjectivities are always above or below of the individual level, composing and decomposing communities of all kinds).". (shrink)

Deleuze and Guattari differentiate between philosophy, science, and the arts - seeing each as a means of confronting chaos - and challenge the common view that philosophy is an extension of logic. The authors also discuss the similarities and distinctions between creative and philosophical writing. Fresh anecdotes from the history of philosophy illuminate this book, along with engaging discussions of composers, painters, writers, and architects.

The final work of the late philosopher Gilles Deleuze includes essays on such diverse literary figures as Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, D.H. Lawrence, Lewis Carroll, and others, along with philosophers Plato, Spinoza, Kant, and others. Taken together, these 18 essays--all newly revised or published here for the first time--present a profoundly new approach to literature.

For those not yet acquainted with the work of this philosopher, this book provides a point of entry to his complex theories. For those more familiar with Deleuze, this collection should be useful in broadening their understanding of this influential thinker's journey in search of knowledge.

Praised for its rare combination of scholarly rigor and imaginative interpretation, _Nietzsche and Philosophy_ has long been recognized as one of the most important analyses of Nietzsche. It is also one of the best introductions to Deleuze's thought, establishing many of his central philosophical positions. In _Nietzsche and Philosophy_, Deleuze identifies and explores three crucial concepts in Nietzschean thought-multiplicity, becoming, and affirmation-and clarifies Nietzsche's views regarding the will to power, eternal return, nihilism, and difference. For Deleuze, Nietzsche challenged conventional philosophical (...) ideas and provided a means of escape from Hegel's dialectical thinking, which had come to dominate French philosophy. He also offered a path toward a politics of difference. In this new edition, Michael Hardt's foreword examines the profound influence of Deleuze's provocative interpretations on the study of Nietzsche, which opened a whole new avenue in postwar thought. (shrink)

Il faudrait que le dialogue se fasse, non pas entre des personnes, mais entre les lignes, entre des chapitres ou des parties de chapitre. Ce seraient les vrais personnages. Perdre la mémoire : il faudrait plutôt dresser des " blocs ", les faire flotter. Un bloc d'enfance n'est pas un souvenir d'enfant. Un bloc nous accompagne, est toujours anonyme et contemporain, et fonctionne dans le présent - Oublier l'histoire : la question des devenirs, et de leur géographie. Un devenir-révolutionnaire est (...) plus important que l'avenir ou le passé de la révolution. Un devenir-femme, un devenir-animal sont plus importants que la différence des sexes et des règnes - Ne pas " faire le point " : plutôt tracer des lignes. Les lignes n'ont pas d'origine, et poussent par le milieu. On ne fait jamais table rase, on est toujours au milieu de quelque chose, comme l'herbe. Plus on prend le monde là où il est, plus on a de chance de le changer... Se séparer de l'appareil d'Etat et de tout système qui le prend pour modèle ou veut le conquérir : la présence diffuse de machines de guerre irréductibles au modèle d'Etat, toute une histoire populaire qui n'a pas été recueillie, un nomadisme même immobile. Devenir ou re-devenir marxiste : aucune analyse n'est possible si elle ne porte aussi sur les mécanismes industriels et surtout financiers dans un champ social. Non pas suprême instance, mais lignes, et régimes de signes, qui s'enchaînent avec les autres, et dont les flottaisons s'agencent avec d'autres flux. (shrink)

Texts and interviews from the period that saw the publication of Deleuze's major works. People tend to confuse winning freedom with conversion to capitalism. It is doubtful that the joys of capitalism are enough to free peoples.... The American “revolution” failed long ago, long before the Soviet one. Revolutionary situations and attempts are born of capitalism itself and will not soon disappear, alas. Philosophy remains tied to a revolutionary becoming that is not to be confused with the history of revolutions.—from (...) Two Regimes of Madness Covering the last twenty years of Gilles Deleuze's life, the texts and interviews gathered in this volume complete those collected in Desert Islands and Other Texts. This period saw the publication of his major works: A Thousand Plateaus, Cinema I: Image-Movement, Cinema II: Image-Time, all leading through language, concept and art to What is Philosophy?. Two Regimes of Madness also documents Deleuze's increasing involvement with politics. Both volumes were conceived by the author himself and will be his last. Michel Foucault famously wrote: “One day, perhaps, this century will be Deleuzian.” This book provides a prodigious entry into the work of the most important philosopher of our time. Unlike Foucault, Deleuze never stopped digging further into the same furrow. Concepts for him came from life. He was a vitalist and remained one to the last. This volume restores the full text of the original French edition. (shrink)

A critical examination of the figure of Oedipus in psychoanalysis and Western culture as it relates to the history of society and capitalism.

"Le projet le plus général de Nietzsche consiste en ceci : introduire en philosophie les concepts de sens et de valeur. Nietzsche n'a jamais caché que la philosophie du sens et des valeurs dut être une critique. Que Kant n'ait pas mené la vraie critique, parce qu'il n'a pas su en poser le problème en termes de valeurs, tel est même un des mobiles principaux de l'oeuvre de Nietzsche". Cette analyse rigoureuse et critique de la philosophie de Nietzsche est une (...) lumineuse introduction à l'oeuvre d'un philosophe trop souvent réduit au nihilisme, à la volonté de puissance et l'image du surhomme. Gilles Deleuze remarque que "la philosophie moderne présente des amalgames, qui témoignent de sa vigueur et de sa vivacité, mais qui comportent aussi des dangers pour l'esprit" et que la force du projet philosophique de Nietzsche dans le "dépassement" de la métaphysique est "de dénoncer toutes les mystifications qui trouvent dans la dialectique un dernier refuge. La philosophie de Nietzsche a une grande portée polémique". (shrink)

"Durée, mémoire, élan vital marquent les grandes étapes de la philosophie bergsonienne. L'objet de ce livre est la détermination du rapport entre ces trois notions et du progrès qu'elles impliquent. L'intuition est la méthode du bergsonisme et l'intuition telle qu'il l'entend méthodiquement suppose la durée". Analysant le travail philosophique de Bergson, Gilles Deleuze s'interroge sur la possibilité d'établir une méthode philosophique rigoureuse et précise, fondée sur l'intuition et sur la manière dont Bergson en a élaboré les règles pour construire (...) sa philosophie. Il s'attache à étudier les relations établies tout au long de l'oeuvre, entre les trois concepts majeurs de la philosophie bergsonienne : la durée comme donnée immédiate, la mémoire comme existence virtuelle et l'élan vital comme mouvement de la différenciation. (shrink)

Threat-related stimuli can capture attention. However, it remains debated whether this capture is automatic or not. To address this question, we compared attentional biases to emotional faces using a dot-probe task (DPT) where emotion was never goal-relevant (Experiment 1) or made directly task-relevant by means of induction trials (Experiments 2–3). Moreover, the contingency between the DPT and induction trials was either partial (Experiment 2) or full (Experiment 3). Eye-tracking was used to ascertain that the emotional cue and the subsequent target (...) were processed with peripheral vision. Experiments 1 and 2 both showed that negative faces captured attention, with faster target processing when it appeared on the same side as the preceding fearful face (i.e. fear-valid trials) compared to the opposite side where the neutral face was shown (i.e. fear-invalid trials), but also when it appeared on the side of the preceding neutral face (i.e. happy-invalid trials) compared to the happy face (i.e. happy-valid trials). Importantly, this preferential spatial orienting to negative emotion was not observed in Experiment 3, where the goal relevance of emotion was high. However, in that experiment, fearful faces produced a specific attentional bias during the DPT, which was mostly driven by the induction trials themselves. (shrink)

A criticism of the book "a la recherche du temps perdu".

Pour Aristote, si la vertu ne naît pas naturellement en l'homme, néanmoins celui-ci est par sa nature même prédisposé à l'acquérir, dans la mesure où il appartient à chacun de la cultiver par de bonnes habitudes de vie et de la concrétiser dans des actes. Aussi, par son comportement vertueux, l'homme a-t-il la possibilité d'accomplir dans l'action ce qui lui convient le mieux et ce qui profite à la Cité. En l'occurrence, il ne s'agit pas de viser le bien en (...) soi mais de se montrer capable de faire du bien. (shrink)

B. Lévy procède à la lecture de "Visage continu" de Levinas et met en lumière l'arrière-fond d'intuitions préphilosophiques qui est nécessaire au déploiement de sa philosophie. La philosophie implique autre chose qu'elle-même, c'est là que réside toute la tension de la pensée lévinassienne.

Le langage est, pour l'homme, a la fois outil et objet. Philosopher sur le langage, c'est donc s'interroger a la fois sur les formes et les limites de son pouvoir, st sur l'etrange nature de cette realite exterieure a nous et dont nous ne pouvons pourtant dissocier ce que nous appelons notre pensee. L'auteur, par inclination personnelle et non point par principe, choisit d'orienter son enquete selon le point de vue de la connaissance scientifique. Ainsi se propose-t-il d'abord de definir (...) le role que joue le langage dans la constitution de la science. Il est alors conduit a examiner les pseudo-langages que celle-ci se construit, et, en precisant la fonction du symbolisme dans la connaissance objective, il met en lumiere, dans ce domaine, le privilege et l'infirmite des langues naturelles. C'est alors cette notion de langue naturelle qui devient le theme de sa reflexion : le linguiste en veut faire l'objet d'une science. Comment determine-t-il cet objet, par quelles demarches parvient-il a sa connaissance, qu'est-ce enfin qu'une " science du langage "? Sur cette science, encore aujourd'hui peut-etre a l'etat naissant, le philosophe ne peut faire de pronostics. Du moins lui appartient-il, en dehors des querelles d'ecoles, de tenter de reconnaitre jusqu'ou l'on s'est avance dans la voie du savoir. (shrink)

The author tries to specify a philosophical attitude which could be considered a form of Positivism, but this does not necessarily mean that it coincides with the doctrine of Auguste Comte or with that of the Vienna Circle.In order to facilitate the exposition the author formulates eight theses whose abrupt character is merely a consequence of the manner of presentation and by no means a manifestation of dogmatism.Eachdatum presents itself as finite experience (1) which is organized with the help ofsymbols, (...) either on the level of perception or on the level of language (2). Inside the perception itself a reduction of experience which is essentially pragmatic first constitutes thephenomena (3). Theobject which is constituted by science on the basis of the phenomena is merely structural and always delimited (4). Its constitution is unceasingly revisable and it never corresponds to an alleged essence of reality.What is here called ‘dialectic’ never consists in a set of rules governing a movement of phenomena, objects, or ideas; it is a general, historical movement of experience itself, taken as a whole, and the specific movement of the symbolic statements which inform it. One should not confuse it with a kind of general logic, nor with a so-called science of totalities (5).Logic explains the rules of the symbolic systems (6), andscience is the mediate determination of objects by means of the symbolism, and is not an immediate determination of reality (7). It constructs coherent and effective models of phenomena.As far asphilosophy is concerned, it wishes to interpret experience as a totality, not-withstanding experience's finitude as datum (8). Thus it is radically distinguished from science in that philosophy does not intend to construct models, but to explain the meanings of the phenomena and, in general, of experience. That is why the category of truth taken in a rigorous sense does not apply to philosophy's statements. (shrink)

L’auteur a déjà introduit les concepts de “contenu formel” et “dualité” dans des publications antérieures, avec l’intention d’éclairer les problèmes suscités par la fécondité de la pensée formelle. Cet article a pour objectif d’établir leur relation et articulation. Le terme “dualité” est emprunté aux mathématiques. Il désigne une catégorie fondamentale de la pensée objective, dans la mesure où il est défini comme un principe de détermination réciproque pour n’importe quel système d’objets et le système d’opérations auquel il est nécessairement associé. (...) Son caractère fundamental en tant que catégorie tient essentiellement au fait d’être une condition transcendentale pour n’importe quelle espèce de pensée symbolique objective. Par le principe de dualité, on peut établir de façon générale la signification de l’opposition du contenu et de la forme, et celle de la détermination des contenus par de simples formes, indépendemment de leur origine empirique. La forme logique est alors définie comme le “degré zéro” d’une telle opposition. Des exemples de production de contenus formels dans les processus scientifiques sont examinés et considérés comme des preuves d’une dialectique interne des concepts, principalement dans le domaine des mathématiques. Dans la conclusion, nous proposons l’examen de deux questions : 1) Est-il approprié de concevoir un niveau de pensée formelle plus profond que celui de la Logique, et comment pourrions-nous y accéder? 2) Comment des contenus purement formels peuvent-ils produire des connaissances applicables au monde empirique ? Ce problème n’est qu’une nouvelle formulation de la vieille énigme de la déduction transcendentale.The author has introduced the concepts of “formal content” and “duality” in previous papers, with a view to shedding light on the problems posed by the fecundity of formal thought. The present work is an attempt to show their relationship and articulation. The term “duality” has been borrowed from mathematics. It designates a fundamental category of objective thinking, in so far as it is defined as a principle of reciprocal determination for every system of objects and the system of operations to which it is necessarily associated. The fundamental character of duality as a category essentially lies in its being a transcendental condition for every symbolic kind of objective thought. Through the principle of duality, one can give its more general meaning to the opposition of content to form, and to the determination of contents by mere forms, independent of empirical import. Logical form is then defined as the “zero degree” of such an opposition. Examples of the production of formal contents in scientific processes are examined, and considered as evidence of an internal dialectics of concepts, principally in the field of mathematics. In the conclusion, two questions are proposed: 1) Is it appropriate to conceive of a level of formal thought, deeper than the level of Logics, and how could we try to approach it? 2) How do pure formal contents come to generate knowledge applicable to the empirical world? This problem is, under new guise, the old transcendental deduction enigma. (shrink)

ABSTRACTNegative emotion influences cognitive control, and more specifically conflict adaptation. However, discrepant results have often been reported in the literature. In this study, we broke down negative emotion into integral and incidental components using a modern motivation-based framework, and assessed whether the former could change conflict adaptation. In the first experiment, we manipulated the duration of the inter-trial-interval to assess the actual time-scale of this effect. Integral negative emotion was induced by using loss-related feedback contingent on task performance, and measured (...) at the subjective and physiological levels. Results showed that conflict-driven adaptive control was enhanced when integral negative emotion was elicited, compared to a control condition without changes in defensive motivation. Importantly, this effect was only found when a short, as opposed to long ITI was used, suggesting that it had a short time scale. In the second experiment, we controlled for effe... (shrink)

The development and utility of genetically modified crops for smallholders around the world is controversial. Critical questions include what traits and crops are to be developed; how they can be adapted to smallholders’ ecological, social and economic contexts; which dissemination channels should be used to reach smallholders; and which policy environments will enable the greatest benefits for smallholders and the rural poor. A key question is how the voices of smallholders who have experience with or desire to use GM technologies (...) enter the larger debate. Africa has the greatest number of smallholders and poor with the least exposure to GM crops. Because of the well-established use of GM crops in South Africa by commercial farmers, we formed a community of practice involving smallholders, extension, researchers, non-profits and agribusiness in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the conditions under which GM crops are used by smallholders, how smallholders interact with GM technologies and what insights smallholders and other stakeholders can provide regarding these questions. One of the advantages of the CoP approach is that it brings stakeholders together in a non-hierarchical way that encourages new ways of thinking and new partnerships. Such interaction around a specific project can enhance the voice of smallholders in a variety of ways. In our project, smallholder participants have increased their knowledge and can make better decisions about GM technologies, which had been barriers for them. Notably, they have also improved their knowledge of maize production practices, accessed new practice networks, and met new researchers and resource providers. They are now being integrated into these networks in a way that should improve their livelihoods and make the wants and needs of smallholders better known. Such knowledge and experience has improved their voice in agriculture and rural development discussions. (shrink)

Perhaps the question “What is philosophy?” can only be posed late in life, when old age has come, and with it the time to speak in concrete terms. It is a question one poses when one no longer has anything to ask for, but its consequences can be considerable. One was asking the question before, one never ceased asking it, but it was too artificial, too abstract; one expounded and dominated the question, more than being grabbed by it. There are (...) cases in which old age bestows not an eternal youth, but on the contrary a sovereign freedom, a pure necessity where one enjoys a moment of grace between life and death, and where all the parts of the machine combine to dispatch into the future a trait that traverses the ages: Turner, Monet, Matisse. The elderly Turner acquired or conquered the right to lead painting down a deserted path from which there was no return, and that was no longer distinguishable from a final question. In the same way, in philosophy, Kant’s Critique of Judgment is a work of old age, a wild work from which descendants will never cease to flow.We cannot lay claim to such a status. The time has simply come for us to ask what philosophy is. And we have never ceased to do this in the past, and we already had the response, which has not varied: philosophy is the art of forming, inventing, and fabricating concepts. But it was not only necessary for the response to take note of the question; it also had to determine a time, an occasion, the circumstances, the landscapes and personae, the conditions and unknowns of the question. One had to be able to pose the question “between friends” as a confidence or a trust, or else, faced with an enemy, as a challenge, and at the same time one had to reach that moment, between dog and wolf, when one mistrusts even the friend. Gilles Deleuze was professor of philosophy at the University of Paris VIII, Vincennes-St.-Denis, until his retirement in 1987. Among his books translated into English are the two-volume Capitalism and Schizophrenia , the two-volume Cinema , The Logic of Sense , and Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza . Daniel W. Smith is a doctoral candidate in philosophy at the University of Chicago. He is at work on a study of the philosophy of Deleuze, and is translating Deleuze’s Francis Bacon: Logique de la sensation. Arnold I. Davidson, executive editor of Critical Inquiry, teaches philosophy at the University of Chicago and is currently Marta Sutton Weeks Fellow at the Stanford Humanities Center. (shrink)

La science étudie un système en évaluant ses grandeurs caractéristiques: elle définit ses dimensions. Combien de dimensions caractérisent le réel? Quelles dimensions sont les plus pertinentes? La physique classique étudie trois dimensions de l'espace et une de temps. Ces quatre dimensions sont réunies par la relativité restreinte et générale. Les théories cosmologiques les plus modernes en font intervenir de nouvelles, presque imperceptibles à l'homme. En mathématiques, le nombre de dimensions caractérisant un système peut être non entier. En biologie, on peut (...) s'interroger sur la dimension du système fondamental à étudier: la cellule, l'organe, l'individu? Comment la taille d'un organisme influe-t-elle sur son appréhension du réel? Enfin, en art pictural, comment représente-t-on les formes, la profondeur? De nouvelles questions fondamentales, une nouvelle approche pluridisciplinaire vous sont ici proposées. (shrink)

This article presents a formal ontology which accounts for the general nature of artefacts. The objective is to help structure application ontologies in areas where specific artefacts are present - in other words, virtually any area of activity. The conceptualization relies on recent philosophical and psychological research on artefacts, having resulted in a largely consensual theoretical basis. Furthermore, this ontology of artefacts extends the foundational DOLCE ontology and supplements its axiomatization. The conceptual primitives are as follows: artificial entity, intentional production (...) of entities, (state of) capacity, capacity to play a role in actions of a given type, function and functional object. These primitives enable artefacts in general to be characterized as intentionally and successfully produced entities, and isolate an important subclass of “technical” artefacts to which a function is ascribed. Lastly, we emphasize the novelty of this ontology by comparing it with other works with similar objectives. (shrink)

Considered one of the most important works of one of France's foremost philosophers, and long-awaited in English, The Logic of Sense begins with an extended exegesis of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. Considering stoicism, language, games, sexuality, schizophrenia, and literature, Deleuze determines the status of meaning and meaninglessness, and seeks the 'place' where sense and nonsense collide. Written in an innovative form and witty style, The Logic of Sense is an essay in literary and psychoanalytic theory as well as philosophy, (...) and helps to illuminate such works as Anti-Oedipus. (shrink)

" Quoi de plus gai qu'un air du temps? (...) Il y a actuellement beaucoup d'études profondes sur ces concepts de différence et de répétition. Tant mieux si j'y participe, et si, après d'autres, je pose la question : comment faire en philosophie? Nous sommes à la recherche d'une " vitalité ". Même la psychanalyse a besoin de s'adresser à une " vitalité " chez le malade, que le malade a perdue, mais la psychanalyse aussi. La vitalité philosophique est très (...) proche de nous, la vitalité politique aussi. Nous sommes proches de beaucoup de choses et de beaucoup de répétitions décisives et de beaucoup de changements. " Gilles Deleuze, mars 1968. (shrink)

Tous deux résistants, Cavaillès et Lautmann ont été fusillés par les Allemands.Ils étaient l’un et l’autre « philosophes des mathématiques », mais leur réflexion proprement philosophique porte sur les rapports des mathématiques et de la logique, et, plus généralement, sur la pensée formelle.À la notion lautmanienne de « dialectique » mathématique, s’oppose – ou du moins se juxtapose –, du côté de Cavaillès, l’idée de la nécessité interne d’une histoire des concepts.Both resisting during WWII, Cavaillès et Lautmann were shot by (...) the Germans.Both were « philosophers of maths » but their true philosophical thoughts deal with the relationships between mathematics and logics and, more specifically, with formal thought.To the Lautmanian reflection on mathematical « dialectics », Cavaillès opposes – or rather, juxtaposes – the idea of an internal necessity of a history of concepts. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with adaptive learning and coordination processes. Implementing agent-based modeling techniques (Learning Classifier Systems, LCS), we focus on the twofold impact of cognitive and environmental complexity on learning and coordination. Within this framework, we introduce the notion of Adaptive Learning Agent with Rule-based Memory (ALARM), which is a particular class of Artificial Adaptive Agent (AAA, Holland and Miller 1991). We show that equilibrium is approached to a high degree, but never perfectly reached. We also demonstrate that memorization (...) and learning capacities depend upon the relative discordance between the cognitive complexity of agents' mental models and the degree of stability of the environment. (shrink)